Lec-10- Runway Designs (Orientation).pdf

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2. Transportation Engineering-I
Lecture -10
Airport Engineering -II
Civil Engineering Department

3. RUNWAY DESIGN

4. ➢RunwayOrientation
➢Crosswind
➢WindCoverage
➢CalmPeriod
➢WindRoseDiagram
➢RunwayLength
RUNWAYDESIGN

5. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Orientationof arunwaydependson
-Directionofwind
-Areaavailablefordevelopment
➢Determination of arunwayorientation is acritical task in the planning anddesign ofan
airport
➢Runways are always oriented in the direction of prevailing wind.
➢Reason behind it - to utilize to the maximum the force of wind at the time of take- off
and landing of an aircraft
➢Lift and drag produced

6. RUNWAYORIENTATION
6
•The direction of the runway controls the layout of the other airport
facilities such as passenger terminals, taxiways/apron configuration,
parking facilities etc
•According to FAA standards runways should be oriented so that
aircraft can takeoff and /or land at least 95% of the time without
exceeding the allowable crosswinds (wind that has a perpendicular
component to the line or direction of travel).

7. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Thedirectionoftherunwaycontrolsthelayoutoftheotherairport
facilities,such as
-passengerterminals
-taxiways/apronconfigurations
-circulationroads
-parkingfacilities

8. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Followingpointsneedtobeconsideredwhileorientingtherunwaysandtaxiways:
➢Avoidingdelayinthelanding,taxiingandtake-offoperationsandleastinterferencein these
operations
➢Providingtheshortesttaxidistancepossiblefromtheterminalareatotheendsofthe
runway
➢Makingprovisionformaximumtaxiwayssothatthelandingaircraftcanleavethe
runwayasquicklyaspossibletotheterminalarea
➢Providingadequateseparationintheairtrafficpattern

9. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Datarequired
➢Mapofareaandcontours
-Toexaminetheflatnessofarea
-Possiblechangesinthelongitudinalprofiles
➢Winddata-Direction
-Duration
-Intensityofwind
➢Requiredforthedevelopmentofwindrosediagram
➢Fogcharacteristicsofthearea

10. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Winddata
➢WindDirection
➢Toexaminewhetherthe windwill attack aircraft fromthe headside or tail
sideorfromsides
➢Alsothedirectionofwindisnotsamethroughouttheyear
➢Maximumwinddirectionneedstobeascertained

11. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢Winddata
➢WindIntensity
-Intermsofvelocityinkm/hr
➢WindDuration
➢Timeperiodforwhichthewindofcertainintensityblowsina
certain direction

12. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindDirection
➢Thedirectionofwindisvariableandkeepsonchangingthroughouttheyear.
Itseffectonaircraftmovementisdifferentanddependsuponwhetherthe
windactsas:
➢Headwind
➢Tailwind
➢Crosswind

13. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindDirection–HeadWind
➢Thewindblowingfromoppositedirectionofheadornoseoftheaircraft(or
oppositetothemovementofaircraft)whilelandingortaking-offistermedas
Headwind
➢Itprovidesbrakingeffectduringlandingandgreaterliftonthewingsofthe
aircraftduringtakeoff.
➢Thusthelengthoftherunwaygetsreduced.Thisreductionmaybearound
10%

14. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindDirection–TailWind
➢Thisisdefinedasthewindblowinginthesamedirectionasoflandingor
taking-offoftheaircraft(orinthedirectionofmovementofaircraft).
➢Providespushfromthebackthusincreasingstopdistanceorlift-offdistance.

15. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindDirection–CrossWind
➢Transversecomponentofwindat90ºanglewiththedirectionofaircraft
movementisknownascrosswind.
➢The maximum allowable cross wind depends up on
➢Size of aircraft
➢Wing configuration
➢Condition of pavement surface
➢For medium and light aircraft CW ≤ 25 kmph

16. RUNWAYORIENTATION

17. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindComponents–CrossWind
➢TheICAOrecommendsmaximumallowablecrosswindcomponentas
ReferenceFieldLength
1500morover
1200mto1499m
<1200m
MaximumCrosswindComponent
37km/hr
24km/hr
19km/hr

18. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢WindCoverage
➢Windcoverageorusabilityfactorofairportisthepercentageoftimeinayear
duringwhichthecrosswindcomponentremainswithinthelimitorrunwaysystem
isnotrestrictedbecauseofexcessivecrosswind.
➢ICAOandFAArecommendsminimumwindcoverageof95%.
➢Whenasinglerunwayorasetofparallelrunwayscannotbeorientedtoprovide
therequiredwindcoverage,oneormorecrosswindrunwaysshouldbeprovided.

19. RUNWAYORIENTATION
➢CalmPeriod
➢Thisistheperiodforwhichthewindintensityremainsbelow6.4km/hr
➢Thisiscommontoalldirectionsandhence,canbeaddedtowindcoverage
forthatdirection
➢CalmPeriod=100–Totalwindcoverage
➢OR =100-∑Percentageoftimewindis
blowinginanydirection

20. WINDROSE

21. WINDROSE
➢WindRose
➢Applicationof WINDROSEdiagramfor finding theorientation of therunway
toachievewindcoverage.
➢Theareaisdividedinto16partsusinganangleof 22.5º
➢Averagewinddataof5to10yearsisusedforpreparingwindrosediagrams.

22. WINDROSE

23. WINDROSE
➢WindRose-Methods
➢Type–I:Showingdirectionanddurationof wind
➢Type–II: Showingdirection,durationandintensityofwind.

24. WINDROSE
Thefollowingistheaveragewinddatafor10years.Anairportistobedesignedforasinglerunway.
Determinethemaximumwindcoverageandthebestdirectionofrunway.Thepermissiblecrosswind
componentmaybeassumedassuitableformixedcategoryofaircrafts.
Wind
Directi
on
PercentageofTime Totalin
each
directi
on
percent
6.4–25
km/hr
25–40
km/hr
40–60
km/hr
N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3
NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1
NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9
ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8
E 0.8 0.2 0.0 1.0
ESE 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4
SE 4.3 2.8 0.0 7.1
SSE 5.5 3.2 0.0 8.7
S 9.7 4.6 0.0 14.3
Wind
Directi
on
PercentageofTime Totalin
each
directi
on
percent
6.4–25
km/hr
25–40
km/hr
40–60
km/hr
SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10.0
SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7
WSW 1.0 0.5 0.1 1.6
W 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5
WNW 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3
NW 5.3 1.9 0.0 7.2
NNW 4.0 1.3 0.3 5.6
TOTAL 86.5

25. WINDROSE–TYPE-I
N
S
EW
NE
SE
SW
NW
NNE
ENE
ESE
SSE
SSW
WSW
WNW
NNW
3%
6%
9%
12%
15%

26. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–I
➢Itisbasedondirectionanddurationofwind.
➢Minimumeightdirectionsaretakenbutoptimumis16directions.
➢Dataincludestotalpercentageoftimeineachdirection.
➢Concentriccirclesaredrawntoscaleaccordingtothepercentageoftime
windisblowinginadirection.
➢Totalpercentageineachdirectionismarkedontheradiallinedrawninthat
direction.

27. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–I
➢Thesepointsonradiallinesarejoinedtogethertoformadurationmap.
➢Bestdirectionofrunwayisindicatedalongthedirectionofthelongestlineon
theWindRosediagram.

28. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–II
➢Itisbasedondirection,durationandintensityof wind.
➢Concentriccirclesaredrawntoscaleaccordingtothewindvelocity.
➢Theinfluenceofwindisassumedtospreadatanangleof22.5ºin
a direction.
➢Radiallines,fromcenter,aredrawn uptomidpointoftwodirectionsthus
dividingthespaceinto16directionsand64parts.
➢Categorizeddurationismarkedintherelatedcell.

