Lec 9 center line method

center line method for estimation

1. LECTURE # 09 COST ESTIMATION

2. Estimation For 02 Room Office D 4’ x 7’

3. Footing Details 2’’ 2’’ P.L G.L G.L P.L

4. G . L Floor Details

5. 4) 1-1/2’’ thick brick tiles joined and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3) 3) 1’’ thick mud plaster 2) 4’’ thick earth filling 1) Roof insulation comprising of 2 coats of hot bitumen Roof Details

6. SPECIFICATIONS P.C.C Damp Proof Coarse (D.P.C) = 1:2:4 Floors = 1:4:8, 1:3:6, 1:2:4 R.C.C Roof Slab, Lintel, and Sun Shades = 1:2:4 C/S Mortar Brickwork in foundation = 1:6 Brickwork in superstructure = 1:4 Brick tiles on roof = 1:3 Plaster Work ½” thick 1:3 C/S Plaster Estimation For 02 Room Office

7. SPECIFICATIONS Clear height of rooms : 12’ Clear height of Verandah : 12’ Plinth level : 1’-6” Thickness of roof slab : 4” Thickness of RCC shade : 3” Depth of RCC Beams in Verandah : 1’-6” below verandah slab Parapet wall : 1’-0” Ventilators (4 No.) : 2’-6” x 1’-6” RCC lintel : 6” in depth Damp proof coarse : 1 ½”thick PCC (1:2:4) + 2 coats of hot bitumen +polythene sheet Internal finishes : 03 coats of white wash/ distemper paint External finishes : 03 coats of Weather shield paint Lintels extend : 6” on each side Estimation For 02 Room Office

8. This item is described in detail but the price of this item is usually indicated as lump sum (LS). The cost of this item is provided in the estimate by judgment, according to the description of the item and is indicated as Lump sum (L.S). Estimator must determine Depth of soil to be removed Equipment to be used STEP 1: Clearing and Grubbing

9. Topsoil is generally removed from all building, walk, roadway, and parking areas. The volume of topsoil is figured in cubic yards. A clearance around the entire basic plan must also be left to allow for the slope required for the general excavation; usually about 5 feet is allowed on each side of a building and 1 to 2 feet for walks, roadways, and parking areas. STEP 1: Clearing and Grubbing

10. Plot Area = 28’ x 28‘ = 784 Sq. ft. Efficiency of Dozer = 437 cu. ft. / hr. Rate = PRs 4000/ hr. (if more than 12,000 cu. ft.) Rate = PRs 8000/ hr. (if less than 12,000 cu. ft.) Let us assume 3 in. depth Quantity = 784 * (3/12) = 784 * 0.25 = 196 cu. ft. Equipment hours = 196 cu. ft / 437 cu. ft / hr = 0.45 hours Equipment cost = 0.45 hours * 8000 per hour = Rs . 3600 Equipment cost = Rs . 3600 STEP 1: Clearing and Grubbing

11. For symmetrical footings, which is the usual case, earthwork in excavation in foundations, foundation concrete, brickwork in foundation and plinth, and brickwork in superstructure may be estimated by either of the two methods: Separate or Individual Wall Method Center Line Method Methods Of Detailed Estimate

12. In this method, total length of center lines of walls, long and short, has to be found out Find the total length of center lines of walls of same type, having same type of foundations and footings and then find the quantities by multiplying the total center length by the respective breadth and the height In this method, the length will remain the same for excavation in foundations, for concrete in foundations, for all footings, and for superstructure (with slight difference when there are cross walls or number of junctions) This method is quicker but requires special attention and considerations at the junctions, meeting points of partition or cross walls Center Line Method

13. For rectangular, circular polygonal (hexagonal, octagonal etc.) buildings having no inter or cross walls, this method is quite simple For buildings having cross or partition walls, for every junction, half breadth of the respective item or footing is to be deducted from the total center length Thus in the case of a building with one partition wall or cross wall having two junctions, deduct one breadth of the respective item of work from the total center length Center Line Method

14. Centre to Centre Distance (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) H-1 = H-2 = H-3 = 10’ + 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 23.11’ S-1 = S-2 = S-5 = 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 12.74’ S-3 = S-4 = 7.25 ’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 8’ S - 1 S - 2 S - 5 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 S - 3 S - 4

15. STEP 2: Excavation Earthwork in excavation for foundation trenches is calculated by taking the dimensions of each trench as length x breadth x depth. It is measured in cubic ft , cubic yard or cubic meter, according to the prevailing practice. The payment for this item is generally done as Rs . per hundred cubic ft. Filling in trenches after the construction of foundation masonry is ordinary neglected. If the trench filling is, also taken in account, it may be calculated by deducing the volume of masonry in trenches from that of the volume of excavation

16. STEP 2: Excavation To determine the amount of excavation, it is necessary to determine the following: The size of building (building dimensions). The distance the footing will project beyond the wall. The amount of working space required between the edge of the footing and the beginning of excavation. The elevation of the existing land, by checking the existing contour lines on the plot (site) plan. Continuous footing section

17. STEP 2: Excavation 6. The type of soil that will be encountered. This is determined by first checking the soil borings (on the drawings), but must also be checked during the site investigation. 7 . Whether the excavation will be sloped or shored. 8 . The depth of the excavation. This is done by determining the bottom elevation of the cut to be made. Then take the existing elevation, deduct any topsoil removed, and subtract the bottom elevation of the cut to determine the depth of excavation.

