Lecture 2. Medicine in the countries of the Ancient East. (2).pdf

Medicine in ancient world

1. Lecture 2.
Medicine in the countries of the Ancient East.
Traditional systems of cure of the Ancient East.
History of medicine
for the specialty 31.05.01 General medicine
Parichuk Kira Alexandrovna

2. Lecture plan
1. Treatment in the countries of the Ancient East. Common features of the development
of treatment in the countries of the Ancient World.
2. Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Mythology and healing. Sources on the history of
treatment of ancient Egypt. Egyptian medical papyrus. Funeral cult.
Embalming. Dentistry in Ancient Egypt. The causes of disease and their treatment.
Training of doctors in Egypt.
3. Treatment in Ancient China. Periodization, sources of treatment. Philosophical
foundations of Chinese medicine. Perceptions of health and disease. Methods for
diagnosing diseases in Ancient China; teachings about the pulse. Traditional Chinese
Medicine. Hua is an outstanding physician of ancient China. Disease Prevention in
Ancient China. Variation Education in Ancient China. The Importance of Traditional
Chinese Medicine.

3. Treatment in the countries of the Ancient East
Ancient Egypt, Schumer and Babylon,
Ancient India and China - this is the true
cradle of modern civilization.
Here earlier than anywhere else on the globe,
a reorganization was made from the primitive
communal system to early slavery. Huge
states were formed here.
In the countries of the Ancient East
foundations have been laid for writing,
literature, art, technology arose, elements of
mathematics, astronomy, medicine, other
sciences, including the beginnings of
philosophy.

4. The centers of civilizations of the Ancient East mainly became the valleys of the
rivers Nile, Euphrates, Tiger, Indus, Yellow River.
The development of empirical knowledge (which includes healing) in the
countries of the ancient world, on the one hand, had common features, and on
the other, each region of the globe had its own characteristic features associated
with the historical and cultural development of this region.

Treatment in the countries of the Ancient East

5. Common features of the development of treatment in the
countries of the Ancient World


The invention of writing (from the 4th
millennium BC) and the creation (from
the end of the 3rd millennium BC) of the
first texts of medical content. The
simplest primitive is picturesque
(pictography, more complex - cuneiform
writing and hieroglyphs.

The formation of two areas of medical
activity: empirical treatment, based on
the practical experience of the people,
and cult (theurgic), based on religious
beliefs.

6. •The development of ideas
about the origin of diseases
(related to nature, moral and
ethical, religious and
mystical)
•Healer training (family
traditions, family schools,
teaching in general schools
at temples, apprenticeship
system)

Common features of the development of treatment in the
countries of the Ancient World

7. Creation of ancient sanitary
facilities, development of
hygiene skills and traditions
The development of a class
approach to cure
Formation of the fundamentals
of medical ethics
The development of mutual
influences and continuity in the
field of healing between
different ancient civilizations

Common features of the development of treatment in the
countries of the Ancient World

8. The first written medical sources
Mesopotamia:
The first written state laws
“Hammurabi Laws”, cuneiform
texts on clay tablets.
Ancient Egypt:
Big Papyrus of George Ebers
about Internal Diseases and
Medicinal treatment,
Edwin Smith Papyrus for
Surgery

9. •Ancient China
The treatise "Huangdi Nei-ching"
(Yellow Emperor's Inner Canon).
Bian-Que "The book on herbs", the
work of the famous Chinese doctor
Wang Shuhe - "Mo Ching" (Treatise
on the pulse).
•Ancient India
Charaka Samhita (a book on
therapy), Sushruta Samhita (book
on surgery), "Ayurveda" (book on a
healthy lifestyle).
The first written medical sources

10. •One of the most ancient and powerful
states of the Ancient East is Egypt.
•Egypt culture has left a deep mark in
world history.
•The civilization of Ancient Egypt has
more than 3,000 years.
•The early slavery state of Egypt was
formed at the end of the 4th millennium
BC in North-East Africa.
•Egypt became one of the greatest
centers of world culture.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt

11. •The traditions of healing in ancient
Egypt evolved in close
collaboration with the medicine of
ancient Mesopotamia. They had a
great influence on the development
of medicine in ancient Greece,
considered the forerunner of
modern scientific medicine.

