Lecture 1 Introduction Eng Quantities.ppt
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Aug 21, 2024
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About This Presentation
notes
QS
SMM2
Slide Content
INTRODUCTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERING QUANTITIES
WEEK 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES (CO1-PO1)
Understand the definition of civil engineering quantities
Understand the construction stages and where is bill of quantity being produced
Understand the purpose of bill of quantities
WEEK 1
LEARNING OUTCOMES (CO1-PO1)
Understand the definition of civil engineering quantities
Understand the construction stages and where is bill of quantity being produced
Understand the purpose of bill of quantities
Scope of civil engineering worksScope of civil engineering works
Civil engineering is a Civil engineering is a professional engineering
discipline that deals with the construction and design of
public and private sector works such as bridges, roads,
dams and buildings.
General civil engineers work closely with General civil engineers work closely with
surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and
serve fixed projects within their given site, serve fixed projects within their given site,
community and terrain by designing grading, community and terrain by designing grading,
drainage, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service,
electric and communications supply and land (real
property) divisions.
Civil engineering is a Civil engineering is a professional engineering
discipline that deals with the construction and design of
public and private sector works such as bridges, roads,
dams and buildings.
General civil engineers work closely with General civil engineers work closely with
surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and surveyors and specialized civil engineers to fit and
serve fixed projects within their given site, serve fixed projects within their given site,
community and terrain by designing grading, community and terrain by designing grading,
drainage, drainage, pavement, water supply, sewer service,
electric and communications supply and land (real
property) divisions.
Scope of civil engineering works Scope of civil engineering works
(continued)(continued)
Construction engineers engage in the design of Construction engineers engage in the design of
structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and
scheduling, materials procurement, selection of scheduling, materials procurement, selection of
equipment, and cost control.equipment, and cost control.
(continued)(continued)
Construction engineers engage in the design of Construction engineers engage in the design of
structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and structures temporary, cost estimating, planning and
scheduling, materials procurement, selection of scheduling, materials procurement, selection of
equipment, and cost control.equipment, and cost control.
QS ServicesQS Services
In general;In general;
QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor
or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the
areas of project/ construction management, quantity areas of project/ construction management, quantity
surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according
to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient
manner.manner.
QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced
professionals providing professionals providing Project management,Project management, Construction Construction
Cost ConsultancyCost Consultancy , , Estimation,Estimation, Quantity Take-offQuantity Take-off,,
Construction Cost DatabasesConstruction Cost Databases,, SpecificationSpecification and and Construction Construction
Material DatabasesMaterial Databases etc. etc.
In general;In general;
QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor QS offers its clients (developer/owner, consultant, contractor
or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the or sub contractor) a wide range of professional services in the
areas of project/ construction management, quantity areas of project/ construction management, quantity
surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according surveying, cost/ contract /claim/ planning solutions according
to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient to their requirements in a most cost effective and efficient
manner.manner.
QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced QS is managed by a group of highly qualified and experienced
professionals providing professionals providing Project management,Project management, Construction Construction
Cost ConsultancyCost Consultancy , , Estimation,Estimation, Quantity Take-offQuantity Take-off,,
Construction Cost DatabasesConstruction Cost Databases,, SpecificationSpecification and and Construction Construction
Material DatabasesMaterial Databases etc. etc.
The Measurement Process / Quantity Take-The Measurement Process / Quantity Take-
offoff
The main purpose measurement The main purpose measurement
process is to produce quantity for the process is to produce quantity for the
measured works to prepare for Bills measured works to prepare for Bills
of Quantities. of Quantities.
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes. tendering purposes.
Using BQ, contractor is able to price Using BQ, contractor is able to price
the work with a minimum effort. the work with a minimum effort.
The quantification of the work is done The quantification of the work is done
either by the main contractor, either by the main contractor,
subcontractor, or package subcontractor, or package
contractor. contractor.
offoff
The main purpose measurement The main purpose measurement
process is to produce quantity for the process is to produce quantity for the
measured works to prepare for Bills measured works to prepare for Bills
of Quantities. of Quantities.
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes. tendering purposes.
Using BQ, contractor is able to price Using BQ, contractor is able to price
the work with a minimum effort. the work with a minimum effort.
The quantification of the work is done The quantification of the work is done
either by the main contractor, either by the main contractor,
subcontractor, or package subcontractor, or package
contractor. contractor.
Attributes of a Quantity SurveyorAttributes of a Quantity Surveyor
Ability to describe clearly, fully and precisely the
requirements of the designers and arrange the
Bills of Quantities.
The contractor’s estimator can
quickly, easily and accurately arrive
at the estimated cost of the work.
??????
Ability to describe clearly, fully and precisely the
requirements of the designers and arrange the
Bills of Quantities.
The contractor’s estimator can
quickly, easily and accurately arrive
at the estimated cost of the work.
??????
Attributes of a Quantity SurveyorAttributes of a Quantity Surveyor
Ability to describe Ability to describe clearly,clearly, fullyfully and and preciselyprecisely the the
requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills
of Quantities.of Quantities.
The surveyor must be:
• careful and accurate in making calculations
•having systematic and orderly mind
•be able to visualize the drawings and details
How to achieve this ?How to achieve this ?
Ability to describe Ability to describe clearly,clearly, fullyfully and and preciselyprecisely the the
requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills requirements of the designers and arrange the Bills
of Quantities.of Quantities.
The surveyor must be:
• careful and accurate in making calculations
•having systematic and orderly mind
•be able to visualize the drawings and details
How to achieve this ?How to achieve this ?
Divisions of bill preparationDivisions of bill preparation
Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
1. The measurement of the dimensions and the compilation
of the descriptions from the drawings and specification.
This process commonly known as taking-off .taking-off .
2. The preparation of the bill.
oThis involves the calculation of volumes, areas, etc
((squaring the dimensions).squaring the dimensions).
oThen followed by entering the descriptions and the
squared dimensions on the an abstract sheet
(abstracting)(abstracting) to collect similar items together and
present them in recognized bill order.
oFrom this abstract, the draft bill was written (billing). (billing).
Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
1. The measurement of the dimensions and the compilation
of the descriptions from the drawings and specification.
This process commonly known as taking-off .taking-off .
2. The preparation of the bill.
oThis involves the calculation of volumes, areas, etc
((squaring the dimensions).squaring the dimensions).
oThen followed by entering the descriptions and the
squared dimensions on the an abstract sheet
(abstracting)(abstracting) to collect similar items together and
present them in recognized bill order.
oFrom this abstract, the draft bill was written (billing). (billing).
HOW TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITIES?HOW TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITIES?
m
3
?
kg
?
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
m
3
?
kg
?
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
HOW TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITIES?HOW TO CALCULATE THE QUANTITIES?
m
3
?
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
m
3
?
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
Who responsible for civil engineering quantities?
If the job done by quantity surveyor , why civil engineer needs
to study the civil engineering quantities?
Let’s discuss…..
Quantity Surveyor
– the application of expert knowledge in measure the
quantity and estimation of the cost and prices of labour,
materials and plant required.
Why?
achieve project’s objective within the scope of
quality, time and cost.
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
If the job done by quantity surveyor , why civil engineer needs
to study the civil engineering quantities?
