Lec 12 - Post Industrial Era.pptxvmzksgdgjdjdjhdgdhdhhdjjdhxgdgdgdgdh

History of architecture

1. CITY PLANNING IN POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION ERA Ar. Kinnari Wagh MODULE II Urban Planning Lecture 12

2. CONTENTS LEGISLATIVE REFORMS Responses to impacts of industrialization in cities:

3. Industrial cities The Industrial Revolution in the 18th-19th century respectively industrialization gave a new impetus to the development of cities concentrated around industrial production. Large industrial companies (textile, metallurgy, etc.) located in the historical cities or new towns attracted a large number of people seeking work in these factories –the significant population movements from rural to urban areas were reported. A very important factor becomes the transportation - the position of cities on the railway raises significant differentiation in the network of cities and new towns. The intensity of industrialization then significantly modified "map" of the world biggest cities.

4. Industrial revolution started specifically in Britain in 18th century. It swept across Western Europe and much of North America. Late to Asian country’s. LOCATION

5. SPREAD Competition : With well established trade routes, awareness of competition increased. This led to increased pressure on production . Increased work hours Insecure working Conditions Living Standards Houses had to be in direct vicinity to factories Lodging of workers in overcrowded houses . Formation of Slums: Lack of sanitation gave way to unhealthy living conditions

6. Small industries and farming having very small amount of royal people. After banks, etc. the lifestyle improved dramatically. Middle class increased and this section also consumed most of the products and lived a royal life style. Mass of the people to achieve the income, education and leisure time necessary to enjoy fine books, good music, and beautiful sculptures and paintings. Inventions such as the printing press, radio and television that enabled works of culture to reach more people at lower cost, enabled men to acquire great wealth, part of which they returned to society by financing libraries, symphony orchestras, museums, etc. INDUSTRIALIZATION Culture and it impact on Architecture and City Planning

7. INDUSTRIALIZATION Political Background Before industrialization public was ruled by small social and political élite. Before 17 th century Britain was devastated by civil wars, fought to free themselves from an absolute monarch (charles1st). Regime changed as a glorious revolution, creating liberal, economic and political climate.

8. IMPACTS OF INDUSTRIALIZATION IN CITIES

9. Implications of industrialization New Agents – Factory & Railroad New Industries – Smelting & Manufacturing Rapid Increase of Urban Population Hazardous Environment – Massive Pollution - Water (Residential & Commercial waste) - Land (Household & factory waste) - Air (Smoke from coal consumption, factories, etc.) Public Health Impacts – Contamination of Water, Land & Air. Poor Housing – Lack of sanitation, lack of clean water, endemic disease

10. How did industrialization change the way of life?

11. As partial current processes causing changes in the spatial structure of contemporary cities can be mention: De-industrialization : The loss of the original industrial use of urban space, decay and non-use of formerly industrial buildings and the origins of brownfields. Commercialization : New use of the city area for the commercial functions (administration, commerce, tourism). Ghettoization : Increasing spatial concentration of poor people in a certain area that leads to the creation of a specific social environment that lacks institutions, social roles, patterns and values ​​needed to succeed in society. Gentrification : Rehabilitation of buildings associated with the arrival of specific population groups - young, educated, high-income status professionals, often living individually or in small households. The process of gentrification is often accompanied by economic embossing of socially weaker population from traditional locations of the city core. Depopulation of city centers : Concentration of tertiary functions in the centre of the city cause significant differences between day and night population in city centre ( Maryáš and Vystoupil 2004). Post-Industrial cities

12. Buildings and areas lose their original purpose - examples of Detroit (USA) Source: Ma revue web [on-line]. Post-Industrial cities In the cities affected by globalization, industrial production abandoned and nowadays unused zones of polluted and contaminated properties with the remains of factory buildings and warehouses are increasing (brownfields ). As a new spatial manifestations of the post-industrial city can be mentioned the creation of: New commercial and administrative centers along the easily accessible roads in the hinterland of lacking the historical continuity (edge cities), Extensive residential zones created by one developer usually containing basic elements of civic amenities (master planned communities), Residential areas with restricted access (gated communities) Larger business residences usually in "greenfield" (corporate campuses)

13. The Middle Class As the Working class struggled for a livelihood in the slums, the middle class factory owners lived in detached houses near the countryside Evolution of planning

14. POST-INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION Responses to impacts of industrialization in cities: Legislative reforms to public health, work and living conditions Spatial responses to Poor Living Conditions (Railroad tenements, Dumbbell plan) Utopian visions - Model Towns (Robert Owen, J.S. Buckingham, George Cadbury)

15. Why Legislative reforms to public health, work and living conditions? LEGISLATIVE REFORMS As the Industrial Revolution developed, the health and welfare of the workers deteriorated. Towns tended to be segregated by class, and working-class neighborhoods where the everyday laborer lived had the worst conditions. As the governing classes lived in different areas they never saw these conditions, and protests from the workers were ignored. Housing was generally bad and made worse by the numbers of people constantly arriving in cities. The most common housing pattern was high-density back-to-back structures which were poor, damp, badly ventilated with few kitchens and many sharing a single tap and privy. In this overcrowding, disease spread easily. Consequently, there was much illness. In fact, despite technological developments, the death rate rose, and infant mortality was very high. There was also a range of common diseases: tuberculosis, typhus, and after 1831, cholera. The terrible working environments created new occupational hazards, such as lung disease and bone deformities. The life expectancy of an urban dweller was less than that of a rural one, and this was also affected by class.