18. STEP 2: Excavation When calculating the amount of excavation to be done for a project, the estimator must be certain that the dimensions used are the measurements of the outside face of the footings and not those of the outside of the building. The footings usually project beyond the wall. Also, an extra 6 inches to 1 foot is added to all sides of the footing to allow the workers to install and remove forms. The estimator must also allow for the sloping of the banks to prevent a cave in. The amount of slope required must be determined by the estimator who considers the depth of excavation, type of soil, and possible water conditions.

19. Excavation Plan Let S a = S-1 + S-3 S b = S-4 + S-5 L 1 = H-1 + S a + H-3 + S b L 2 = S-2 – (Overlap) = S-2 – ½(Width) – ½(Width) = S-2 – Width L 3 = H-2 - (Overlap) = H-2 - ½(Width) – ½(Width ) = H-2 – Width Using Center Line Method S - 1 S - 2 S - 5 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 S - 3 S - 4 STEP 2: Excavation

20. Footing Details 2’’ 2’’ P.L G.L G.L P.L

21. G . L Floor Details

22. Let S a = S-1 + S-3 S b = S-4 + S-5 ( A s width of excavation is 2’-6”) L 1 = H-1 + S a + H-3 + S b L 2 = S-2 – ½(Width) – ½(Width) = S-2 – Width = S-2 – 2’-6” L 3 = H-2 - ½(Width) – ½(Width) = H-2 – Width = H-2 – 2’-6” S - 2 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 S a S b STEP 2: Excavation

23. S No Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ 1 L 1 1 87.70 2.5 3.5 767.38 767.38 2 L 2 1 10.2 2.1 3.5 7 5 7 5 L=12.74-2.5 3 L 3 1 20.61 2.5 3.5 180.34 180.34 L=23.11-2.5 Total Quantity 102 2 . 7 STEP 2: Excavation

24. Quantity = 1022.7 cu. ft. Wage rate = Rs . 650/ day Productivity rate = 0.0134 day / cu ft Labour Hours = Productivity Rate * Quantity Labour hours = 0.0134 day / cu ft *1023.88 = 13.65 days Labour cost = Labour hours * Wage rate per hour Labour cost = 13.65 days * Rs . 650/day Labour cost = Rs . 8873 STEP 2: Excavation

25. P.C.C The type of concrete must be clearly mentioned. The mix proportions and the type of cement, sand and coarse aggregate must be specified. This item is measured in cubic ft and the unit for measurement is, generally Rs . per 100 cubic ft. When the soil is soft or weak, one layer of dry bricks or stone soling is applied below the foundation concrete. The soling layer is computed in sq.ft (length x breadth), specifying the thickness in description of item. In estimating quantities, the estimator makes no deductions for holes smaller than 2 sf or for the space that reinforcing bars or other miscellaneous accessories take up. Waste ranges from 5 percent for footings, columns, and beams to 8 percent for slabs.

26. Procedure for calculating concrete 1. Review the specifications to determine the requirements for each area in which concrete is used separately (such as footings, floor slabs, and walkways) and list the following: (a) Type of concrete (b) Strength of concrete (c) Color of concrete (d) Any special curing or testing 2. Review the drawings to be certain that all concrete items shown on the drawings are covered in the specifications. If not, a call will have to be made to the architect-engineer so that an addendum can be issued. 3. List each of the concrete items required on the project. 4. Determine the quantities required from the working drawings. Footing sizes are checked on the wall sections and foundation plans. Watch for different size footings under different walls.

27. Let S a = S-1 + S-3 S b = S-4 + S-5 L 1 = H-1 + S a + H-3 + S b L 2 = S-2 – ½(Width) – ½(Width) = S-2 – Width L 3 = H-2 - ½(Width) – ½(Width) = H-2 – Width S - 2 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 S a S b STEP 3: P.C.C (1:4:8)

28. G . L G . L

29. S No Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ 1 L 1 1 87.70 2.5 0.5 109.63 109.63 2 L 2 1 10.24 2.125 0.5 10.88 10.88 L=12.74-2.5 3 L 3 1 20.61 2.5 0.5 25.76 25.76 L=23.11-2.5 Total Quantity 146.27 STEP 3: P.C.C (1:4:8)

30. Concrete in Foundations = 146.27 cu. ft. Add 5% for waste Concrete in Foundation = 146.27 + 5/100 * 146.27 = 153.58 cu. ft. Thumb Rules Dry material for 100 cu. ft. of cement concrete = 154 cu. ft. Volume of cement bag = 1.25 cu. ft. Materials Concrete = 153.58 cu. ft *1.54 = 2 36 . 51 cu. ft. Cement = 1/13 * 236.51 = 18.19 /1.25 = 18.19 cu. ft. = 14.55 = 1 5 Bags Sand = 4/13* 236.51 = 72.77 cu. ft. Aggregate = 8/13* 236.51 = 145.54 cu. ft. STEP 3: P.C.C (1:4:8)

31. Care must be taken, while taking dimensions from the drawings in the bill of quantities because the walls in this part of the structure are in the form of steps with changing dimensions. This item is calculated in cft and the unit for payment is Rs . per 100 cft . In the description of work, the quality of bricks and mortar ratio must be specified. For example, "Brickwork in foundation and plinth using first class bricks laid in (1:4) or (1:6) cement-sand (c/s) mortar———————“ STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