Let’s discuss…..
Quantity Surveyor
– the application of expert knowledge in measure the
quantity and estimation of the cost and prices of labour,
materials and plant required.
Why?
achieve project’s objective within the scope of
quality, time and cost.
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
From the above sketch, calculate :
Excavation in cubic meter
Concrete volume in cubic meter
Reinforcement in Kg.
Formwork
Insert all the above answer in “bill of quantities”
Notes: R10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y12 – 0.888 kg/m
Assuming : cover = 25 mm for column
= 50 mm for footing
Leave blank
Excavation in cubic meter
Concrete volume in cubic meter
Reinforcement in Kg.
Formwork
Insert all the above answer in “bill of quantities”
Notes: R10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y10 – 0.616 kg/m
Y12 – 0.888 kg/m
Assuming : cover = 25 mm for column
= 50 mm for footing
Leave blank
How quantities can be carried out? How quantities can be carried out?
TAKING OFF
•It is the process of measuring from drawings and
recording all dimensions in recognized form on
a special ruled paper called “Dimension Paper”
BILL OF QUANTITIES
•A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of
work to be carried out with is respective quantity and unit
cost for carrying out each work.
TAKING OFF
•It is the process of measuring from drawings and
recording all dimensions in recognized form on
a special ruled paper called “Dimension Paper”
BILL OF QUANTITIES
•A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of
work to be carried out with is respective quantity and unit
cost for carrying out each work.
What is taking off sheet?
A process of measuring from drawings, recording all dimensions in recognized form called taking
of sheet or “dimension paper”
Taking off sheet
NoDimen
sion
Final QuantityDescription of item Unit
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
A process of measuring from drawings, recording all dimensions in recognized form called taking
of sheet or “dimension paper”
Taking off sheet
NoDimen
sion
Final QuantityDescription of item Unit
@nurkamaliahmustaffa2013
What is “bill of quantities” ?
A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of work to be carried out with its
respective quantity and unit cost for carrying out each work.
Bill of Quantities
Leave blank
Item Description Quantity UnitRate Amount (RM)
A list of items giving the quantities and brief description of work to be carried out with its
respective quantity and unit cost for carrying out each work.
Bill of Quantities
Leave blank
Item Description Quantity UnitRate Amount (RM)
The purpose of Bill of Quantities (BQ):
1.To set down the various items of works in a logical sequence so that it readily
priced by contractor.
2.Enables all the contractors to tender on the same information.
3. Provide a convenient basis for valuation of stage payments during the
contract, before the accurate remeasurement figure are available.
4.Provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to order materials and
plan for other resources.
5.Provide data for cost analyses for use in cost planning of future projects.
6.Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to take off
quantities for themselves.
1.To set down the various items of works in a logical sequence so that it readily
priced by contractor.
2.Enables all the contractors to tender on the same information.
3. Provide a convenient basis for valuation of stage payments during the
contract, before the accurate remeasurement figure are available.
4.Provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to order materials and
plan for other resources.
5.Provide data for cost analyses for use in cost planning of future projects.
6.Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to take off
quantities for themselves.
The Bills of quantity prepared by Quantity Surveyor The Bills of quantity prepared by Quantity Surveyor
based on measurement from the construction based on measurement from the construction
drawings / building plans and specification drawings / building plans and specification
prepared by the designers/ engineers. prepared by the designers/ engineers.
This document were itemized all the quantities for This document were itemized all the quantities for
each categories of works applied in constructing each categories of works applied in constructing
the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical, the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical,
electrical works, civil, structural works, electrical works, civil, structural works,
infrastructure works, etc. infrastructure works, etc.
The contractor will priced /estimate all the works The contractor will priced /estimate all the works
associated in completing the buildings during pre-associated in completing the buildings during pre-
construction stage. construction stage.
The Bills of QuantitiesThe Bills of Quantities
based on measurement from the construction based on measurement from the construction
drawings / building plans and specification drawings / building plans and specification
prepared by the designers/ engineers. prepared by the designers/ engineers.
This document were itemized all the quantities for This document were itemized all the quantities for
each categories of works applied in constructing each categories of works applied in constructing
the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical, the buildings. E.g. building works, mechanical,
electrical works, civil, structural works, electrical works, civil, structural works,
infrastructure works, etc. infrastructure works, etc.
The contractor will priced /estimate all the works The contractor will priced /estimate all the works
associated in completing the buildings during pre-associated in completing the buildings during pre-
construction stage. construction stage.
The Bills of QuantitiesThe Bills of Quantities
BQ is part of legal BQ is part of legal tender / contract documenttender / contract document which will which will
be used to bind the agreement between the client and the be used to bind the agreement between the client and the
contractor in terms of: contractor in terms of:
Detailed of construction works to be done on-siteDetailed of construction works to be done on-site – –
building works, infrastructure works, building services building works, infrastructure works, building services
works, water & sewerage systems, etc. works, water & sewerage systems, etc.
The materials usedThe materials used – standard / quality – standard / quality
The standard workmanship /construction methodsThe standard workmanship /construction methods, ,
The needs / requirements of the builders on-siteThe needs / requirements of the builders on-site in in
implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices, implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices,
storage, shelter / hostel for workers storage, shelter / hostel for workers
The Bills of QuantitiesThe Bills of Quantities
be used to bind the agreement between the client and the be used to bind the agreement between the client and the
contractor in terms of: contractor in terms of:
Detailed of construction works to be done on-siteDetailed of construction works to be done on-site – –
building works, infrastructure works, building services building works, infrastructure works, building services
works, water & sewerage systems, etc. works, water & sewerage systems, etc.
The materials usedThe materials used – standard / quality – standard / quality
The standard workmanship /construction methodsThe standard workmanship /construction methods, ,
The needs / requirements of the builders on-siteThe needs / requirements of the builders on-site in in
implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices, implementing the jobs on–site – e.g. temporary offices,
storage, shelter / hostel for workers storage, shelter / hostel for workers
The Bills of QuantitiesThe Bills of Quantities
Advantages of using BQAdvantages of using BQ
According to Seeley (1997),According to Seeley (1997),
Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to
measure the quantities of work themselves before measure the quantities of work themselves before
preparing an estimate. preparing an estimate. (if yes, wasteful duplication of (if yes, wasteful duplication of
efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).
BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an
adequate description of work in a recognized format is adequate description of work in a recognized format is
given to all tendering Contractors and given to all tendering Contractors and all tender on the all tender on the
same basissame basis. .
The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ
format) permits format) permits proper financial managementproper financial management of the of the
contract.contract.
According to Seeley (1997),According to Seeley (1997),
Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to Avoids the need of for all of the tendering contractors to
measure the quantities of work themselves before measure the quantities of work themselves before
preparing an estimate. preparing an estimate. (if yes, wasteful duplication of (if yes, wasteful duplication of
efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).efforts and an increase in Contractor’s overhead).
BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an BQ prepared in accordance to SMM ensure that an
adequate description of work in a recognized format is adequate description of work in a recognized format is
given to all tendering Contractors and given to all tendering Contractors and all tender on the all tender on the
same basissame basis. .
The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ The detailed breakdown of the contract sum (in BQ
format) permits format) permits proper financial managementproper financial management of the of the
contract.contract.
