Lec_6_Plum.pptx

PLUM

1. plum

2. Introduction Family: Rosaceae Subfamily: Prunoidae Genus: Prunus Sub genus: Prunophora Cultivated plum – P. domestica - European plum (2n = 48, a natural hybrid between P. cerasifera and P. spinosa P. salicina – Japanese plum (2n=16)

3. Composition and uses Juicy and nutritious fruit. Minerals, Vitamins, Sugars and Organic acids in addition to Protein, Fat and Carbohydrate. Used as fresh as well as canned. Jam and Jelly. Marmaldes. Plum with high sugar content dried without fermentation – Prune – a nutritious product. Dried Plums – Chutney Inferior American Plums with tough skin – Culinary purpose – Sauce. Marketable Wine. Seeds – 40 to 50 % Oil – Cosmetic and Medicinal values

4. Origin: Watkins (1976) identified – 5 centres European plum - Prunus domestica – Europe Damson plum - P. insititia – Western asia Cherry plum - P. cerasifera – Central asia Japanese plum - P. salicina – China American plum - P. americana – North America origin

5. Classification (watkins,1976) 6 species Diploid to Hexaploid Origin: Europe and Asia 13 species Diploids Origin: North America P. americana, P. nigra, P. hortulana, P. munsoniana, P. maritime, P. subcordata, P. besseyi P. insititia, P. cerasifera, P. spinosa

6. European plum P. domestica (2n = 48), a natural hybrid between P. cerasifera (2n = 16) and P. spinosa (2n= 32) (Crane and Lawrance, 1956) P. cerasifera is a progenitor for all plum species because of its graft compatibility in many species (Yoshida, 1987) P. cerasifera P. domestica

7. JAPANESE plum Plum has been originated 2300 years back from china in Yangtze river basin Low chilling types are found in southern china and Taiwan P. gymnodonta – cold hardy plums in Northern China P. simonii was used to develop California cultivars because of its firmness and strong flavour.

8. American plum P. maritima – beach plum, was grown in Northern coast of America P. subcordata - Only edible plum native to west coast region , resembles to P. domestica P. angustifolia, P. umbellata, P. nigra, P hortulana, P. munsoniana and P. mexicana P. besseyi – very cold hardy species P. humilis – bushy cherries and palatable fruit plum, was grown in Northern coast of America P. fasiculata and P. minutiflora – dioecious Other species

9. EUROPEAN PLUM JAPANESE PLUM

10. Varieties President (European plum) Large, rich purple fruits. Juicy and sweet Self unfruitful. Excellent dessert plum. It blooms early. Requires a pollenizer.

11. Victoria (European plum) Most widely grown variety in UK Purplish red fruits with good quality Self fruitful Frost resistant and heavy bearer

12. Green Gage ( European plum ) Hybrid of P. domestica x P. insititia Medium, roundish, greenish yellow skin Firm flesh and sweet. It tends to over set and bears biennially.

13. Santa Rosa (Japanese plum) Large, purplish crimson fruits Amber coloured flesh with sour taste Popular variety of India Self fruitful and heavy bearing. Early and late maturing strains of this cultivar have been developed like july santa rosa and late santa rosa.

14. Damson Belongs to P. insititia Late maturing It bears small, roundish dark blue, semi clingstone fruits. Dark crimson fruits with rich flavour. Self fertile variety and poor flavour.

15. Kelsey (Japanese plum) Heart shaped greenish yellow skin. Moderate vigour Firm, juicy flesh with good quality

16. Plum cultivars for plains Satluj purple Fruits are large and bright crimson in colour with thick flesh and good quality. Early variety ripens in the first week of may. Self incompatible and should be planted with pollinizer variety kala amritsari. Trees are medium in vigour with upright growth habit. Suitable for table purpose.

17. Kala amritsari Most popular cutivar mainly in punjab. Self fruitful Fruits are medium sized and turns to dark purple when ripens. Flesh is yellowish with moderately juicy pulp. Ripens in mid may. Fruits are excellent for making jam.

18. Pant plum1 This is the selection from the seedling population raised at the department of horticulture, pantnagar. Dwarf Bears yellow and sub acidic fruits. It can be a dwarfing rootstock for plum cultivars. Myrobalan (Myro) Prunus divaricata. Standard size rootstock. Compatible with wide range of cultivars. Susceptible to oak root fungus and nematodes.

19. St. Julien Most versatile rootstock for plums,gages and damsons. Useful for controlling scion-size. St.Julien rootstocks - Early bearing after 3-4 years. Titron Fruits are medium in size with deep purple in colour, thin skin and yellow flesh. Self fruitful variety.

20. Species or cultivars Characters P. salicina More vigorous, productive, precocious and resistant to diseases, fruit size, flavour, colour and keeping quality P. simonii Firmness and acidity P. cerasifera Self fertile, small size fruit, earliness and cold hardiness P. americana Disease resistance, tough skin and aromatic flavour, tough skin Myrobalan Compatible with European and Japanese Plum, Resistant to crown rot and Drought Myrobalan 29C Immune to RKN Myrobalan B Vigorous trees and delay ripening Myrobalan GF31 Vigorous rootstock, perform well in dry stony soils Myrobalan 2-7 Vigorous , Tolerant to drought, Exhibit good adsorption of K Myrobalan 5-Q Delay ripening GENETIC RESOURCES

21. P. domestica P. salicina P. domestica P. cerasifera P. angustifolia P. cerasifera myrobalan P. ussuriensis

22. P. subcordata P. americana P. maritima P. tomentosa P. besseyi P. humilis

23. Soil Plum can grow on a wide range of soils. Deep (1.5 m), fertile and well-drained, loamy soil. pH - 5.5–6.5 The soil should be free from hard pan, waterlogging and excessive salts. Very heavy and light soils are not suitable.

