Lect 44 Unit VII HIV AIDS.ppt.............

Hiv and aids ......

1. Unit:Unit: VII Immunological Disorders
Topic: Topic: HIV/ AIDS
By
Asif Ali Magsi
Lecturer
BCON SMBBMU
LRK

2. BASIC FACTS ON
HIV

3. Objectives
At the end of the presentation the learners
will be able to:
Define HIV and AIDS
 Describe the etiological factors , mode of
transmission and its clinical manifestations
Discuss the medical and nursing
management

4. What is HIV?
H -uman
Found only in humansFound only in humans
Transmitted among humansTransmitted among humans
Preventable by humansPreventable by humans
I -mmunodefiency
Body lacks ability to fight off infectionsBody lacks ability to fight off infections
V -irus
Type of germType of germ
Lives and reproduces in body cellsLives and reproduces in body cells

5. AIDS
A -cquired; received, not inherited (does not run received, not inherited (does not run
in families)in families)
I -mmuno; protected from (in this case the protected from (in this case the
system protects the body from disease)system protects the body from disease)
D -eficiency, - - a lack ofa lack of
S-yndrome; – a group of symptoms or – a group of symptoms or
diseasesdiseases

6. WHAT WENT WRONG?
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
causes malfunction of T-cells which protect
the body from invading microorganisms.
When it enters a cell, HIV replicates, causing
the cell to reproduce more infected cells. It
also frequently causes cell death. The CD4
lymphocyte is most often affected, followed
by B-lymphocytes and macrophages.
Immunodeficiency results.

7. Etiology
HIV disease is caused by infection with HIV-1 or
HIV-2, both of which cause very similar
conditions. They differ in transmission and
progression risks.
HIV-1 and HIV-2. Both types are transmitted by
sexual contact, through blood, and from mother to
child, and they appear to cause clinically
indistinguishable AIDS. However, it seems that
HIV-2 is less easily transmitted, and the period
between initial infection and illness is longer in
the case of HIV-2.

8. Who is most at risk for HIV?
Anybody having sex without a condom.
People with more than 1 partner who
don’t use a condom during sex
People whose sex partner have sex with
other partners without using a condom

9. HIV IS FOUND IN BODY
FLUIDS
Semen
Breast milk
Blood
Vaginal fluid

10. Mode of Transmission

11. Mode of Transmission
During unprotected (skin to skin) sex
(anal, vaginal or oral)
Contact with HIV infected blood or blood
products
Sharing IV drug needles of HIV positive
people
From HIV positive mother to child
During breast feeding

12. How a virus ‘works’
A virus is a parasite which cannot reproduce on its
own, it needs another living thing to survive
It infects the cells of your body and ‘hijacks’ them
(Adsorption & Entry)
Your cells stop doing what they’re supposed to and
instead make copies of the virus
(Replication & Assembly)
The new viruses are released and go
on to infect other cells
(Release)

13. You CANNOT get HIV from…
Tears
Saliva
Sweat
Urine of an HIV infected person

14. How You DON’T Get HIV
You CANNOT get HIV by
hugging, touching,
living with or caring for
someone with HIV,
shaking hands or
kissing.
You CANNOT get HIV
from eating out of the
same plate or cup or
utensils that an HIV
positive person uses.

15. ALL STIs / STDs are Preventable
Most STI’s / STDs are treatable
But
HIV/AIDS CANNOT BE
CURED

16. Preventing HIV 
The main way to prevent HIV infection is to avoid
activities that put you at risk, such as having sex
without a condom and
 sharing needles and other
injecting equipment.
It is important to continue to practice safer sex even if
you and your sexual partner both have HIV.
 This is
because you can catch another strain of the virus that
your HIV medication may not be able to control.

17. HALLMARK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
Anorexia—secondary to GI manifestations,
oral disease, and side effects of medications.
 Fatigue—cells dying at an abnormal rate;
opportunistic infections due to a poorly
functioning immune system.
 

18. Fever—may be due to a concurrent infection
related to a low WBC count.
Malnutrition—due to poor appetite, poor
nutrition, nausea and vomiting, and most often
from a secondary infection; decreased protein
synthesis.
HALLMARK SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
(cont)

19. Laboratory and Diagnostic Study
Findings
Enzymes –linked immunosorbent assay
(ELISA),indicates exposure to or infection with HIV
but does not diagnose AIDS
Western blot assay identifies HIV antibodies.
 SUDS screening test is only about 95% accurate but
the result are available in 30 to 60 minutes. This test is
useful when health care worker sustains a needle stick
injury; if the client ‘s test comes back positive , the
health care worker is started on prophylactic anti-
retroviral medications.

20. Laboratory and Diagnostic Study
Findings(cont)
AIDS is diagnosed on clinical history , risk factors,
physical examination, laboratory evidence of immune
dysfunction and positive ELISA and Western blot
assay

21. Treatment

22. Medical Management
High-calorie and high-protein diet to combat wasting
and weight loss.
 Administer antibiotics to combat opportunistic
infections: trimethoprim/ sulfamethoxazole
Administer antiviral medication to suppress HIV
replication, causing support of the immune system
and fewer opportunistic infections.
 Nucleoside analogs (have antiviral
activity):Didanosine,Zidovudine,Stavudine and
Zalcitabine

23. Medical Management (cont)
Nucleotide analog:
Tenofovir
Protease inhibitors (suppress HIV replication): Fortovase
 Ritonavir
Indinavir
Nelfinavir

24. Nursing Management

25. Nursing Management
Administer prescribed medication.
Promote preventive measures related to
the transmission of HIV.
Maintain skin integrity by instructing client
to avoid strong perfumed soaps, follow
routine oral care, keep anal area clean as
possible.
Instruct the client about the promotion of
normal bowel movements and prevent
diarrhea.

26. Nursing Management (cont)
Promote infection prevention.
Teach energy conservation techniques.
Teach methods of airway clearance.
Help maintain nutritional status.
Monitor and manage complications of
opportunistic infections.
Teach ways to cope with chronic illness.
Provide referral to the National Association
of People with AIDS and Project Inform.

27. What have we learnt?

28. References
Brunner, L. (2008). Immunological disorder. In
Brunner & Suddarth's textbook of medical-surgical
nursing (11th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.
Pellico, L. (2013). Immunological disorder. In Focus
on adult health: Medical-surgical nursing.
Philadelphia: Wolters Kluwer Health/Lippincott
Williams & Wilkins
www.aids-etc.org