29. WINDROSE–TYPE-II

30. RUNWAYORIENTATION

31. RUNWAYORIENTATION

32. WINDROSE
Thefollowingistheaveragewinddatafor10years.Anairportistobedesignedforasinglerunway.
Determinethemaximumwindcoverageandthebestdirectionofrunway.Thepermissiblecrosswind
componentmaybeassumedassuitableformixedcategoryofaircrafts.
Wind
Directi
on
PercentageofTime Totalin
each
directi
on
percent
6.4–25
km/hr
25–40
km/hr
40–60
km/hr
N 7.4 2.7 0.2 10.3
NNE 5.7 2.1 0.3 8.1
NE 2.4 0.9 0.6 3.9
ENE 1.2 0.4 0.2 1.8
E 0.8 0.2 0.0 1.0
ESE 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.4
SE 4.3 2.8 0.0 7.1
SSE 5.5 3.2 0.0 8.7
S 9.7 4.6 0.0 14.3
Wind
Directi
on
PercentageofTime Totalin
each
directi
on
percent
6.4–25
km/hr
25–40
km/hr
40–60
km/hr
SSW 6.3 3.2 0.5 10.0
SW 3.6 1.8 0.3 5.7
WSW 1.0 0.5 0.1 1.6
W 0.4 0.1 0.0 0.5
WNW 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.3
NW 5.3 1.9 0.0 7.2
NNW 4.0 1.3 0.3 5.6
TOTAL 86.5

33. RUNWAYORIENTATION

34. WINDROSE –TYPE-II
EW
NE
SE
SW
NW
ENE
ESE
WSW
WNW
NNW
N
NNE
6.4
SW SSE
S
25
60
2.7
7.4
0.2
5.7
2.1
0.3
2.4
0.9
0.6
0.2
0.4
1.2
0.8
40
0.20.0
0.3
1.3
4.0
0.0
1.9
0.1
0.0
0.00.1
5.3
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.5
1.0
0.3
1.8
3.6
6.39.75.5
4.3
0.3
0.5
3.2
4.6
0.0
S
3.2
2.8
0.1
0.0
0.0
0.0

35. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–II
➢Transparentrectangulartemplateoflengthgreaterthanthediameterofthe
diagramandwidthequaltotwiceofallowablecrosswindcomponentis
made.
➢Windrosediagramisfixedinpositionandthetemplateisplacedaboveit
suchthatcenteroftemplatecoincideswithcenterofdiagram.Thecenterline
oftemplateshouldpassthroughadirection.

36. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–II
➢Thetemplateisfixedinpositionandthesumofdurationshownincells
superimposedbythetemplateiscalculated.Thissumisshownas
percentageandrepresentsthetotalwindcoverageforthatdirection.

37. WINDROSE
➢WindRose–Type–II
➢Thetemplateisthenrotatedandplacedinnextdirection.Thetotalwind
coverageiscalculatedforthatdirectiontoo.
➢Sameprocedureisadoptedforallthedirections.
➢Thedirectionwhichgivesthemaximumwindcoverageisthesuitable
directionfororientationof runway.
➢If asinglerunwayis notsufficienttoprovidethenecessarycoveragethen
twoormorerunwaysshouldbeplannedtogetthedesiredcoverage.

38. WINDROSE–TYPE-II

40. Aircraft
Characteristics
•Theprincipalcharacteristicsof anaircraft canbe
•Weight
•Size
•Capacity
•NecessaryRunwayLength

41. ComponentofAircraftWeight
•BasicAircraftweight
•Crew
•NecessaryGear
•Passengerandbaggage
•MailandCargo
•ReserveFuel
•TripFuel
•RampandTaxingFuel

42. ComponentofAircraftWeight
•
Basic Aircraft weight
Crew
Necessary Gear
OperatingEmptyWeight
•
Passenger and Baggage
Mail and Cargo
Payload(Revenue)
•
ReserveFuel
TripFuel
RampandTaxingFuel
FuelWeight

43. ComponentofAircraftWeight
•Basic Aircraft weight: Different aircraft weight
•Crew: The staff and working members on board
•Necessary Gear: Front wheels are called
Nose gear and rear wheels are main gear
Basic Aircraft weight
Crew
Necessary Gear
OperatingEmptyWeight

44. Component ofAircraftWeight
•Passengerandbaggage
•MailandCargo
•PassengerandBaggage
MailandCargo
Payload(Revenue)
•It is revenue producing load.
•A lot of space is unutilized (under seat etc) which
makes actual payload less than maximum structural
payload.

