Lec 8.pptx National Parks of Pakistan, Laws in a National Park,

developments for the protection of biological diversity
The role of economics
a decade for biodiversity
action needed this decade
strategic goals
the convention on biological diversity
strategic plan for biodiversity

1. Developments for the protection of biological diversity

2. National Parks of Pakistan The definition of National Park approved by IUCN is: “A National Park is a relatively large area (at least 1000 hectares)”. Where one or several ecosystems are not materially altered by human exploitation and occupation, where plant and animal spp , geomorphologic sites and habitats are of special scientific, educative and re-creative interest or which contains natural landscapes of great beauty. Where the highest competent authority of the country has taken steps to prevent or eliminate as soon as possible, exploitation or occupation in the whole area and to enforce effectively the respect of ecological, geomorphologic or aesthetic features which have to its establishment Where visitors are allowed to enter, under special conditions, for inspirational cultural and recreative purposes .

3. Laws in a National Park Hunting , shooting, trapping, killing, or capturing of any wild animal inside or within a radius of three miles of its boundaries. Firing of guns or any other acts which may disturb the wildlife or interfere with their breeding places. Felling, tapping, burning, or in any way damaging or destroying, taking, collecting or removing any plant or tree therefrom. Clearing or breaking up any land for cultivation. Construction of human settlements, roads, highways, railway line or damaging land for mining or oil and gas exploration Polluting water flowing in and through the National park.

4. Pakistan  has 29  protected areas  known as  national parks ‎. As of 2012, 22 of these are under the supervision of respective  provincial governments  and remaining are in private care. Only some of these are under the conservation scope of  IUCN . Protection and conservation of the environment of Pakistan were included in the concurrent  constitution  of 1973 .

5. A Decade for Biodiversity 2011-2020 the United Nations Decade on Biodiversity , with a view to contributing to the implementation of the Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020 , Requests the Secretary-General, in this regard, in consultation with Member States, to lead the coordination of the activities of the Decade on behalf of the UN system, with the support of the CBD secretariat and the secretariats of other biodiversity-related conventions and relevant UN funds, programmes and agencies, and Invites Member States in a position to do so to contribute, on a voluntary basis, to the funding of the activities of the Decade .

6. Greater range of options than previously recognized Inaction is more expensive in the long run than investing in action now The action taken over the next decade or two will determine whether the relatively stable environmental conditions on which human civilization has depended for the past 10,000 years will continue beyond this century. If we fail to use this opportunity, many ecosystems on the planet will move into new, unprecedented states in which the capacity to provide for the needs of present and future generations is highly uncertain (“ tipping points ”). Action needed this decade

7. Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss (mainstreaming) Reduce the direct pressures and promote sustainable use Directly safeguard ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building Strategic Goals

8. The Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) Signed by 150 government leaders at the 1992 Rio Earth Summit, the Convention on Biological Diversity is dedicated to promoting sustainable development. Convention recognizes that biological diversity is about more than plants, animals and micro organisms and their ecosystems – it is about people and our need for food security, medicines, fresh air and water, shelter, and a clean and healthy environment in which to live.

9. Vision: Living in harmony with nature . By 2050, biodiversity is valued, conserved, restored and wisely used, maintaining ecosystem services, sustaining a healthy planet and delivering benefits essential for all people.” Mission Take effective and urgent action to halt the loss of biodiversity in order to ensure that by 2020 ecosystems are resilient and continue to provide essential services, thereby securing the planet’s variety of life, and contributing to human well-being, and poverty eradication Biodiversity Targets Implementation mechanisms Strategic Plan for Biodiversity 2011-2020

10. Biodiversity Targets Strategic Goal A: Address the underlying causes of biodiversity loss by mainstreaming biodiversity across government and society Strategic Goal B: Reduce the direct pressures on biodiversity and promote sustainable use Strategic Goal C: To improve the status of biodiversity by safeguarding ecosystems, species and genetic diversity Strategic Goal D: Enhance the benefits to all from biodiversity and ecosystem services Strategic Goal E: Enhance implementation through participatory planning, knowledge management and capacity building

11. Biodiversity monitoring, The Challenge Biodiversity loss continues at alarming rates. In the last century the loss was 1.000 to 10.000 times higher than in the natural average of earth’s history. Biodiversity loss together with climate change is seen as the most critical global environmental threat

12. Indicators Status and trends of components of biodiversity Threats to biodiversity Ecosystem integrity and ecosystem goods and services Sustainable use Status of resource transfers Status of access and benefit sharing

13. Monitoring Biological Diversity for Setting Priorities in Conservation Identifying the elements of biological diversity and monitoring their changes through time not all species and ecosystems will be identified, named, cataloged, and studied in any detail Only 1.4 million of these have been described and named, and a tiny fraction of them have been studied thoroughly for potential use by humans. A real problem when we try to determine how well various ecosystems are protected or represented in the global, national, and state systems of protected areas (Harrison et al., 1984).

14. The Gap Analysis Concept F irst identify and classify the various elements of biological diversity in several ways . Then examine the existing and proposed systems of protected areas and other land-management units that help conserve biological diversity. Finally , using various classifications, determine which elements (e.g., major ecosystems, vegetation types, habitat types, species) are unrepresented or poorly represented in the existing system of conservation areas.

15. Biodiversity Strategy Objectives The five objectives of the strategy are to: Improve the sustainability of protected area systems; M ainstream biodiversity conservation and sustainable use into production landscapes/seascapes and sectors; Build capacity to implement the Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety; B uild capacity on access to genetic resources and benefit-sharing; and I ntegrate CBD obligations into national planning processes through enabling activities.

16. Capacity Building Support for revision of NBSAPs Knowledge Network : Clearing House Mechanism and technology transfer National CHM nodes and central CHM Database and exchange of good practice, tools and guidance Networks of communities of practice and institutions Evidence-based review Financial Resources Biodiversity focal area Targets/Indicators in Resource Mobilization Strategy Innovative mechanisms Initiatives to enhance cooperation Plan of action for cities and local governments Engagement of Parliamentarians Supporting Mechanisms for monitoring and assessment IPBES (Assessment) GEO-Biodiversity Observation Network DIVERSITAS & other global change research programmes Mechanisms to support implementation

17. What is CITES ? CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora)  is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten the survival of the species.

18. The Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety The  Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety to the Convention on Biological Diversity  is an international agreement which aims to ensure the safe handling, transport and use of living modified organisms (LMOs) resulting from modern biotechnology that may have adverse effects on biological diversity, taking also into account risks to human health. It was adopted on 29 January 2000 and entered into force on 11 September 2003.

19. The Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits arising from their Utilization © Johny Keny/Shutterstock © Rachel Wynberg © Marsha Goldenberg/Shutterstock © Queensland Museum Nagoya Protocol