32. Wastage for masonry = 5% Wastage for mortar = 40% STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

33. Let S a = S-1 + S-3 S b = S-4 + S-5 L 1 = H-1 + S a + H-3 + S b L 2 = S-2 – ½(Width) – ½(Width) = S-2 – Width L 3 = H-2 - ½(Width) – ½(Width) = H-2 – Width S - 2 H - 1 H - 2 H - 3 S a S b STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with (1:6 C/S)

34. G . L Floor Details

35. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ L 1 = H-1 + S a + H-3 + S b Step-1 1 87.70 1.5 0.5 65.78 65.78 Step - 2 1 87.70 1.125 0.5 49.33 49.33 Step - 3 up to plinth 1 87.70 0.75 3.37 221.66 221.66 D = 2+1.5 – 0.13 Total Quantity 336.77 STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

36. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ L 2 = S-2 – Width Step-1 1 11.24 1.125 0.5 6.32 6.32 L=12.74-1.5 Step - 2 1 11.62 0.75 0.5 4.36 4.36 L=12.74-1.125 Step - 3 up to plinth 1 11.99 0.38 3.37 15.35 15.35 L = 12.74 – 0.75 D = 2+1.5 –0.13 Total Quantity 26.03 STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

37. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ L 3 = H-2 - Width Step-1 1 21.61 1.5 0.5 16.20 16 . 2 L = 23.11 – 1.5 Step - 2 1 21.985 1.125 0.5 12.36 12 . 3 6 L = 23.11 – 1.125 Step - 3 up to plinth 1 22.36 0.75 3.37 56.51 56 . 5 1 L = 23.11 - 0.75 D = 2+1.5 –0.13 Total Quantity 85 . 7 STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

38. Total Quantity = 336.77 + 26.03 + 85.07 = 447.87 cu. ft. Thumb Rules Bricks for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 1350 Nos. Dry mortar for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 30 cu. ft . Material Bricks = 1350 / 100 * 447.87 = 6046 Bricks Add 5% for wastage Total bricks = 6046 + 5/100 * 6046 = 6349 Bricks Mortar = 30 / 100 * 447.87 = 134.361 Add 40% for wastage Total mortar = 134.361 + 134.361 * 40/100 = 188.10 STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 /(C/S)

39. Cement = 1 / 7 * 188.10 = 26.87 / 1.25 = 21.5 = 26.87 = 22 Bags Sand = 6 / 7 * 188.10 = 161.22 cu. ft. STEP 4: Brickwork up to Plinth Level with 1:6 (C/S)

40. STEP 5: Steps in Front of Verandah with 1:6 (C/S)

41. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Length of steps = 0.75 + 10 + 0.37 + 12 + 0.75 = 23.87’ Step-1 1 23.87 1 0.5 11.94 11.94 Step-2 1 23.87 2 0.5 23.87 23.87 Total Quantity 35.81 STEP 5: Steps in Front of Verandah with 1:6 (C/S)

42. Thumb Rules Bricks for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 1350 Nos . M ortar for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 30 cu. ft. Materials Bricks = 1350 / 100 * 35.81 = 483.44 = 484 Bricks Add 5% for wastage Total Bricks = 484 * 1.05 = 509 Bricks Mortar = 30/100 * 35.81 = 10.74 cu. ft Add 40% for wastage Total Mortar = 10.74 * 1.40 = 15.04 cu. ft STEP 5: Steps in Front of Verandah with 1:6 (C/S)

43. Total Mortar = 10.74 * 1.40 = 15.04 cu. ft Cement = 1 / 7 * 15.04 = 2.14 cu . ft = 2.14 / 1.25 = 1. 71 = 2 Bag Sand = 6 / 7 * 15.04 = 12.89 cu . ft STEP 5: Steps in Front of Verandah with 1:6 (C/S)

44. Horizontal D.P.C. shall extend the full width of the super structure walls, however, it shall not be provided across doorways and veranda openings. It is also provided in roof and floors. Vertical D.P.C. is provided in external walls, especially, in the walls of basements. The quantity of D.P.C. is estimated in square ft.(on area basis) and standard unit for payment is Rs . per 100 sft STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen

45. S - 1 S - 2 S - 5 H - 1 H - 2 STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) H-1 = H-2 = H-3 = 10’ + 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 23.11’ S-1 = S-2 = S-5 = 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 12.74’

46. Taking Area Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ L 1 1 71.70 0.75 - 53.78 53.78 L= H-1 + S-1 + H-2 + S-5 L 2 1 12 0.37 - 4.44 4.44 L = 12.74 - 0.37 – 0.37 Columns 3 0.75 0.75 - 0.56 1.69 Total Quantity 59.91 STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen

47. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Total Area - - - - 59.16 59.91 Deductions Doors 4 0.75 - 3.00 3.00 4 0.37 - 1.50 1.50 Total Quantity 55.41 STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen

48. Concrete Volume = 55.41 x 0.125 = 6.93 cu. ft. Add 5% for wastage Total concrete volume = 6.93 * 1.05 = 7.28 cu. ft Thumb Rules Dry material for 100 cu. ft. of cement concrete = 154 cu. ft. Bitumen for 100 sq. ft. of DPC (first coat) = 15 Kg Bitumen for 100 sq. ft. of DPC (second coat) = 10 Kg Materials Dry Concrete = 7.28 x 1.54 = 1 1.21 cu. ft. STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen

49. Cement = 1/7 x 11.21 = 1. 60 /1.25 = 1.2 8 = 2 Bags Sand = 2/7 x 11.21 = 3. 20 cu. ft. Coarse aggregate = 4/7 x 11.21 = 6.4 cu. ft. Bitumen = 25 /100 x 55.41 = 13.85 Kg STEP 6: 1-1/2” DPC (1:2:4) & 02 coats of hot bitumen

50. Important considerations are: Measurements of walls shall be taken in the same order and in the same manner as for brickwork in foundations and plinth. In the first measurements, all openings such as doors, windows, veranda openings etc. shall be neglected. However, deductions shall be made for all openings in the walls, at the end of the item. In the description of the work, the quality of bricks and mortar ratio have to be specified. Masonry for arches shall be paid separately, at a different rate. STEP 7: Brick work in super structure

51. The height of super structure is very important. Generally the quantities are worked out for each storey separately and rates would be different for different storeis because of additional labor work, scaffolding and shuttering. The item is worked out in cft and the standard unit for payment is Rs . Per 100 cft . STEP 7: Brick work in super structure

52. S - 1 S - 2 S - 5 H - 1 H - 2 STEP 7: Brick work in super structure using first class bricks in (1:4) cement sand mortar (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) H-1 = H-2 = H-3 = 10’ + 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 23.11’ S-1 = S-2 = S-5 = 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 12.74’

53. 4) 1-1/2’’ thick brick tiles joined and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3) 3) 1’’ thick mud plaster 2) 4’’ thick earth filling 1) Roof insulation comprising of 2 coats of hot bitumen STEP 7: Brick work in super structure

54. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ L 1 1 71.70 0.75 12 645.3 645.3 L= H-1 + S-1 + H-2 + S-5 L 2 1 12 0.37 12 53.28 53.28 L = 12.74 - 0.37 – 0.37 Columns 3 0.75 0.75 10.5 5.9 17.71 716.29 STEP 7: Brick work in super structure

55. H - 2 H-1 = H-2 = H-3 = 10’ + 12’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ + 0.37’ = 23.11’ S a = S b = 12’.74 + 8’ = 20.74’ S a S b STEP 7: Brick work in super structure parapet wall

56. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) R emarks L’ B’ D’ Total Volume 716.29 Parapet Wall 1 87.7 0.75 1.541 101.35 101.35 L= H-1 + Sa + H-2 + Sb Total Volume 817.64 STEP 7: Brick work in super structure

57. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Doors 1 4 0.75 7 21 21 1 4 0.37 7 10.5 10.5 Windows 3 4 0.75 4 12 36 Ventilators 4 2.5 0.75 1.5 2.81 11.25 Shelves 2 4 0.5 5 10 20 RCC Lintels Doors 1 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 1.87 1 5 0.37 0.5 0.93 0.93 Windows 3 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 5.62 Ventilators 4 3.5 0.75 0.5 1.31 5.25 Shelves 2 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 3.75 116.18 Net Total = (817.64-116.18) 701.46 STEP 7: Brick work in super structure (Deductions)

58. Volume = 701.46 cu. ft. Thumbs Rules Bricks for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 1350 Nos. Dry mortar for 100 cu. ft. of brick work = 30 cu. ft . Materials Bricks = 1350 / 100 * 701.46 = 9469.71 = 9470 Bricks Add 5% for wastage Bricks = 9470 * 1.05 = 9944 Bricks Mortar = 701.46 * 30/100 = 210.44 cu.ft Add 40% for wastage Total Mortar = 210.44 * 1.40 = 294.61 cu.ft STEP 7: Brick work in super structure using first class bricks in (1:4) cement sand mortar

59. Cement = 1 / 5 * 294.61 = 58.92 = 58.92 / 1.25 = 47.13 = 48 Bags Sand = 4 / 5 * 294.61 = 235.69 cu. ft. STEP 7: Brick work in super structure using first class bricks in (1:4) cement sand mortar

60. For R.C.C. Roof slabs and beams, the total quantities of concrete and steel are estimated, separately. The quantity of plain concrete is estimated in cft and the standard unit for payment of concrete is Rs . per 100 cft . Volume of Reinforcing Steel is not deducted , while estimating the volume of plain concrete for payment. R.C.C. lintels over wall openings such as doors and windows are also included in R.C.C. work. STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete

61. (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) L = 10’+12’+0.37’+0.75+0.75 = 23.87’ B = 12’+0.75+0.75+8 = 21.5’ L B STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)(Slab, Lintels & Beams)

62. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Roof Slab 23.87 21.5 0.33 169.43 169.43 Verandah Long Beam 1 23.87 0.75 1.5 26.86 26.86 Verandah Short Beam 2 7.25 0.75 1.5 8.156 16.31 Total Quantity 212.60 STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)(Slab, Lintels & Beams)

63. Description N Measurement Quantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Volume 212.60 Lintels Doors 1 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 1.87 1 5 0.37 0.5 0.93 0.93 Windows 3 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 5.62 Ventilators 4 3.5 0.75 0.5 1.31 5.25 Shelves 2 5 0.75 0.5 1.87 3.75 Shades 2 5 1.5 0.25 1.87 3.75 Total Quantity 233.77 STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)(Slab, Lintels & Beams)