24. Climate Wide adaptability – Cold winters, Hot summers or in dry or high rainfall. Chilling requirement European Plum – 800-1500 hrs below 7°C Japanese Plum – 100-800 hrs. Japanese plum requires less chilling requirement – grown in sub-tropical areas of Punjab, Haryana, Parts of U.P. up to an elevation of 5,000 ft msl in Himalayan hills, north eastern India and Nilgiri hills. European Plum – 5,000 to 9,000 ft above msl. Rainfall – 100 – 125 cm.

25. Propagation Commercial Propagation – Grafting and Budding. Grafting – Tongue grafting. Budding – T- Budding and Ring Budding.

26. rootstocks Seedling Rootstocks: Wild Peach Wild Apricot – Immune to nematode Behmi (a natural hybrid of almond and wild peach) Bitter Almond Seeds of these rootstocks have to be stratified under moist sand for 1-3 months, at 3-5° C to break dormancy.

27. Clonal Rootstock Vigorous groups Myrobalan – B, St. Julien C, Myro-29C, Myro 2261, GF 1246. Medium Vigour Isthars, Fereley, St. Julien GF 655/1 (France), St. Julien W. 61 (Switzerland), Brampton, Ackermann, Wangenheim. Dwarfing Mussel, Broad leave Mussel, Pixy. HDP – Pixy.

28. Some other Rootstocks Mariana 2624, Mariana GF 8/1, St. Julian A, Damascena European Species namely – P. insititia, P. cerasifera and P. spinosa are also used as rootstock.

29. Planting Spacing – 6m Pit size – 1×1×1 m. Grafted or Budded points should be 15 – 20 cm above the ground level. While digging, the top soil and sub-soil should be kept separately. Pits should be filled first with sub-soil well mixed with 30kg fully-rotten FYM and filled with top soil mixed with 10–15kg FYM, 500g superphosphate and 50g Aldrin dust. Planting should be done during December–January.

30. After care Immediately after planting – watering Initially at 2-3 days interval. Stake at early stages. Examined for sprouts from rootstock and removed. Basins should be free from weeds. Ring basin – Winter Raised basin – Rainy

31. Nutrients The N, P, K is applied in the form of calcium ammonium nitrate, superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively. The N, P and K fertilizers should be broadcast on the soil surface about 30cm away from the tree trunk and then mixed with soil. 7 years and above NPK in the ratio of 500:250:700 g/tree. Spraying of 0.1% boric acid (0.1%) in June is recommended to control B deficiency.

32. Weed management The basins are kept clean by hand-weeding or applying weedicides and mulch. Black alkathene mulch is beneficial. Application of Atrazin or Diuron @ 4.0kg/ha in April as pre-emergence and Gramoxone @ 2 litres/ha or Glyphosate @ 800ml/ha as post-emergence are recommended.

33. Training and pruning Plum trees are trained to open centre system. Bearing trees are pruned to maintain a balance between vegetative and reproductive growth. Pruning during prebearing period is usually kept light and corrective. Light heading back and removal of water sprouts, dead, diseased, and interfering branches are practised. Heavy heading back of the shoots should be avoided as it encourages development of long upright water sprouts.

34. pollinizers Fruit set in both European and Japanese Plum is a Problem. European Plum – Self fruitful – 30 % set fruit Self unfruitful – 1.5 % Japanese plum varieties are mostly self unfruitful. To make pollination effective, Plant every third tree in every third row with a pollinizer variety. Pollinizer Varieties – Wickson, Lorada, Santa Rosa, Red Heart and Elephant Heart.

35. Use of PGRs Fruit Set – GA 50 ppm on 10 th day after full bloom. Ethephone (20-300 ppm) – Both flower and fruit thinning. Carbaryl at 1000 ppm at full bloom stage – Fruit thinning. Some other fruit thinning agents – DNOC, 3-CPA 500 ppm ethephon – a week before harvesting to improve fruit colour 50 ppm triacontanol – after pit hardening stage – improves fruit size

36. Maturity indices Climacteric fruit, it does not attain fully ripe, edible quality on tree. Plum fruits should be picked at proper stage. Picking of immature fruits results in poor quality plums lacking flavour and taste. They shrivel during transportation and storage. Various maturity indices—days from full bloom, firmness, TSS, change of ground colour from green to yellow or red.

37. harvest 2 pickings are recommended for plums. Fruits are picked without pedicel in such a way that bruising and stem punctures are avoided. After picking they are put softly in picking baskets lined with gunny cloth and transported to grading and packing house. Fully grown plum trees yield 60–70kg fruits.

38. Grading and packing Plums are graded according to their fruit size in 3 grades and packed in layers in the wooden boxes of 37cm × 16.5cm × 16.5cm size. Firstly boxes are lined with paper and then fruits are packed in layers with each layer lined with paper to protect the fruits from bruising during transportation. Grade Fruit size (mm) No. of layers No. of fruits/layer Box size (cm) Special 42 and above 3 28-32 37 x16.5x16.5 Grade I 36-42 4 38-43 37 x16.5x16.5 Grade II Below 36 4 50-56 37 x16.5x16.5

39. Sorting and Packaging of Plum fruits

40. storage Although plums are highly perishable, they can be stored for 2–4 weeks at 0°C with 85–90% relative humidity. Dipping plums in 4% calcium chloride for 2 minutes increases their storability without any reduction in loss of flesh firmness for 12 days at room temperature.