Lecture-1 Introduction to hematology.slideshare.pptx

Introduction to hematology

1. Awal Mir Khattak M.Sc. Hematology ( Baqai Med Uni Karachi) M.Phil MLS (University of Haripur) PhD Scholar (University of Haripur) INTRODUCTION TO HEMATOLOGY

2. HEMATOLOGY ( Hema = blood, logy = study) Hematology is the study of blood and blood forming organs. Hematology deals with blood physiology as well as pathology 3 INTRODUCTION

3. Blood is a specialized mobile connective tissue that circulate in closed vascular system The cellular portion of blood was not known until the invention of the microscope Leeuwenhoek (1632–1723) accurately described and measured the red blood cells (erythrocytes) The discovery of white blood cells (leukocytes) and platelets (Thrombocytes) followed after microscope lenses were improved 4 BLOOD

4. Gabriel Andral and William Addison first described white blood cells in 1843 Karl Vierordt (KV) published the first quantitative results of blood cell analysis in 1852 Improved methods of blood examination described in 1920s In 1930s allowed anemia's and other blood disorders to be studied on rational basis Later it was recognized that alterations in the components of blood are the result of disease 5 BLOOD

5. The liquid component of blood is called plasma (serum), and the solid part is known as corpuscles (blood cells) The normal adult has about 6-8 liters of this vital fluid, which composes from 7% to 8% of the total body weight Plasma makes up about 55% of the blood volume, while erythrocytes make up about 44%, and leukocytes and platelets collectively make up 1% 6 BLOOD COMPOSITION

6. 7 PLASMA COMPOSITION

7. Cellular Compartment Erythrocytes (Non nucleated) Leukocytes (Nucleated) Thrombocytes (Non nucleated) Leukocytes are further two types 1. Granulocytes: Contain granules in their cytoplasm 2. A granulocytes: No granules in their cytoplasm 8 BLOOD CORPUSCLES

8. 1. Granulocytes Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils 2. A granulocytes Monocytes Lymphocytes 9 BLOOD CORPUSCLES

9. Lymphocytes (Sub types) On the bases of functions B-Lymphocytes T-Lymphocytes 1. Helper T (CD4 + ve ) 2. Cytotoxic T(CD8 + ve ) 3. NK cells On the basis of morphology Small Lymphocytes Large Lymphocytes Large granular lymphocytes (NK cell) 10 BLOOD CORPUSCLES

10. 11 BLOOD CORPUSCLES

11. Plasma functions Major part of plasma is water and act: As a solvent and vehicle for the transport of blood cells and other component Regulation of fluid balance Elimination of waste products Maintenance of electrolyte balance 12 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

12. Plasma functions Albumin maintain osmotic pressure and also carrier protein for drugs, hormones, unconjugated bilirubin etc. Coagulation factors: Maintain hemostasis Globulin: Maintaining viscosity, peripheral resistance and blood pressure. It act as buffer by combing with Co2 to formed carbamino compound which help Co2 transportation It is also act as a protein reservoir for new protein synthesis 13 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

13. Plasma functions β globulin is a carrier proteins i -e transfferin , ceruloplasmin , hemopexin and haptoglobins etc Transport of waste product: Urea and creatinin Transport of nutrients: Glucose, amino acid, lipid, iron, calcium, etc. Transport of hormone (endocrine hormones) and vitamins (Vitamin B complex, K etc ). Maintenances blood pressure by the regulation of heart rate and peripheral resistance while center is in CNS 14 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

14. Blood cells functions Red blood cells Transportation of oxygen. Removal Co2. Buffer system Maintained of blood viscosity White blood cells Neutrophils combating against bacterial & fungal infections. Lymphocytes major role in viral illness and synthesis of immunoglobulin 15 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

15. Blood cells functions Eosinophils provide defense against worm infestation and other parasitic infections Basophils causes allergic reaction by releasing histamine They also contain heparin which is an anticoagulant and serotonin that mediates vasoactive response Monocytes: are the key cells in phagocytosis; they also play a major role in acquired immune response Platelets Platelets form primary hemostatic plug and stabilize the secondary hemostatic plug 16 FUNCTIONS OF BLOOD

16. 17 Thank You Any Question.?