64. STEP 8: Reinforcement Steel / General Steel Work Steel is provided separately from R.C.C. per ton, per Kg, or per cwt (standard weight also called Quintal or century weight equal to 112 Ibs = 50Kg). Quantity of steel can either be worked out by rules of thumb practice or by intensive calculations taking the length and diameter of steel bars from the working drawings showing reinforcement details and bar-bending schedules. In taking length of bars, due margin of hooks, bends and overlapping is given. As a Rule Of Thumb Practice, for ordinary beams and slabs for residences, assume 6.75 Ibs of steel per cft of R.C.C. work. However, for R.C.C. columns, it varies from 8 to 10 Ibs per cft . normally, we use 2% of steel in columns. Percentage of steel means, area of steel divided by total area of the column multiplied by 100 and 1% of steel in columns corresponds to a quantity of 4.5 Ibs / cft . Wastage for slab is 8% while wastage for other member 10% (including laps)

65. Description N Measurement Quantity (lbs) Total Quantity (lbs) Remarks 6.75 Ibs. of steel per cu. ft. of R.C.C. work Steel Steel 6.75 64.34 434.30 434.30 233.77-169.43 =64.34 Total Weight 434.30 STEP 8: Mild Steel Round Bars as in Reinforcement

66. Thumbs Rules Dry material for 100 cu. ft. of cement concrete = 154 cu. ft. 6.75 Ibs. of steel per cu. ft. of R.C.C. work Materials Concrete for slab = 169.43 cu. ft Add 8% for wastage in slab Total Concrete for slab = 160.43 * 1.08 = 183 cu. ft Concrete for other R.C.C members = 233.77 – 169.43 = 64.34 cu.ft Add 5% for wastage Total Concrete for other R.C.C members = 64.34 * 1.05 = 67.55 cu.ft STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)(Slab, Lintels & Beams)

67. Total Concrete for R.C.C members = 183 + 67.55 = 250.55 cu.ft Dry Concrete = 250.55 x 1.54 = 3 85.85 cu. ft. Cement = 1/7 x 385.85 = 5 5.07 /1.25 = 4 4.06 = 4 5 Bags Sand = 2/7 x 385.85 = 1 10.24 cu. ft. Coarse aggregate= 4/7 x 385.85 = 2 20.28 cu.ft Mild steel round bars= 434.30 lbs Add 10% for wastage Total mild steel = 434.30 * 1.1 = 477.72 lbs Slab steel = 2682.41 lbs (From Lecture 10) Total steel = 2682.41 + 477.72 = 3160.13 lbs STEP 8: Reinforced Cement Concrete (1:2:4)(Slab, Lintels & Beams) Steel = 3160.13/ 2000 Steel = 1.58 tons

68. Roof consisting of beams, battens, and tiles or wooden planks is estimated for each part, separately Steel beam is estimated by weight, whereas, wooden beam is measured in cft . Battens are estimated by numbers indicating there size and lengths. Tiles are also estimated by size and numbers. Roof finishing may consist of bitumen coating and/or Polythene sheets (water proofing) , earth filling (heat proofing) and brick tiles, etc. Dimensions are taken from inner face to inner face of parapet walls. This item is estimated in sft and a composite rate for payment is taken as Rs . per 100 sft of the roof area. Roofing

69. L = 10’+12’+0.37’ = 22.37’ B = 12’+0.75+8-0.75 = 20’ Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) R emarks Taking Area Area 22.37 20 447.4 447.4 Total Area 447.4 STEP 9: Roof Insulation (02 coats of hot bitumen, 4” thick earth filling, 1” thick mud plaster and 1-1/2” thick brick tiles jointed and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3))

70. Thumbs Rules 100 sq. ft. surface area using bricks on bed= 360 Nos. Dry mortar for 100 sft = 9.00 cft Bitumen for 100 sq. ft. (first coat) = 15 Kg Bitumen for 100 sq. ft. (second coat) = 10 Kg Materials Brick Tiles = 360/100 x 447.4 = 1610.6 = 1611 No . Add 5% for wastage Total brick tiles = 1161 * 1.05 = 1220 No. Mortar = 447.4 * 9 / 100 = 40.27 cu.ft Add 40% for wastage Total mortar = 40.27 * 1.4 = 56.38 cu.ft STEP 9: Roof Insulation (02 coats of hot bitumen, 4” thick earth filling, 1” thick mud plaster and 1-1/2” thick brick tiles jointed and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3))

71. Cement = 1/4 x 56.38 = 14.09 / 1.25 = 11.25 = 12 Bags Sand = 3/4 x 56.38 = 42.27 cu. ft. Mud/ Earth Filling = 447.4 x 0.42 = 188 cu. ft. Bitumen= 25/100 x 447.4 = 111.9 kg Polythene Sheet = 447.4 sq. ft. STEP 9: Roof Insulation (02 coats of hot bitumen, 4” thick earth filling, 1” thick mud plaster and 1-1/2” thick brick tiles jointed and pointed in cement sand mortar (1:3))

72. Cement concrete floors, mosaic floors, and brick floors are most commonly used. Payments are made separately for different layers, like, topping, lean concrete, sand filling, earth filling, etc. Earth filling, sand filling and lean concrete are paid by volume, whereas, topping is paid on area basis, mentioning thickness in the description. Standard unit for payment of topping is, usually, Rs . per 100 sft . The skirting is estimated in running ft. Flooring

