Lec. 1 rkp pidm_category of pests

Principles of Integrated Pest Management (PIDM)

1. R.K. Panse Asstt. Prof. (Entomology) JNKVV-College of Agriculture, Balaghat Lecture 1 Categories of Insect Pests Subject: Principles of Integrated pest and Disease Management

2. The word PEST derived from French PESTE & Latin PESTIS meaning PLAGUE or CONTIGIOUS DISEASE According to FAO (1996) Any species , strain or biotype of plant, animal or pathogenic agent injurious to plants , plant products, man and his interests Birds R a ts M i t es Insect pests PEST- Meaning & Definition

3. Importance Serious impact on economic output of farm either directly or indirectly C ontaminate food grains Losses caused by different pests in India (Dhaliwal et.al ,2015: Indian Journal of Entomology,77(2) :165-168) Due to spoilage by pests 15.7 % food grain loss Rs. 2,37,600 crore loss

4. I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE Aphids on cotton 1 . REGULAR PEST : The pest which occurs more frequently or regularly on a crop & have a close association with a particular crop Thrips on chilli Aphids on cotton Thrips on chilli Types / kinds / categories of pests

5. 2 . O CCAS I O N A L P E S T : T h e p e s t w h i c h o cc u rs infrequently or occasionally on a particular crop & do not have any close association with a particular crop Caseworm on rice Stem borer on mango Slug caterpillar on mango Caseworm on rice Stem borer on mango C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE

6. 3. SEASONAL PEST : The pest which occurs on a crop at a particular season of the year RHHC on groundnut occurs in kharif season C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE

7. Mealy bugs on mango Scales on mango Mealy bugs on grapes C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE 4. PERSISTANT PEST : The pest which occurs on a crop almost throughout the year Mealy bug & scales on mango & grapes Thrips on chilli & cardamom

8. I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE 5. SPORADIC PEST : The pest which occurs on a crop in few isolated localities or patches Gall midge & ear head bug on rice Slug caterpillar on mango & castor Gall midge Ear head bug Slug caterpillar C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

9. 6. CYCLIC PEST : The pest which occurs on a crop once in 8 or 10 years e.g. Deccan wingless grasshopper C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests I. BASED ON OCCURRENCE

10. e.g. Whitefly on cotton 2. ENDEMIC PEST Pest which occurs on a crop in a regular feature in a confined area or locality e.g. Gall fly in paddy in coastal region II. BASED ON LEVEL OF INFESTATION 1. EPIDEMIC PEST Pest which occurs on a crop suddenly in a severe form in a locality at a particular season or time Whi t e f ly Gall fly Contd….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

11. BASED ON POPULATION & DAMAGING CAPACITY KEY PEST : GEP is always lies well above the EIL. Human intervention in the form of control measures may bring the population temporarily below the EIL but it rises back rapidly, so repeated human interventions (Sprays) may be required to minimize the damage DBM Pest P o pu la t i o n T i m e ETL C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

12. the population crosses EIL quite frequently & repeated control measures necessary, but economic damage can be avoided by timely interventions Leaf hopers & whitefly in cotton BPH, GLH & YSB in rice Rice stem borer B P H, III. BASED ON POPULATION & DAMAGING CAPACITY 2. MAJOR PEST : GEP is close to the EIL & in some cases both may be at the same level. So, Pest P o pu la t i o n T i m e EIL ETL DB C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

13. i n t er va l . A sin g le u s u a l ly en o u g h to cross EIL for a short a pplic at i o n o f i n se c t i c ides prevent economic damage Cotton stainers III. BASED ON POPULATION & DAMAGING CAPACITY 3. MINOR PEST : GEP lies well below EIL or even below DB. So, only under favourable environmental conditions, the population may Spodoptera litura Pest P o pu la t i o n T i m e ETL C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

14. but in certain years under favourable environmental conditions, it appears in a virtually epidemic form crossing many times over DB & EIL. So, suitable management strategies essential to bring down the population III. BASED ON POPULATION & DAMAGING CAPACITY 4. SPORADIC PEST: The population usually negligible, GH on cotton & others Leaf hopper on sugarcane Pest Population T i m e EIL ETL DB C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests

15. pattern or repeated interventions against other pests may push their GEP higher Mealy bugs on Bt cotton Army worm on wheat III. BASED ON POPULATION & DAMAGING CAPACITY 5 . P O TE N TI A L P ES T : GEP a l w a y s l i e s below DB & does not cross EIL even under favourable conditions. But, there is a threat that changes in the cropping T IM E NO. OF INSECTS / INJURY EQUIVALENTS ECONOMIC LOSS EIL ETL DB GEP a NO ECONOMIC b LOSS NO LOSS C on t d ….. Types / kinds / categories of pests