The Measurement Process / Quantity Take-The Measurement Process / Quantity Take-
offoff
The main purpose measurement The main purpose measurement
process is to produce quantity for the process is to produce quantity for the
measured works to prepare for Bills of measured works to prepare for Bills of
Quantities. Quantities.
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes tendering purposes (selection process (selection process
to contract an eligible contractor for the to contract an eligible contractor for the
project). project).
Using BQ, contractor is able to price Using BQ, contractor is able to price
the work with a minimum effort. the work with a minimum effort.
The quantification of the work / The quantification of the work /
measurement / taking-off is done measurement / taking-off is done
either by the QS consultant (Client), either by the QS consultant (Client),
QS of main contractor or QS of main contractor or
subcontractor or Estimator. subcontractor or Estimator.
offoff
The main purpose measurement The main purpose measurement
process is to produce quantity for the process is to produce quantity for the
measured works to prepare for Bills of measured works to prepare for Bills of
Quantities. Quantities.
A Bill of Quantities is prepared for A Bill of Quantities is prepared for
tendering purposes tendering purposes (selection process (selection process
to contract an eligible contractor for the to contract an eligible contractor for the
project). project).
Using BQ, contractor is able to price Using BQ, contractor is able to price
the work with a minimum effort. the work with a minimum effort.
The quantification of the work / The quantification of the work /
measurement / taking-off is done measurement / taking-off is done
either by the QS consultant (Client), either by the QS consultant (Client),
QS of main contractor or QS of main contractor or
subcontractor or Estimator. subcontractor or Estimator.
The Measurement of Quantities for The Measurement of Quantities for
Building Works Building Works
Main objectiveMain objective::
To produce the document for the list of quantities To produce the document for the list of quantities
(bills of quantity).(bills of quantity). The quantities meaning the The quantities meaning the
estimated amount of building works / trade works estimated amount of building works / trade works
for specific building elements. for specific building elements.
The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount
of trade works in completing the building / of trade works in completing the building /
project. project.
The measurement is based on the principles and The measurement is based on the principles and
rules of measurement set up in manual of rules of measurement set up in manual of STANDARD STANDARD
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS.
Building Works Building Works
Main objectiveMain objective::
To produce the document for the list of quantities To produce the document for the list of quantities
(bills of quantity).(bills of quantity). The quantities meaning the The quantities meaning the
estimated amount of building works / trade works estimated amount of building works / trade works
for specific building elements. for specific building elements.
The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount The quantities needed to ensure the exact amount
of trade works in completing the building / of trade works in completing the building /
project. project.
The measurement is based on the principles and The measurement is based on the principles and
rules of measurement set up in manual of rules of measurement set up in manual of STANDARD STANDARD
METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS. METHODS OF MEASUREMENT FOR BUILDING WORKS.
Standard Methods of Measurement (SMM)Standard Methods of Measurement (SMM)
FunctionFunction: :
To standardize the method of preparing the measurement To standardize the method of preparing the measurement
for building works and civil engineering works. Contains for building works and civil engineering works. Contains
of rules and principles of measurement. of rules and principles of measurement.
Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for
Building works. (SMM2) Building works. (SMM2) – Institution of Surveyors – Institution of Surveyors
Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK) Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK)
Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for
civil civil engineering works (CESMM) engineering works (CESMM) – CIDB (adapted from – CIDB (adapted from
CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)
FunctionFunction: :
To standardize the method of preparing the measurement To standardize the method of preparing the measurement
for building works and civil engineering works. Contains for building works and civil engineering works. Contains
of rules and principles of measurement. of rules and principles of measurement.
Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for Malaysian Standard Methods of Measurement for
Building works. (SMM2) Building works. (SMM2) – Institution of Surveyors – Institution of Surveyors
Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK) Malaysia (ISM) (adapted from SMM by RICS(UK)
Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for
civil civil engineering works (CESMM) engineering works (CESMM) – CIDB (adapted from – CIDB (adapted from
CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)CESMM by ICE / FCEC(UK)
Standard Methods of Measurement for Building Works Standard Methods of Measurement for Building Works
(SMM)(SMM)
Set out rules for the measurement Set out rules for the measurement
and description of building works. and description of building works.
SMM2 is a document that provides SMM2 is a document that provides
not only a uniform basis for not only a uniform basis for
measuring building work but also measuring building work but also
embodies the essentials of good embodies the essentials of good
practice. practice.
Without using it, a set of rules the Without using it, a set of rules the
quality of BQ can vary widely. quality of BQ can vary widely.
(SMM)(SMM)
Set out rules for the measurement Set out rules for the measurement
and description of building works. and description of building works.
SMM2 is a document that provides SMM2 is a document that provides
not only a uniform basis for not only a uniform basis for
measuring building work but also measuring building work but also
embodies the essentials of good embodies the essentials of good
practice. practice.
Without using it, a set of rules the Without using it, a set of rules the
quality of BQ can vary widely. quality of BQ can vary widely.
Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Civil Malaysian Standard Method of Measurement for Civil
Engineering Works (CESMM)Engineering Works (CESMM)
To be used in conjunction with the To be used in conjunction with the
Conditions Of Contract for Civil Conditions Of Contract for Civil
Engineering Works. Engineering Works.
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
for mechanical & electrical engineering for mechanical & electrical engineering
work, building work or work which is work, building work or work which is
seldom encountered in civil engineering seldom encountered in civil engineering
contracts.contracts.
If any such work to be included in the If any such work to be included in the
contract, such work shall be measured in contract, such work shall be measured in
accordance with their respective SMM accordance with their respective SMM
and shall be stated in the and shall be stated in the Preambles to Preambles to
the BQ. the BQ.
Engineering Works (CESMM)Engineering Works (CESMM)
To be used in conjunction with the To be used in conjunction with the
Conditions Of Contract for Civil Conditions Of Contract for Civil
Engineering Works. Engineering Works.
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
for mechanical & electrical engineering for mechanical & electrical engineering
work, building work or work which is work, building work or work which is
seldom encountered in civil engineering seldom encountered in civil engineering
contracts.contracts.
If any such work to be included in the If any such work to be included in the
contract, such work shall be measured in contract, such work shall be measured in
accordance with their respective SMM accordance with their respective SMM
and shall be stated in the and shall be stated in the Preambles to Preambles to
the BQ. the BQ.
Measurement for Civil Engineering
Works
The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil
Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM). Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM).
Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the
working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United
Kingdom named Kingdom named ‘CESMM 2nd Edition or 3rd Edition’.
There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in
building works or more unfortunate, they use their own building works or more unfortunate, they use their own
measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement
procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate
the tender. the tender.
The actual measurement work must take into account the level of The actual measurement work must take into account the level of
complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one
item of work is also closely related to the methodology and item of work is also closely related to the methodology and
construction activitiesconstruction activities
Works
The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil The civil works measurement referred to a document called 'Civil
Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM). Engineering Standard Method of Measurement '(CESMM).
Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the Before this document is produced, the party who responsible for the
working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United working measurement refers to the method adopted in the United
Kingdom named Kingdom named ‘CESMM 2nd Edition or 3rd Edition’.