Ancient Egypt
Treatment in Ancient Egypt

12. Culture
The rich and highly developed culture of Ancient
Egypt had a huge impact on the development of
the peoples of the Middle East and the ancient
Greeks. The Egyptians made all significant
cultural discoveries the first in the world. They
had an early idea of all the main branches of
knowledge.
Until now, the achievements of the era of the
pharaohs continue to inspire the creation of
objects of art.
The scientific discoveries of the Egyptians in the
mathematics and astronomy shock their minds
with their unexpectedness.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt

13. As in other ancient civilizations, Egyptian medicine was inextricably connected with
religion. According to the ideas of the ancient Egyptians, medicine was under the auspices
of Thoth - the god of wisdom, writing and knowledge, the inventor of hieroglyphic writing,
mathematics and medicine. He was credited with compiling ancient medical texts. He was
portrayed as a man with the head of an ibis bird. The goddess Isis was considered the
patroness of children, the inventor of magical healing.
Mythology and treatment in Ancient Egypt

14. Thoth. He is the god of wisdom and
knowledge, the patron of
medicine.
Isis is the creator of the magical
foundations of healing, the patroness of
children.
Mythology and treatment in Ancient Egypt

15. Sources of the history of the healing of Ancient Egypt
•The main sources for the history and healing
of ancient Egypt are:
•Medical texts of papyrus scrolls
•Descriptions of historians (Manetho,
Herodotus) and
•Writers of antiquity (Diodorus, Plutarch, etc.)
•Archaeological research (including the study
of Egyptian mummies)
•Hieroglyphic graffiti on the walls of the
pyramids, tombs, sarcophagi and memorial
steles.

16. Our knowledge of ancient Egyptian medicine is based on the texts of ancient medical
manuals and collections of prescriptions testifying to the erudition of doctors and their
attitude towards patients.
Only ten medical papyri have survived to our days. They received their names by the name
of the first owners (Edwin Smith, Hirst, Chester Beatty, Karleberg) or by the place of their
find (Kakhunsky, from Ramnessum), or by the name of the city where they are stored (
Berlin, London, Leiden) or on behalf of the first publisher (G. Ebers).
Sources of Medical Knowledge in Ancient Egypt

17. Georg Ebers discovered Papyrus in 1872 year in Thebes. The length of the
papyrus is 20.5 meters. It is a medical encyclopedia of the ancient Egyptians. It
reflects information about internal diseases and medicinal healing and contains
more than 900 prescriptions of drugs (for the treatment of the gastrointestinal tract,
lungs, ear, throat, nose, teeth, joints, skin and parasitic diseases).The basis for the
preparation of medicines was milk, honey, beer.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Sources of Medical Knowledge.

18. The Ebers Papyrus has a separate section about
cosmetics. It contains prescriptions for
smoothing wrinkles, removing moles, coloring
hair and eyebrows, enhancing hair growth, and
correcting strabismus. Egyptian women flushed
their cheeks and painted their lips. The
Egyptians were the first to use a wig that was
worn over short-cropped hair. The ancient
Egyptians also attached great importance to
observing hygiene rules. Ancient Egypt is
considered the birthplace of cosmetics.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Sources of Medical Knowledge.

19. Papyrus Smith Describes 48
types of injuries to the bones
of the skull, brain, cervical
vertebrae, chest and spinal
column, as well as methods
for their treatment without
any elements of magic and
mysticism, prognosis.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Sources of Medical Knowledge.

20. The Kahun Papyri (also Petrie Papyri or
Lahun Papyri) are a collection of ancient
Egyptian texts discussing administrative,
mathematical and medical topics. Its
many fragments were discovered by
Flinders Petrie in 1889 and are kept at
the University College London. This
collection of papyri is one of the largest
ever found. Most of the texts are dated to
1825 BC, to the reign of Amenemhat III.
One of the part of Kahuna papyrus is
Kahuna medical or gynecological
papyrus. The first two pages of the
medical text list 17 gynecological
prescriptions with symptoms and
diagnoses.

Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Sources of Medical Knowledge.
Kahuna gynecological papyrus.

21. The ancient Egyptians believed in
the afterlife, considering it a
continuation of the earth. Their
ideas about eternal life assumed
the existence of not only an
immortal soul, but also an
imperishable body. The idea of
the relationship between the
afterlife and the burial place led to
the desire to preserve the body of
the deceased from destruction and
embalm it.
Embalming
Mummification and burial in Ancient Egypt.

22. •In ancient Egypt, special people were engaged in mummification, which the Greeks
called the Tarechevts.
•The practice of embalming in ancient Egypt was the first and main source of knowledge
about the structure of the human body.
•The best description of the process of mummification was left by the ancient Greeks -
Herodotus (V century BC) and Diodorus (I century BC).

Mummification and burial in Ancient Egypt.
Herodotus Diodorus

23. Imhotep was a great architect, engineer,
philosopher, scientist and poet of Ancient Egypt.
Also he was a doctor and founder of medical
science, who lived during the time of Djoser, the
first pharaoh of the 3rd dynasty.
In addition to architecture and medicine, the priest
was engaged in enlightenment and wrote a literary
work entitled "The teaching of Imhotep”
The glory of Imhotep was so great that
subsequently they began to venerate him as a deity.
After death, he was mummified, and the sick and
afflicted, who longed for healing, came to the place
of his burial.



