Lectura 4 La posición del investigador primeras preguntas; y Metodología y métodos en sociología, de Julio Alguacil.pdf

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About This Presentation

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Slide Content

Julio Alguacil Gómez
Cómo se hace un trabajo de investigación en sociología
374
La elaboración de trabajos de investigación se ha convertido en
un punto central en la formación de los estudiantes de grado
y posgrado desde que la nueva regulación de los estudios uni-
versitarios —el llamado “plan Bolonia”— establece su obligatoria
inclusión en los planes de estudio. Este libro se dirige a quienes
se enfrentan a la tarea de elaborar un trabajo de investigación en
sociología. Por un lado, ofrece los instrumentos necesarios para
aportar luz y certeza en los momentos iniciales de toda inves-
tigación científica y académica. Por otro, introduce las particu-
laridades de esta disciplina relativas a la elección del objeto de
estudio, al planteamiento e identificación de sus problemas es-
pecíficos, a sus métodos propios, a las técnicas de obtención
y análisis de información y, finalmente, a la forma de presenta-
ción de sus resultados y conclusiones.
Julio Alguacil Gómez es profesor titular de Sociología en la
Universidad Carlos III de Madrid.
Julio Alguacil Gómez
Cómo se hace un trabajo
de investigación en sociología
14 !!ISBN: 978-84-8319-622-9
METODOLOGÍAS

26
CAPÍTULO 1
LA POSICIÓN DEL INVESTIGADOR: PRIMERAS PREGUNTAS
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 23 5/8/11 12:22:48

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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 27 5/8/11 12:22:48

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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 30 5/8/11 12:22:48

42
CAPÍTULO 2
METODOLOGÍA Y MÉTODOS EN SOCIOLOGÍA
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 31 5/8/11 12:22:48

43
JULIO ALGUACIL
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 32 5/8/11 12:22:48

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CÓMO SE HACE UN TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SOCIOLOGÍA
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 33 5/8/11 12:22:49

45
JULIO ALGUACIL
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 34 5/8/11 12:22:49

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CÓMO SE HACE UN TRABAJO DE INVESTIGACIÓN EN SOCIOLOGÍA
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 35 5/8/11 12:22:49

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JULIO ALGUACIL
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15011-INVESTIG SOCIOLOGIA (2).indd 36 5/8/11 12:22:49