There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in There are a large part of the measurement refer to methods used in
building works or more unfortunate, they use their own building works or more unfortunate, they use their own
measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement measurement system. This led to inconsistencies in measurement
procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate procedures. As a result, contractors have difficulty to appreciate
the tender. the tender.
The actual measurement work must take into account the level of The actual measurement work must take into account the level of
complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one complexity of work undertaken. Work measurement for any one
item of work is also closely related to the methodology and item of work is also closely related to the methodology and
construction activitiesconstruction activities
Malaysian Standard Method of Malaysian Standard Method of
Measurement for Civil Engineering WorksMeasurement for Civil Engineering Works
MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL
ENGINEERING WORKSENGINEERING WORKS is to be used in is to be used in
conjunction with the Conditions Of conjunction with the Conditions Of
Contract for Civil Engineering Works. Contract for Civil Engineering Works.
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
for mechanical & electrical engineering for mechanical & electrical engineering
work, building work or work which is seldom work, building work or work which is seldom
encountered in civil engineering contracts.encountered in civil engineering contracts.
If any such work to be included in the If any such work to be included in the
contract, such work shall be measured in contract, such work shall be measured in
accordance with their respective SMM and accordance with their respective SMM and
shall be stated in the shall be stated in the Preambles to the Preambles to the
BQ. BQ.
Measurement for Civil Engineering WorksMeasurement for Civil Engineering Works
MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF MALAYSIAN STANDARD METHODS OF
MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL MEASUREMENT FOR CIVIL
ENGINEERING WORKSENGINEERING WORKS is to be used in is to be used in
conjunction with the Conditions Of conjunction with the Conditions Of
Contract for Civil Engineering Works. Contract for Civil Engineering Works.
Does not deal with the preparation of BQ Does not deal with the preparation of BQ
for mechanical & electrical engineering for mechanical & electrical engineering
work, building work or work which is seldom work, building work or work which is seldom
encountered in civil engineering contracts.encountered in civil engineering contracts.
If any such work to be included in the If any such work to be included in the
contract, such work shall be measured in contract, such work shall be measured in
accordance with their respective SMM and accordance with their respective SMM and
shall be stated in the shall be stated in the Preambles to the Preambles to the
BQ. BQ.
Reasons for Bills of QuantitiesReasons for Bills of Quantities
All tendering contractors base their prices on the same All tendering contractors base their prices on the same
information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable
(even if an error exists in the Bill)(even if an error exists in the Bill)
Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to
take off quantities for themselves. take off quantities for themselves.
Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and
adjustments for the final account. adjustments for the final account.
Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of
certificated stage payments during the contract, before the certificated stage payments during the contract, before the
accurate re-measurement figures are available.accurate re-measurement figures are available.
Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to
order materials and other resources.order materials and other resources.
Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost
planning of future projects. planning of future projects.
All tendering contractors base their prices on the same All tendering contractors base their prices on the same
information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable information & therefore tenders are strictly comparable
(even if an error exists in the Bill)(even if an error exists in the Bill)
Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to Contractors are saved the costly exercise of each having to
take off quantities for themselves. take off quantities for themselves.
Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and Bills provide a fair basis for valuing variations and
adjustments for the final account. adjustments for the final account.
Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of Bills may provide a convenient basis for valuation of
certificated stage payments during the contract, before the certificated stage payments during the contract, before the
accurate re-measurement figures are available.accurate re-measurement figures are available.
Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to Bills provide an approximate checklist for the contractor to
order materials and other resources.order materials and other resources.
Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost Bills can provide data for cost analysis for use in cost
planning of future projects. planning of future projects.
Scope of measurement based on Scope of measurement based on
CESMMCESMM
Various civil engineering works including Various civil engineering works including
roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels, roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels,
canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases, canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases,
embankments, structure-breaking waves and embankments, structure-breaking waves and
drainage work. drainage work.
Apart from that it also includes projects such Apart from that it also includes projects such
as structural engineering among others, metal as structural engineering among others, metal
work, reinforced concrete work, stone work, work, reinforced concrete work, stone work,
wood work and brick work wood work and brick work
CESMMCESMM
Various civil engineering works including Various civil engineering works including
roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels, roads, railway, bridges, artificial channels,
canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases, canals and drainage, shipyard, ports, bases,
embankments, structure-breaking waves and embankments, structure-breaking waves and
drainage work. drainage work.
Apart from that it also includes projects such Apart from that it also includes projects such
as structural engineering among others, metal as structural engineering among others, metal
work, reinforced concrete work, stone work, work, reinforced concrete work, stone work,
wood work and brick work wood work and brick work
Procedures and Practices of Procedures and Practices of
CESMMCESMM
Include the scope of most project management such as:Include the scope of most project management such as:
selection types of contracts, selection types of contracts,
documentation, documentation,
preparation of drawings, preparation of drawings,
specifications, specifications,
project information, project information,
contract terms and list of quantities, contract terms and list of quantities,
preparation of list of material requirements / quantities, preparation of list of material requirements / quantities,
Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction
work with short explanation with quantity measured by work with short explanation with quantity measured by
CESMM CESMM
Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented
by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the
tender. tender.
CESMMCESMM
Include the scope of most project management such as:Include the scope of most project management such as:
selection types of contracts, selection types of contracts,
documentation, documentation,
preparation of drawings, preparation of drawings,
specifications, specifications,
project information, project information,
contract terms and list of quantities, contract terms and list of quantities,
preparation of list of material requirements / quantities, preparation of list of material requirements / quantities,
Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction Method statement - detailed list of detailed construction
work with short explanation with quantity measured by work with short explanation with quantity measured by
CESMM CESMM
Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented Explanation on the scope of work that will be implemented
by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the by the contractor and then be the basis for pricing the
tender. tender.
Purpose of CESMMPurpose of CESMM
The main purpose of the measurement The main purpose of the measurement
based on CESMM is for based on CESMM is for coordinating and coordinating and
planning of the quantity list, to list the planning of the quantity list, to list the
details of work to ensure consistency details of work to ensure consistency
and systematic and to state the new and systematic and to state the new
techniques of construction clearly.techniques of construction clearly.
The main purpose of the measurement The main purpose of the measurement
based on CESMM is for based on CESMM is for coordinating and coordinating and
planning of the quantity list, to list the planning of the quantity list, to list the
details of work to ensure consistency details of work to ensure consistency
and systematic and to state the new and systematic and to state the new
techniques of construction clearly.techniques of construction clearly.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 1CESMM; Section 1
DefinitionsDefinitions
A number of definitions are contained.A number of definitions are contained.
Referring to words / expression that will be Referring to words / expression that will be
defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of
Quantities. Quantities.
Words and expression defined in the CESMM Words and expression defined in the CESMM
shall have the same meaning when defining the shall have the same meaning when defining the
words / expression in the Conditions of Contract words / expression in the Conditions of Contract
and the Specificationsand the Specifications
Please refer to Please refer to CESMM-Section 1: definitionsCESMM-Section 1: definitions..
CESMM; Section 1CESMM; Section 1
DefinitionsDefinitions
A number of definitions are contained.A number of definitions are contained.
Referring to words / expression that will be Referring to words / expression that will be
defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of defined in the CESMM and preparation of bill of
Quantities. Quantities.