73. G . L

74. Verandah Length = 10’+12’+0.37’ = 22.37’ B = 8’ – 0.75’ = 7.25’ L B STEP 10: Flooring (sand under floor) (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’)

75. Description N Measurement Q uantity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Room 1 1 12 10 0.5 60 60 Room 2 1 12 12 0.5 72 72 Verandah 1 22.37 7.25 0.5 81.11 81.11 Total Quantity 213.11 STEP 10: Flooring (sand under floor)

76. 4” thick P.C.C = 0.33’ L B (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) STEP 10: Flooring (Cement concrete (1:4:8) as under layer of floors)

77. Description N Measurement Qua n tity (cu. ft.) Total Quantity (cu. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Room 1 1 12 10 0.33 40 40 Room 2 1 12 12 0.33 48 48 Verandah 1 22.37 7.25 0.33 54.07 54.07 Total Quantity 142.07 STEP 10: Flooring (Cement concrete (1:4:8) as under layer of floors)

78. Concrete = 142.07 cu. ft. Add 5% for wastage Total concrete =142.07 * 1.05 = 149.17 cu.ft Thumbs Rules Dry material for 100 cu. ft. of cement concrete = 154 cu. ft . Materials Dry Concrete = 149.17 x 1.54 = 229.73 cu. ft. Cement = 1/ 13 x 229.73 = 17.67 /1.25 = 14.13 = 15 Bags Sand = 4 / 13 x 229.73 = 70.69 cu. ft. Coarse aggregate = 8 / 13 x 229.73 = 141.37 cu. ft. STEP 10: Flooring (Cement concrete (1:4:8) as under layer of floors)

79. Taking Area Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks Remarks L’ B’ D’ Room 1 1 12 10 - 120 120 Room 2 1 12 12 - 144 144 Verandah 1 23.87 8 - 191 191 L = 12+ 10 +0.37+0.75+0.75 L = 12+ 10 +0.37+0.75+0.75 Door Sill 1 1 4 0.75 - 3 3 Door Sill 2 1 4 0.37 - 1.5 1.5 Deductions Columns 3 0.75 0.75 - 0.56 1.68 Total Quantity 457.80 STEP 10: Flooring (1-1/2” P.C.C (1:2:4) as top layer of floor, finished smooth)

80. Concrete Volume = 457.8 x 0.125 = 57.23 cu. ft. Add 5% for wastage Total concrete = 57.23 * 1.05 = 60.09 cu.ft Thumbs Rules Dry material for 100 cu. ft. of cement concrete = 154 cu. ft . Materials Dry Concrete = 60.09 x 1.54 = 92.54 cu. ft. Cement = 1/7 x 92.54 = 1 3.22 /1.25 = 10. 576 = 1 1 Bags Sand = 2/7 x 92.54 = 2 6.44 cu. ft. Coarse aggregate = 4/7 x 92.54 = 5 2.88 cu. ft. STEP 10: Flooring (1-1/2” P.C.C (1:2:4) as top layer of floor, finished smooth)

81. Materials Total Cement bags = 15 + 11 = 26 Bags Total Sand = 213.11 + 70.69 + 26.44 = 310.24 cu. ft. Total Coarse aggregate = 141.13 + 52.88 = 194.01 cu. ft. STEP 10: Flooring (Cement concrete (1:4:8) as under layer of floors)

82. The type of plaster, proportioning of materials and minimum thickness of plaster have to be specified. The quantity is calculated for total wall surface without deduction for openings such as doors windows, ventilators, etc. However, if the wall is being plastered on both the faces, the deductions for opening areas are made from one side only. Standard unit for payment is Rs . per 100 sft . Height is also specified for plastering because, for greater heights, labor cost increases. The rate varies according to the number of the storey Plastering

83. STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth (4.5” = 0.37’) (9” = 0.75’) Inner Height = 12’ Outer Height =

84. Taking Area Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ INNER SIDE Room 1 (Long Wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 Room 1 (Short Wall) 2 10 - 12 120 240 Room 1 (Ceiling) 1 10 12 - 120 120 Room 2 (Long Wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 Room 2 (Short Wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

85. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ INNER SIDE Room 2 (Ceiling) 1 12 12 - 144 288 Verandah Wall 1 23.87 - 12 286.56 286.56 Verandah Ceiling 1 22.37 7.25 - 162.18 162.18 Columns 3 3 - 10.5 31.5 94.5 L= 0.75 + 0.75 + 0.75 + 0.75 Long Beam (Internal) 1 22.37 - 1.5 33.55 33.55 STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

86. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ INNER SIDE Long Beam (Soffit) 1 21.62 - 0.75 8.10 8.10 L= 23.87 – 0.75 - 0.75 -0.75 Short Beam (Internal) 2 7.25 - 1.5 10.875 10.875 Short Beam (Soffit) 2 7.25 - 0.75 5.43 10.87 OUTER SIDE Rear Wall 1 23.87 - 15.33 365.92 365.92 L =1.5+12+0.33+1.5 STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

87. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Left & Right Side 2 13.5 - 15.33 206.95 413.91 Front Side (above verandah) 1 23.87 - 3.33 79.4 79.4 L = 1.5 + 1.5 + 0.33 Left & Right Side (above verandah) 2 8 - 3.33 26.64 53.28 L = 1.5+0.125 +12+0.33+1.5 Verandah sides (lower area) 2 8 - 1.5 12 24 Parapet Wall Inner side 1 84.74 - 1 84.74 84.74 L = 22.37 + 22.37 + 20 + 20 Top side 1 87.7 - 0.75 65.77 65.77 Center to center Outer side Already calculated above STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

88. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Q u a n t i t y (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Verandah Steps Tread 2 23.87 - 1 23.87 47.74 Riser 3 23.87 - 0.5 11.93 35.80 Sides 2 2 - 0.5 1.00 2.00 2 1 - 0.5 0.5 1.00 Misc Door Jambs 2 7 0.75 - 5.25 10.50 2 7 0.37 - 2.63 5.25 1 4 0.75 - 3.0 1.50 1 4 0.37 - 1.50 3.00 STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

89. Description Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Window Jambs Window Jambs 6 0.75 - 4 3.00 18.00 6 0.75 4 - 3.00 18.00 Ventilator Jambs V e n t ila t or Jambs 8 0.75 2.5 - 1.88 15.00 8 0.75 - 1.5 1.19 9.00 Shelves Shelves 4 0.5 - 5 2.5 10.00 Total Area = 3211.42 DEDUCTION Doors 2 4 - 7 28.00 56.00 Windows 3 4 - 4 16.00 48.00 Ventilators 4 2.5 - 1.5 3.75 15.00 STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth Net Area = 3211.42 – 119 = 3281.2

90. Thumbs Rules Dry mortar for 100 sq. ft. of ½” thick cement plaster = 6 cu. ft. or 100 cu. ft. wet mortar = 128 cu. ft. dry mortar Materials Volume = 3294.7 x (0.5/12) = 137.28 cu. ft. Add 40% for wastage Total volume = 137.28 * 1.4 = 192.19 cu. ft. Dry volume = 192.19 * 1.28 = 246 cu. ft Cement = 1 /4 * 246 = 61.5 Sand = 61.5 / 1.25 = 3 / 4 * 246 = 49.2 = 50 Bags = 184.5 cu. ft. STEP 11: ½” thick (1:3) C/S plaster to walls finished smooth

91. The type of material used and the quantity of finish required should be clearly indicated in the description of the item. The rate for any type of woodwork includes cutting of timber to required sizes, joinery work, fittings and fastenings, three coats of oil paints or varnish, bolts, locks, handles, etc. The measurements are taken for the overall area of doors, windows, etc. If volume of timber required for these items is to be find out, the computed area is multiplied with the nominal thickness and an allowance of 25% is made for wastage of timber. Rectangular wooden beams, vertical columns, trusses, etc., are measured in cft . Wooden stairs are measured in number of steps and description of the item includes the riser, tread, and width of the steps. Wooden shelves are measured in running ft (RFT). Wood work / Carpentry

92. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ 1 ½” Thick Wooden Doors with Chowkat 2 4 - 7 28 56 Windows and Ventilators 3 4 - 4 16 48 4 2.5 - 1.5 3.75 15 Three Coats of Painting to Doors 2 - - - 56 112 Already calculated STEP 12: Door, Windows & Ventilators Frames

93. Thumbs Rules Timber for 100 sq. ft. of Panelled Doors = 13 cu. ft. Timber for 100 sq. ft. of Glazed windows and Ventilators = 8 cu. ft . Materials Timber for doors = 13 / 100 x 56 = 7.28 cu. ft. Timber for windows and Ventilators = 8 / 100 x 63 = 5.04 cu. ft. Total = 13.32 cu. ft. Add 25% for wastage Total wood required = 13.32 * 1.25 = 16.65 cu. ft STEP 12: Door, Windows & Ventilators Frames

94. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Room No.1 (Long wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 Room No.1 (Short wall) 2 10 - 12 120 240 Room No.1 (Ceiling) 1 10 12 - 120 120 Room No.2 (Long wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 Room No.2 (Short wall) 2 12 - 12 144 288 Room No.2 (Ceiling) 1 12 12 - 144 144 Verandah wall 1 23.875 - 12 286.5 286.5 Verandah Ceiling 1 22.375 - 7.25 162.26 162.26 STEP 13: Three coats of distempering/ white washing to walls (Internal Side)

95. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Columns 3 3 - 10.5 25.50 76.50 Long beam (inner side) 1 22.375 - 1.5 33.55 33.55 Long beam (soffit) 1 21.62 - 0.75 16.21 16.21 Short beam (sides) 2 7.25 - 1.5 10.87 21.74 Short beam (soffit) 2 7.25 - 0.75 5.43 10.87 Door Jambs 2 0.75 - 7 5.25 10.50 2 0.375 - 7 2.63 5.25 1 0.75 - 4 3 1.50 1 0.375 - 4 1.50 3.00 STEP 13: Three coats of distempering/ white washing to walls (Internal Side)

96. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Window Jambs 6 0.75 - 4 3 18 6 0.75 - 4 3 18 Ventilator Jambs 8 0.75 - 2.5 1.88 15 8 0.75 - 1.5 1.19 9 Shelves 4 0.5 - 5 2.5 10 4 0.5 - 4 2.0 10 DEDUCTION Doors 4 4 - 7 28 112 Windows 4 4 - 4 16 64 Ventilators 6 2.5 - 1.5 3 22.50 Net Total Area 1877.38 STEP 13: Three coats of distempering/ white washing to walls (Internal Side)