16. Before 1835, town administration was weak, poor and too impotent to meet the demands of new urban life. There were few representative elections to produce forums for people who were worse off to speak, and there was little power in the hands of town planners . Revenues tended to be spent on large, new civic buildings. Scientific ignorance also played a role, as people simply didn’t know what caused the diseases that afflicted them. There was self-interest too, as builders wanted profits, not better quality housing, and the government-held a deep prejudice about the poor's worthiness of efforts. Chadwick’s influential sanitary report of 1842 divided people into ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ parties and some people believed Chadwick wanted the poor to be made clean against their will. Governments didn’t interfere in the lives of adult men, was the only reasonable system, and it was only late in the process that government became willing to undertake reform and humanitarian action. The prime motivation then was cholera, not ideology. Why Public Health Was Slow to Be Dealt With? LEGISLATIVE REFORMS

17. The Municipal Corporations Act of 1835 Beginnings of the Sanitary Reform Movement Cholera Highlights the Need The Public Health Act of 1848 1875 Public Health Act A law with limited effect was passed, but newly created councils were given few powers and were expensive to form. Nevertheless, this wasn't a failure, as it set the pattern for the English government and made possible the later public health acts. Drew attention to the connection between unsanitary conditions, disease, and pauperism Several leading surgeons recognized that cholera prevailed where sanitation and drainage were poor, but their ideas for improvement were temporarily ignored. In 1848 cholera returned to Britain, and the government resolved that something had to be done. The first Public Health act was passed in 1848. The board would send an inspector to authorize the town council to carry out duties and form a local board. These authorities would have powers over drainage, building regulations, water supplies, paving, and rubbish. These acts marked the beginning of a genuine, workable public health strategy, with responsibility shared between the local and national government, and the death rate finally began to fall. LEGISLATIVE REFORMS

18. Key features of a healthy city: A clean, safe, high quality environment (including adequate and affordable housing) A stable ecosystem A strong, mutually supportive, and non-exploitative community. Much public participation in and control over the decisions affecting life, health, and wellbeing. The provision of basic needs (food, water, shelter, income, safety, work) for all people. Access to a wide range of experiences and resources, with the possibility of multiple contacts, interaction, and communication. A diverse, vital, and innovative economy. Encouragement of connections with the past, with the varied cultural and biological heritage, and with other groups and individuals. A city form (design) that is compatible with and enhances the preceding features of behavior. An optimum level of appropriate public health and care services accessible to all A high health status (both a high positive health status and a low disease status) Shaping cities for health: complexity and the planning of urban environments in the 21st century https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3428861/ LEGISLATIVE REFORMS

19. Spatial responses to Poor Living Conditions SPATIAL RESPONSES Housing Tenement = a substandard, multi-family dwelling, usually old and occupied by the poor  Built cheaply  Multiple stories  No running water  No toilet  Sewer down the middle of street  Trash thrown out into street  Crowded (5+ people living in one room)  Breeding grounds for diseases  Pollution from factory smoke

20. Phase I: 1423-1820 Phase II: 1820-1870 A rational and planned phase entailing the establishment of new urban-planning forms. Phase III: 1870-1918 The area within the city limits was mostly filled with substandard urban fabric spreading at great speed, and those limits were eventually crossed in the circumstances of sub-standard development of suburbia. Phase IV: 1919-1939 A phase characterized by planning that imbued (or augmented) the existing urban space with forms linked to public services and housing. Phase V: 1939-1945 Phase VI: 1946-1989 An ideological phase based on the assumptions of ”Real Socialism”, which created new spatial forms (housing estates and residential and industrial districts) Greater significance (in the 1930s especially) was assumed by the construction of imposing public buildings. SPATIAL RESPONSES Spatial development subordinated to people’s then-dominant forms of economic activity, i.e. agriculture, trade and craftsmanship.

21. Dumbbell tenement : A five- to seven-story multiple dwelling unit in urban areas, characterized by a long, narrow plan with an indentation on each side, forming a shaft for light and air; hence its resemblance in plan to a dumbbell . A multiple-dwelling substandard apartment building; Commonly three to five stories high, Containing relatively long narrow apartments within it; Has windows only at the front and rear of each apartment. Shafts located on one or both sides of the apartment provide air and a little light in the rooms that do not face the front or rear of the building. The floor plan of each floor resembles the outline of a dumbbell. Also called a railroad flat. RAILROAD TENEMENTS, DUMBBELL PLAN

22. Housing in New York: Dumbbell Tenement Developed in a competition in 1879. Multifamily housing widely built in New York. 24 families on to a lot 25-feet wide and 100-feet deep. 14 rooms on each floor. 10 out of 14 have no access to appropriate windows – openings to a lightless and airless lightwell (lack of light, air, and space) RAILROAD TENEMENTS, DUMBBELL PLAN

23. Utopian visions - Model Towns (Robert Owen, J.S. Buckingham, George Cadbury) UTOPIAN VISIONS Focused attention upon the growing evils of the urban environment Housing for worker with garden in front In 1849 published a treatise entitled “national evils and practical remedies” in which he described his plan for a model town for an “associated temperance community of about 10,000 inhabitants

24. UTOPIAN VISIONS

25. Utopian Design objectives UTOPIAN VISIONS