Words and expression defined in the CESMM Words and expression defined in the CESMM
shall have the same meaning when defining the shall have the same meaning when defining the
words / expression in the Conditions of Contract words / expression in the Conditions of Contract
and the Specificationsand the Specifications
Please refer to Please refer to CESMM-Section 1: definitionsCESMM-Section 1: definitions..
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 2CESMM; Section 2
General PrinciplesGeneral Principles
In this section , it clarify the following:In this section , it clarify the following:
The application and extent of CESMM The application and extent of CESMM
Objective of CESMMObjective of CESMM
Objectives of the Bill of QuantitiesObjectives of the Bill of Quantities
Malaysian Standard Method of Malaysian Standard Method of
Measurement for Civil Engineering Works Measurement for Civil Engineering Works
(CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the (CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the
conditions of contract for Civil Engineering conditions of contract for Civil Engineering
works. works.
Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2
CESMM; Section 2CESMM; Section 2
General PrinciplesGeneral Principles
In this section , it clarify the following:In this section , it clarify the following:
The application and extent of CESMM The application and extent of CESMM
Objective of CESMMObjective of CESMM
Objectives of the Bill of QuantitiesObjectives of the Bill of Quantities
Malaysian Standard Method of Malaysian Standard Method of
Measurement for Civil Engineering Works Measurement for Civil Engineering Works
(CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the (CESMM) to be used in conjunction with the
conditions of contract for Civil Engineering conditions of contract for Civil Engineering
works. works.
Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2Refer to CESMM-SECTION 2
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 3CESMM; Section 3
Application of the Work ClassificationApplication of the Work Classification
Work classification divides work into Work classification divides work into 1818 main main
classes; Class A- Class Rclasses; Class A- Class R
Each class comprises up to Each class comprises up to 3 division3 division which classify which classify
work at successive level of detail.work at successive level of detail.
First divisionFirst division
Second divisionSecond division
Third divisionThird division
Each division comprises a list of up to Each division comprises a list of up to 8 descriptive 8 descriptive
features of work.features of work.
Each item description shall identify the component Each item description shall identify the component
of work covered with respect to one feature from of work covered with respect to one feature from
each division of the relevant class. each division of the relevant class.
CESMM; Section 3CESMM; Section 3
Application of the Work ClassificationApplication of the Work Classification
Work classification divides work into Work classification divides work into 1818 main main
classes; Class A- Class Rclasses; Class A- Class R
Each class comprises up to Each class comprises up to 3 division3 division which classify which classify
work at successive level of detail.work at successive level of detail.
First divisionFirst division
Second divisionSecond division
Third divisionThird division
Each division comprises a list of up to Each division comprises a list of up to 8 descriptive 8 descriptive
features of work.features of work.
Each item description shall identify the component Each item description shall identify the component
of work covered with respect to one feature from of work covered with respect to one feature from
each division of the relevant class. each division of the relevant class.
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 4CESMM; Section 4
Coding & Numbering of ItemsCoding & Numbering of Items
Each item in the work classification has been placed with Each item in the work classification has been placed with
the code and numbering system that the code and numbering system that alphabeticallyalphabetically and and not not
more than three digitsmore than three digits. .
The letter corresponds to the class in the work The letter corresponds to the class in the work
classification in which the items occurs and the digits give classification in which the items occurs and the digits give
the position of the item in the first, second and third the position of the item in the first, second and third
divisions of the class. divisions of the class.
E.g. Code E.g. Code F.3.1.0F.3.1.0 identifies an item as identifies an item as
Class F concrete worksClass F concrete works
11
stst
Division 3 precast concrete Division 3 precast concrete
22
ndnd
Division 1 beams Division 1 beams
33
rdrd
Divison 0 Divison 0
DescriptionDescription: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams
CESMM; Section 4CESMM; Section 4
Coding & Numbering of ItemsCoding & Numbering of Items
Each item in the work classification has been placed with Each item in the work classification has been placed with
the code and numbering system that the code and numbering system that alphabeticallyalphabetically and and not not
more than three digitsmore than three digits. .
The letter corresponds to the class in the work The letter corresponds to the class in the work
classification in which the items occurs and the digits give classification in which the items occurs and the digits give
the position of the item in the first, second and third the position of the item in the first, second and third
divisions of the class. divisions of the class.
E.g. Code E.g. Code F.3.1.0F.3.1.0 identifies an item as identifies an item as
Class F concrete worksClass F concrete works
11
stst
Division 3 precast concrete Division 3 precast concrete
22
ndnd
Division 1 beams Division 1 beams
33
rdrd
Divison 0 Divison 0
DescriptionDescription: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams: F.3.1.0 - Precast concrete, in beams
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 4CESMM; Section 4
Coding & Numbering of ItemsCoding & Numbering of Items
ReasonsReasons::
It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due
to bills that have code. to bills that have code.
Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the
code and numbering system and can be used as a brief code and numbering system and can be used as a brief
reference to the file system and data costs.reference to the file system and data costs.
Each class work contains a set of measurements, Each class work contains a set of measurements,
definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that
expands and clarify all information and evidence. expands and clarify all information and evidence.
Every classification of work explains every units for each Every classification of work explains every units for each
item of work, within the total allocation and numbering item of work, within the total allocation and numbering
system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in
units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning
site), unit volume and weight and metric units.site), unit volume and weight and metric units.
CESMM; Section 4CESMM; Section 4
Coding & Numbering of ItemsCoding & Numbering of Items
ReasonsReasons::
It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due It gives an advantage to the tendered contractors due
to bills that have code. to bills that have code.
Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the Quantity surveyor feels that they are assisted by the
code and numbering system and can be used as a brief code and numbering system and can be used as a brief
reference to the file system and data costs.reference to the file system and data costs.
Each class work contains a set of measurements, Each class work contains a set of measurements,
definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that definitions, coverage, additional rules of measurement that
expands and clarify all information and evidence. expands and clarify all information and evidence.
Every classification of work explains every units for each Every classification of work explains every units for each
item of work, within the total allocation and numbering item of work, within the total allocation and numbering
system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in system for each item, the items in units of meters long, in
units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning units of square meters of area (hectares for cleaning
site), unit volume and weight and metric units.site), unit volume and weight and metric units.
CESMM; SECTION 4CESMM; SECTION 4
(Code & Numbering of Items)(Code & Numbering of Items)
Applications for Bridge Work Applications for Bridge Work
(Code & Numbering of Items)(Code & Numbering of Items)
Applications for Bridge Work Applications for Bridge Work
CESMM; SECTION 4CESMM; SECTION 4
(Code & Numbering of Items)(Code & Numbering of Items)
Applications for Road works Applications for Road works
(Code & Numbering of Items)(Code & Numbering of Items)
Applications for Road works Applications for Road works
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 5CESMM; Section 5
Preparations of the Bill of QuantitiesPreparations of the Bill of Quantities
The preparation of BQ shall be started prior The preparation of BQ shall be started prior
to the completion of measurement works.to the completion of measurement works.
Section of the bill of Quantities:Section of the bill of Quantities:
PreamblePreamble
Work items – division of the BQ into parts.Work items – division of the BQ into parts.