97. Thumbs Rules Lime for 100 sq. ft. of white wash (one coat) = 1.00 Kg Materials Lime for three coats=1/100 x 3 x 1877.3 = 56.3 Kg STEP 13: Three coats of distempering/ white washing to walls (Internal Side)

98. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ Rear wall 1 23.875 - 15.375 367.07 367.07 Left & Right side wall 2 13.5 - 15.375 207.5 415.13 Front side (above verandah roof) 1 23.875 - 3.33 79.50 79.50 Sides (above verandah roof) 2 8 - 3.33 26.64 53.28 Left & Right side wall of verandah 2 8 - 1.5 12 24 STEP 14: Three coats of Weather shield paint to walls. (External side)

99. Description N Measurement Quantity (sq. ft.) Total Quantity (sq. ft.) Remarks L’ B’ D’ PARAPET WALL Top of parapet wall 1 87.7 - 0.75 65.775 65.775 Parapet wall (inside) 2 20 - 1 20 40 2 22.37 - 1 22.37 44.74 DEDUCTION Windows 2 4 - 4 16.00 32.00 Ventilators 2 2.5 - 1.5 3.75 7.50 Net Total 1049.99 STEP 14: Three coats of Weather shield paint to walls. (External side)

100. Market Rates Sr. No Item Rate (Rupees) 1 Cement 550 / bag 2 Sand 2000 / 100 cu.ft 3 Aggregate 4500 / 100 cu.ft 4 Bricks 10 / each 5 Steel 92,000 / ton 6 Bitumen 105 / kg 7 Weather Shield 30 / sft 8 Distemper 15 / sft 9 Brick Tile 12 / each 10 Framic tile or face tile 18 / each

101. Market Rates Sr. No Item Rate (Rupees) 11 Wood (Deodar) 4500 / cft 12 Lime 10 / kg 13 Earth Filling 3 / cft 14 Polythene sheet 2 / sft

102. Cost Summary Sr. No Description Item Unit Quantity Unit Rate ( Rs .) Amount ( Rs .) 1 Top soil (3’’ depth) 3600 2 Excavate foundation trenches (3’6’’ depth) 8873 3 Foundation concrete (1:4:8) Cement Sand Aggregate Bags Cu.ft Cu.ft 15 73 146 550 20 45 8250 1460 6570 4 Foundation walls (1:6 C/S) Bricks Cement Sand No. Bags Cu.ft 6349 22 162 10 550 20 63490 12100 3240 5 Brick steps in front of verandah (1:6 C/S) Bricks Cement Sand No. Bags Cu.ft 484 2 13 10 550 20 4840 1100 260

103. Sr. No Description Item Unit Quantity Unit Rate ( Rs .) Amount ( Rs .) 6 1/2’’ D.P.C (1:2:4) & 2 coats of bitumen Cement Sand Aggregate Bitumen Bags Cu.ft Cu.ft kg 2 3 6 14 550 20 45 105 1100 60 270 1470 7 Brick work in superstructure (1:4 C/S) Bricks Cement Sand No. Bags Cu.ft 9944 48 236 10 550 20 99440 26400 4720 8 R.C.C slab, beams, lintels (1:2:4) Cement Sand Aggregate Steel Bags Cu.ft Cu.ft Tons 45 110 220 1.58 550 20 45 92000 24750 2200 9900 145360 9 Roof insulation 1-1/2’’ tiles 1:3 C/S Earth filling 5’’ 2 coats of hot bitumen Polythene sheet Brick tiles Cement Sand Mud Bitumen Sheet No. Bags Cu.ft Cu.ft Kg sft 1220 12 42 188 112 447 12 550 20 3 105 2 14640 6600 840 564 11760 894

104. Sr. No Description Item Unit Quantity Unit Rate ( Rs .) Amount ( Rs .) 10 Flooring Sand cushion 6’’ 4’’ P.C.C (1:4:8) 1-1/2’’ P.C.C (1:2:4) Cement Sand Aggregate Bags Cu.ft Cu.ft 26 bags 310 cu.ft 194 cu.ft 550 20 45 14300 6200 8730 11 Plastering 1-1/2’’ thick (1:3) C/S Cement Sand Bags Cu.ft 50 bags 185 cu.ft 550 20 27500 3700 12 Wood work Door, windows, ventilators & frames Wood Cu.ft 17 cu.ft 4500 76,500 13 3 coat distempering/ white wash Lime Distemper kg sft 56 kg 1877 sft 10 15 560 56310 14 3 coat of weather shield paint Weather shield sft 1050 sft 30 31500 Total Cost 690,051

105. Cost per square foot Total cost = Rs . 690,051 Plot covered area = 23.87’ x 21.5’ = 513.205 sft Cost per sft = Total cost / Covered Area Cost per sft = 690,051 / 513.205 = Rs . 1345 / sf t

106. Instructions for Term Project For slab assume suitable bars and calculate steel using new method. Perform quantity take by assuming slab as a single RCC member of 6’’- 8’’ depth instead of using roof layers. Add wastage for each item of work. Use market rates provided above for calculating material cost. Develop a BoQ /Cost summary. Divide total cost with your buildings covered area to calculate cost per square foot.