45. ComponentofAircraftWeight
•Reserve Fuel: Specific portion of fuel is saved or
reserved
•Trip Fuel: Journey fuel (required between takeoff to
landing)
•Ramp and Taxing Fuel: Fuel required before taking off
operation (passenger boarding etc)
•
Reserve Fuel
Trip Fuel
Ramp and Taxing
Fuel
FuelWeight

46. ComponentofAircraftWeight
•BasicAircraftWeight
•Crew
•NecessaryGear
•Passengerandbaggage
•MailandCargo
•ReserveFuel
•TripFuel
•RampandTaxingFuel
OperatingEmptyWeight
Payload
Zero Fuel
Weight
MaxStru
Landing
weight
Max Stru
Takeoff
weight
FuelWeight
Max
Ramp
weight

47. TakeoffWeightComponents

48. ComponentsofAircraftGrossWeight
•MaximumTakeoffWeight(MTOW)
•OperatingEmptyWeight(OEW)
•MaximumDesignTaxiWeight(MDTW)
•MaximumStructuralTakeoff Weight(MSTOW)
•MaximumStructuralLandingWeight(MSLW)
•MaximumDesignZeroFuelWeight(MDZFW)

49. MaximumTakeoffWeight(MTOW)
The Maximum Takeoff Weight or Maximum Takeoff
Mass of an aircraft is the heaviest weight at which the
aircraft has been shown to meet all the requirements
including Structure those related to strength of the structure
and performance.
•It is maximum weight at which pilot of aircraft is allowed to
attempt to take off, due to structural or other limits.
•The Maximum Takeoff Weight of an aircraft is fixed and is
usually specified in units of Kg or lbs
•The maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) (also known as the
Maximum Break Release Weight)

50. OperatingEmptyWeight(OEW)
•Weight of structure, power plant, furnishing, systems, unusable fuel and
other unusable propulsion agents, and other items of equipment that are
considered part of a particular airplane configuration
•OEW also includes certain standard items, personnel, equipment, and
supplies necessary for full operations, excluding usable fuel and payload.

51. MaximumDesignTaxiWeight(MDTW)
•The maximum taxi weight (MTW) (also known
as the Maximum Ramp Weight (MRW)) is the
maximum weight authorized for maneuvering
(taxiing or towing) an aircraft on the ground as
limited by aircraft strength and airworthiness
requirements.

52. MaximumStructuralTakeoffWeight(MSTOW)
•Is the maximum certificated design weight when
the brakes are released for takeoff or at the start of
the takeoff roll, and is the greatest weight for
which compliance with the relevant structural and
engineering requirements has been demonstrated
by the manufacturer

53. MaximumStructuralLandingWeight(MSLW)
•The maximum certificated design weight at which the
aircraft meets the appropriate landing certification
requirements
•It generally depends on the landing gear strength or the
landing impact loads on certain parts of the wing structure
•The maximum landing weight (MLW) is typically
designed for 10 feet per seconds (600 feet per minute)
sink rate at touch down with no structural damage

54. Maximum Design Zero Fuel Weight (MDZFW) or
Maximum Zero Fuel Weight (MZFW)
•The maximum certificated design weight of
the aircraft less all usable fuel and other
specified usable agents (engine injection
fluid, and other consumable propulsion
agents). It is the maximum weight
permitted before usable fuel and other
specified usable fluids are loaded in
specified sections of the airplane.

55. DesiredTakeoffWeight(DTW)

56. Thank you !