Day work scheduleDay work schedule
Grand summary / tender summaryGrand summary / tender summary
CESMM; Section 5CESMM; Section 5
Preparations of the Bill of QuantitiesPreparations of the Bill of Quantities
The preparation of BQ shall be started prior The preparation of BQ shall be started prior
to the completion of measurement works.to the completion of measurement works.
Section of the bill of Quantities:Section of the bill of Quantities:
PreamblePreamble
Work items – division of the BQ into parts.Work items – division of the BQ into parts.
Day work scheduleDay work schedule
Grand summary / tender summaryGrand summary / tender summary
Form & Setting of BQForm & Setting of BQ
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 6CESMM; Section 6
Completion, Pricing and Use of the BQCompletion, Pricing and Use of the BQ
Rates and prices shall be inserted in the Rates and prices shall be inserted in the
rate column in rate column in Ringgit MalaysiaRinggit Malaysia with with Sen Sen
inserted as decimal fractions of one inserted as decimal fractions of one
Ringgit.Ringgit.
Each part of the BQ shall be totaled Each part of the BQ shall be totaled
and the total carried to the Grand and the total carried to the Grand
SummarySummary
CESMM; Section 6CESMM; Section 6
Completion, Pricing and Use of the BQCompletion, Pricing and Use of the BQ
Rates and prices shall be inserted in the Rates and prices shall be inserted in the
rate column in rate column in Ringgit MalaysiaRinggit Malaysia with with Sen Sen
inserted as decimal fractions of one inserted as decimal fractions of one
Ringgit.Ringgit.
Each part of the BQ shall be totaled Each part of the BQ shall be totaled
and the total carried to the Grand and the total carried to the Grand
SummarySummary
FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMMFUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF CESMM
CESMM; Section 7CESMM; Section 7
Method-Related ChargesMethod-Related Charges
Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.
Two types:Two types:
Time-related chargesTime-related charges – a method-related charge for work, – a method-related charge for work,
the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the
length of time taken to execute the worklength of time taken to execute the work
Fixed charge-Fixed charge- a method-related charge which is not a time a method-related charge which is not a time
related charge.related charge.
A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges
as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his
intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are
not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the
other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and
prices for the other items. prices for the other items.
CESMM; Section 7CESMM; Section 7
Method-Related ChargesMethod-Related Charges
Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.Meaning: the sum for an item inserted in the BQ by a tenderer.
Two types:Two types:
Time-related chargesTime-related charges – a method-related charge for work, – a method-related charge for work,
the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the the cost of which is to be considered as proportional to the
length of time taken to execute the worklength of time taken to execute the work
Fixed charge-Fixed charge- a method-related charge which is not a time a method-related charge which is not a time
related charge.related charge.
A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges A tenderer may insert in the BQ the method related charges
as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his as he may decide to cover items of works relating to his
intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are intended method of executing the works, the cost of which are
not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the not to be considered as proportional to the quantities of the
other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and other items and for which he has not allowed in the rates and
prices for the other items. prices for the other items.
Basic contents of typical contract Basic contents of typical contract
documentsdocuments
Conditions of contractConditions of contract
Contract drawingsContract drawings
SpecificationSpecification
PreamblesPreambles
Bills of quantitiesBills of quantities
Schedule of ratesSchedule of rates
documentsdocuments
Conditions of contractConditions of contract
Contract drawingsContract drawings
SpecificationSpecification
PreamblesPreambles
Bills of quantitiesBills of quantities
Schedule of ratesSchedule of rates
Contract Documentation for Civil
Engineering
1.1.Conditions of contractConditions of contract – –a written agreement intended to a written agreement intended to
be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with
the employer based on an agreed conditions.the employer based on an agreed conditions.
2.2.Contract DrawingsContract Drawings – – technical / detailed construction technical / detailed construction
drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers – drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers –
prepared by architect / engineers. prepared by architect / engineers.
3.3.Specification / PreamblesSpecification / Preambles - - A concise description of A concise description of
materials and workmanship, standard or quality of materials and workmanship, standard or quality of
workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s
requirements.requirements.
4.4.Bill of QuantitiesBill of Quantities – – prepared by Quantity Surveyor based prepared by Quantity Surveyor based
on measurement from the construction drawings / building on measurement from the construction drawings / building
plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each
categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g. categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g.
building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural
works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will
priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the
buildings during pre-construction stage. buildings during pre-construction stage.
Engineering
1.1.Conditions of contractConditions of contract – –a written agreement intended to a written agreement intended to
be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with be enforceable by law to bind the appointed contractor with
the employer based on an agreed conditions.the employer based on an agreed conditions.
2.2.Contract DrawingsContract Drawings – – technical / detailed construction technical / detailed construction
drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers – drawings for measurement / costing by QS / engineers –
prepared by architect / engineers. prepared by architect / engineers.
3.3.Specification / PreamblesSpecification / Preambles - - A concise description of A concise description of
materials and workmanship, standard or quality of materials and workmanship, standard or quality of
workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s workmanship. It must convey the architect and engineer’s
requirements.requirements.
4.4.Bill of QuantitiesBill of Quantities – – prepared by Quantity Surveyor based prepared by Quantity Surveyor based
on measurement from the construction drawings / building on measurement from the construction drawings / building
plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each plans This document were itemized all the quantities for each
categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g. categories of works applied in constructing the buildings. E.g.
building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural building works, mechanical, electrical works, civil, structural
works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will works, infrastructure works, etc. The contractor will
priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the priced /estimate all the works associated in completing the
buildings during pre-construction stage. buildings during pre-construction stage.
Purpose / Objectives / RolesPurpose / Objectives / Roles
Project stages Explanation
PRE-
CONTRACT
(before
official
contract
signed
between
client –
contractor)
Tendering
stage
To enable the contractor to tender to a project &
price the described works.
To control in ordering materials and assessing the
labour requirement for the contract.
POST-
CONTRACT
(contract
signed and
the selected
contractor
started their
works till
completion
stage)
Construction
stage
Provides basis for valuation of variation work and
adjustments for the final account.
Provides basis for valuation of monthly progress
payment referring to the working progress on site.
Project
completed
After being priced, it provides a good basis for
cost analysis which subsequently will be used in
future contract especially for cost planning works.
(cost data)
Project stages Explanation
PRE-
CONTRACT
(before
official
contract
signed
between
client –
contractor)
Tendering
stage
To enable the contractor to tender to a project &
price the described works.
To control in ordering materials and assessing the
labour requirement for the contract.
POST-
CONTRACT
(contract
signed and
the selected
contractor
started their
works till
completion
stage)
Construction
stage
Provides basis for valuation of variation work and
adjustments for the final account.
Provides basis for valuation of monthly progress
payment referring to the working progress on site.
Project
completed
After being priced, it provides a good basis for
cost analysis which subsequently will be used in
future contract especially for cost planning works.
(cost data)
Types of Bill of QuantityTypes of Bill of Quantity
TYPES OF
BILL
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
Fixed
price/ lump
sum
The architects and engineers
prepare detail construction
drawings.
QS measures the quantities
in detail based on the
construction drawing
The QS prepare BQ based
on the measurement.
Virtual completion of the
design proceeds the signing
of the contract.
Both the quantities and unit rates form
part of the contract
A detail breakdown of all the quantities is
shown in the BQ
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Approximate The QS prepares BQ but subjected to later
adjustment.
Only unit rates form part of the contract.
The signing of the contract and beginning of
the project may proceed before the whole
design is complete.
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Drawings
and
specification
The contractors are supplied with drawings
with full specifications.
No empty bill is supplied to the contractors.
The contractors prepare their own BQ.
Suitable for small project (less than
RM500,000)
TYPES OF
BILL
SIMILARITIES DIFFERENCES
Fixed
price/ lump
sum
The architects and engineers
prepare detail construction
drawings.
QS measures the quantities
in detail based on the
construction drawing
The QS prepare BQ based
on the measurement.
Virtual completion of the
design proceeds the signing
of the contract.
Both the quantities and unit rates form
part of the contract
A detail breakdown of all the quantities is
shown in the BQ
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Approximate The QS prepares BQ but subjected to later
adjustment.
Only unit rates form part of the contract.
The signing of the contract and beginning of
the project may proceed before the whole
design is complete.
The empty bill is supplied to the contractors
to tender / price the described works/ project.
Drawings
and
specification
The contractors are supplied with drawings
with full specifications.
No empty bill is supplied to the contractors.
The contractors prepare their own BQ.
Suitable for small project (less than
RM500,000)
Basic contents of Bills of QuantitiesBasic contents of Bills of Quantities
PreliminariesPreliminaries
Specifications of materials and Specifications of materials and
workmanshipworkmanship
Preambles Preambles (only in Bill of Approx Qtty)(only in Bill of Approx Qtty)
Measured works billMeasured works bill
Schedules of rates Schedules of rates (only in Bill of Approx (only in Bill of Approx
Qtty)Qtty)
PreliminariesPreliminaries
Specifications of materials and Specifications of materials and
workmanshipworkmanship
Preambles Preambles (only in Bill of Approx Qtty)(only in Bill of Approx Qtty)
Measured works billMeasured works bill
Schedules of rates Schedules of rates (only in Bill of Approx (only in Bill of Approx
Qtty)Qtty)
PreliminariesPreliminaries
It must:It must:
Contain a Contain a definition of the scope of worksdefinition of the scope of works and and
details of the proposed form of contract / project.details of the proposed form of contract / project.
Contain a Contain a detailed descriptiondetailed description of the administrative of the administrative
mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the
contract / project.contract / project.
Contain Contain list of drawingslist of drawings and and any special instructions any special instructions
to the contractorto the contractor – highlighting the method of – highlighting the method of
pricing and presenting tenders and other site pricing and presenting tenders and other site
information.information.
It must:It must:
Contain a Contain a definition of the scope of worksdefinition of the scope of works and and
details of the proposed form of contract / project.details of the proposed form of contract / project.
Contain a Contain a detailed descriptiondetailed description of the administrative of the administrative
mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the mechanism / temporary facilities to implement the
contract / project.contract / project.
Contain Contain list of drawingslist of drawings and and any special instructions any special instructions
to the contractorto the contractor – highlighting the method of – highlighting the method of
pricing and presenting tenders and other site pricing and presenting tenders and other site
information.information.
SpecificationSpecification
A concise description of materials A concise description of materials
and workmanship, standard or and workmanship, standard or
quality of workmanship.quality of workmanship.
It must convey the architect and It must convey the architect and
engineer’s requirements.engineer’s requirements.
A concise description of materials A concise description of materials
and workmanship, standard or and workmanship, standard or
quality of workmanship.quality of workmanship.
It must convey the architect and It must convey the architect and
engineer’s requirements.engineer’s requirements.
Measured worksMeasured works
Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical
and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.
This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price
individual item of work.individual item of work.
This section also includes This section also includes Prime cost sum (P.C)Prime cost sum (P.C) and and
Provisional sum (Prov. sum)Provisional sum (Prov. sum)
P.C. sum – P.C. sum – used for works to be carried out by nominated used for works to be carried out by nominated
sub-contractors, statutory authorities sub-contractors, statutory authorities
or for or for goods to be supplied by nominated goods to be supplied by nominated
suppliers.suppliers.
Prov. Sum -Prov. Sum - used for works which cannot be fully detailed used for works which cannot be fully detailed
or or for costs which are unknown at the for costs which are unknown at the
time bills are time bills are prepared. prepared.
Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical Includes detailed descriptions of building, mechanical
and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.and electrical works presented in accordance with SMM.
This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price This enables the contractors’ estimator / QS to price
individual item of work.individual item of work.
This section also includes This section also includes Prime cost sum (P.C)Prime cost sum (P.C) and and
Provisional sum (Prov. sum)Provisional sum (Prov. sum)
P.C. sum – P.C. sum – used for works to be carried out by nominated used for works to be carried out by nominated
sub-contractors, statutory authorities sub-contractors, statutory authorities
or for or for goods to be supplied by nominated goods to be supplied by nominated
suppliers.suppliers.
Prov. Sum -Prov. Sum - used for works which cannot be fully detailed used for works which cannot be fully detailed
or or for costs which are unknown at the for costs which are unknown at the
time bills are time bills are prepared. prepared.
PreamblesPreambles
Define the rules governing the method of Define the rules governing the method of
measurement of the works and contain instruction measurement of the works and contain instruction
as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or
lump sum prices.lump sum prices.
The preambles do not define the scope of works.The preambles do not define the scope of works.
Define the rules governing the method of Define the rules governing the method of
measurement of the works and contain instruction measurement of the works and contain instruction
as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or as to what is to be included within unit rates and/or
lump sum prices.lump sum prices.
The preambles do not define the scope of works.The preambles do not define the scope of works.
Schedule of RatesSchedule of Rates
Consists of unit of works that are grouped Consists of unit of works that are grouped
according to trade and work content and are according to trade and work content and are
presented in tubular form. presented in tubular form.
Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.
The schedule of rates comprises a number of The schedule of rates comprises a number of
schedules that when combined, cover all items schedules that when combined, cover all items
of work likely to be encountered in the contract.of work likely to be encountered in the contract.
Consists of unit of works that are grouped Consists of unit of works that are grouped
according to trade and work content and are according to trade and work content and are
presented in tubular form. presented in tubular form.
Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.Each table is referred as ‘schedule’.
The schedule of rates comprises a number of The schedule of rates comprises a number of
schedules that when combined, cover all items schedules that when combined, cover all items
of work likely to be encountered in the contract.of work likely to be encountered in the contract.
Divisions of bill preparationDivisions of bill preparation
Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
1. The measurement of the dimensions and the compilation
of the descriptions from the drawings and specification.
This process commonly known as taking-off .taking-off .
2. The preparation of the bill.
oThis involves the calculation of volumes, areas, etc
((squaring the dimensions).squaring the dimensions).
oThen followed by entering the descriptions and the
squared dimensions on the an abstract sheet
(abstracting)(abstracting) to collect similar items together and
present them in recognized bill order.
oFrom this abstract, the draft bill was written (billing). (billing).
Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:Traditionally, the preparation of BQ divides into 2 distinct stages:
1. The measurement of the dimensions and the compilation
of the descriptions from the drawings and specification.
This process commonly known as taking-off .taking-off .
2. The preparation of the bill.
oThis involves the calculation of volumes, areas, etc
((squaring the dimensions).squaring the dimensions).
oThen followed by entering the descriptions and the
squared dimensions on the an abstract sheet
(abstracting)(abstracting) to collect similar items together and
present them in recognized bill order.
oFrom this abstract, the draft bill was written (billing). (billing).
Traditional Techniques of BQ preparationTraditional Techniques of BQ preparation
Process Description of works
Measuring / taking-offQS will analyze the drawings / plan received from
engineers’ / architect.
Prepare query list (if necessary)
Measuring from drawings and entering the dimensions on
to specially ruled dimension paper
Working up / squaringCalculating and totaling the area, length, volume,
numbers, item of the dimensions to obtain the exact
quantities for each measured item in the dimension sheet.
Transfer to abstract
sheet
Collecting the totals form dimension paper on to an
abstract to produce a final total for each individual
description.
Billing Reproducing the items from the abstract on to bill paper in
draft form ready for typing.
Process Description of works
Measuring / taking-offQS will analyze the drawings / plan received from
engineers’ / architect.
Prepare query list (if necessary)
Measuring from drawings and entering the dimensions on
to specially ruled dimension paper
Working up / squaringCalculating and totaling the area, length, volume,
numbers, item of the dimensions to obtain the exact
quantities for each measured item in the dimension sheet.
Transfer to abstract
sheet
Collecting the totals form dimension paper on to an
abstract to produce a final total for each individual
description.
Billing Reproducing the items from the abstract on to bill paper in
draft form ready for typing.
Preparation of billingPreparation of billing
item description Qty unit rate amount
1.0 Supply to site 125mm x 125mm
pressure treated timber piles of
6m lengths with provisions of
galvanized mild steel anti split
rail at both ends.
320 NR RM100.00 RM32,000.00
2.0 Drive 125mm x 125mm timber
piles to required depth
1,920M RM12.00 RM23,040.00
3.0 100mm thick Grade 15 lean
concrete.
115 M2 RM18.00 RM2,070.00
4.0 Grade 35 concrete at brick
retaining wall
8 M3 RM180.00 RM1,440.00
5.0 Bringing to and removing from
site all plant required for this
section of the work
ITEM RM1,800.00RM180.00
item description Qty unit rate amount
1.0 Supply to site 125mm x 125mm
pressure treated timber piles of
6m lengths with provisions of
galvanized mild steel anti split
rail at both ends.
320 NR RM100.00 RM32,000.00
2.0 Drive 125mm x 125mm timber
piles to required depth
1,920M RM12.00 RM23,040.00
3.0 100mm thick Grade 15 lean
concrete.
115 M2 RM18.00 RM2,070.00
4.0 Grade 35 concrete at brick
retaining wall
8 M3 RM180.00 RM1,440.00
5.0 Bringing to and removing from
site all plant required for this
section of the work
ITEM RM1,800.00RM180.00
SETTING DOWN DIMENSIONSETTING DOWN DIMENSION
Dimension PaperDimension Paper
Dimension are taken / measure from Dimension are taken / measure from
the drawings by the taker-off.the drawings by the taker-off.
Column 1Column 1 = = timesing / dotting on timesing / dotting on
column (column (where multiplication and where multiplication and
addition of the dimensions can be addition of the dimensions can be
recorded)recorded)
Column 2Column 2 = = dimension columndimension column (in (in
which the measurements are set which the measurements are set
down as taken from drawings and down as taken from drawings and
normally expressed in two normally expressed in two
decimal point.decimal point.
Column 3Column 3 = = squaring columnsquaring column (in (in
which are set out the calculated which are set out the calculated
volumes, areas, etc)volumes, areas, etc)
Column 4Column 4 = = description columndescription column (in (in
which is written the description of which is written the description of
the work to which the dimensions the work to which the dimensions
apply.apply.
Column 5Column 5 = = Waste Waste (in which (in which
preliminary calculations / preliminary calculations /
sketches are made/ shown)sketches are made/ shown)
12 3 4 5
Dimension are taken / measure from Dimension are taken / measure from
the drawings by the taker-off.the drawings by the taker-off.
Column 1Column 1 = = timesing / dotting on timesing / dotting on
column (column (where multiplication and where multiplication and
addition of the dimensions can be addition of the dimensions can be
recorded)recorded)
Column 2Column 2 = = dimension columndimension column (in (in
which the measurements are set which the measurements are set
down as taken from drawings and down as taken from drawings and
normally expressed in two normally expressed in two
decimal point.decimal point.
Column 3Column 3 = = squaring columnsquaring column (in (in
which are set out the calculated which are set out the calculated
volumes, areas, etc)volumes, areas, etc)
Column 4Column 4 = = description columndescription column (in (in
which is written the description of which is written the description of
the work to which the dimensions the work to which the dimensions
apply.apply.
Column 5Column 5 = = Waste Waste (in which (in which
preliminary calculations / preliminary calculations /
sketches are made/ shown)sketches are made/ shown)
12 3 4 5
Units of MeasurementUnits of Measurement
Cubic measurement = m3Cubic measurement = m3
Square or superficial measurement = m2Square or superficial measurement = m2
Linear measurement = mLinear measurement = m
Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos. Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos.
Items Items
Cubic measurement = m3Cubic measurement = m3
Square or superficial measurement = m2Square or superficial measurement = m2
Linear measurement = mLinear measurement = m
Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos. Enumerated items – Nr/ Nos.
Items Items
Expressions of Measurement / Rules in Expressions of Measurement / Rules in
setting down the dimensionsetting down the dimension
The dimension are normally expressed to two decimal points.
It is important that the insertion of the horizontal lines which determines
whether the dimension is intended as linear, superficial, or cubic measurement.
setting down the dimensionsetting down the dimension
The dimension are normally expressed to two decimal points.
It is important that the insertion of the horizontal lines which determines
whether the dimension is intended as linear, superficial, or cubic measurement.
Rules in setting down the dimension:Rules in setting down the dimension:
TimesingTimesing
TimesingTimesing
Rules in setting down the dimension:Rules in setting down the dimension:
Dotting-onDotting-on
Dotting-onDotting-on
Rules in setting down the dimension:Rules in setting down the dimension:
Alterations in dimensionsAlterations in dimensions
Reminder:
•Deletions with
correcting fluid are
not encourage.
•It is best to nil
entirely and write out
again the dimensions.
Alterations in dimensionsAlterations in dimensions
Reminder:
•Deletions with
correcting fluid are
not encourage.
•It is best to nil
entirely and write out
again the dimensions.
Rules in setting down the dimension:Rules in setting down the dimension:
Anding-on Anding-on
Note:
Anding-on , deductions
shall be in similar form of
dimension.
Anding-on Anding-on
Note:
Anding-on , deductions
shall be in similar form of
dimension.
Rules in setting down the dimension:Rules in setting down the dimension:
Deductions Deductions
Where a deduction is to be made, the Where a deduction is to be made, the
description is preceded by description is preceded by Deduct Deduct which which
is often abbreviated to is often abbreviated to Ddt. Ddt.
An example as follows:An example as follows:
Deductions Deductions
Where a deduction is to be made, the Where a deduction is to be made, the
description is preceded by description is preceded by Deduct Deduct which which
is often abbreviated to is often abbreviated to Ddt. Ddt.
An example as follows:An example as follows:
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