Statue of Imhotep
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Imhotep.

24.  In Ancient Egypt, two areas of medicine
were developed:
Traditional medicine
Cult medicine
Medicine in Ancient Egypt was not
primitive for its time and was one of
the sources of both traditional
medicine of the subsequent eras and
modern scientific medicine.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt

25. •Science and religion closely intertwined in
medicine. At the temples lived doctors who were
at the same time priests. Hence the priestly,
temple medicine.
•The concepts of the causes of illness were
associated with religious beliefs: illness is a
consequence of the instillation of demonic, evil
forces at the command of the gods.
•To remove the spell or expel unclean spirits, the
healer cast magical spells and conspiracies or
prescribed magic potions. If the drug did not
help, the doctor gave the patient a whole range
of drugs from herbs and other plants.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Medicine and religion.

26. •The Egyptians received the first
ideas about the structure of the
human body from the practice of
embalming. They embalmed the
bodies of the pharaohs and major
military commanders.
•Already in the middle of the 2nd
millennium BC Egyptians
described large organs: heart, blood
vessels, kidneys, intestines, etc.
The Egyptians own the first
description of the brain, which
survived till modern days.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Anatomy.

27. •Egyptian healers practiced surgery. Surgeons applied
bandages to protect the wound from contamination, put
a cold compress on bruises and fractures.
•In treating fractures, Egyptian healers used wooden
sponges or bandaged the injured limb with linen cloth
impregnated with hardening resin. Such tires are found
on Egyptian mummies. They are largely close to
modern plaster casts.
•The most commonly used surgery was craniotomy.
Many skulls with square holes were found, trepanized
skulls with overgrown holes, which indicates
successful surgical intervention and that the patient
survived the operation. From this it follows that
neurosurgery already existed at the dawn of
civilization.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Surgery.

28. The causes of disease in the Ancient Egyptians


NATURAL:
adverse climatic and
weather factors, unhealthy
food, the presence of
intestinal parasites.
SUPERNATURAL ;
the introduction into the body of
the evil spirit of the deceased,
which they tried to expel with
drugs, various magic tricks.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt.

29. •Medical activity in ancient Egypt was subject to
strict moral standards. Observing them, the
doctor did not risk anything, even with an
unsuccessful outcome of treatment. However, a
violation of the rules was severely punished
until the death penalty.
•Each Egyptian doctor belonged to a certain
college of priests. Patients did not go directly to
the doctor, but to the temple, where they were
recommended the appropriate doctor. The fee
for the treatment was paid to the temple, which
contained a doctor.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt.

30. •Already in V century of BC the
Egyptians were convinced that "all
human ailments come from food.”
•In connection with this idea of the
disease, the aim of treatment was
removing the "bad blood", so
bloodletting was widely used.
•Also healers prescribed emetic,
diuretic, diaphoretic, laxatives
medicines.
•The invention of enema belongs to
the Egyptians.

Treatment in Ancient Egypt.

31. •The Egyptians aimed to have their
own medicine for the treatment of
each organ. Hence the diverse
“pharmacopeia", which has not yet
been studied.

•The Egyptians invented nutritional
supplements (widely used in
Egyptian folk medicine).

•All medical procedures were
accompanied by magic spells,
prayers, ritual rites.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt.

32. •Plants were widely used for the
preparation of medicines: cedar oil,
pomegranate, dates, etc.
•Animal products: honey, milk, liver,
etc.
•Minerals: sulfur, iron, antimony, lead,
etc.
Olibanum
Treatment in Ancient Egypt.

33. One of the most interesting areas of ancient
Egyptian medicine is spa treatment. As a rule,
sanatoriums were organized at temples. Here, there
were patients, after operations or after serious
illnesses that were given certain medications (in
most cases, these were various herbs, or
preparations made from these herbs), as well as
patients praying for their recovery. But there was
also a fee for such spa treatment: those who
recovered brought a donation to the temple in the
form of an organ that was treated by a patient
made of marble, silver or even gold!
Sanatorium treatment in Ancient Egypt.

34. The system of training doctors was
carried out according to the principle -
from father to son, from teacher to
student.
The centers of the development of
sciences, including medical ones, were
large temples (the cities of Sais,
Heliopolis, etc.), in the so-called "houses
of life.”
Strict discipline reigned in schools,
corporal punishment was applied.
Doctors training in Ancient Egypt.

35. Students from scribal schools were recruited to temple schools - knowledge of religion,
writing, and the rudiments of science was considered as compulsory.
The training of doctors was at the highest level. Glory went beyond Egypt and the
pharaohs often sent their doctors to other countries.
Treatment of the pharaohs was the first duty of doctors. “Privileges” - people of certain
labor professions, for example, miners, also had the right to primary health care.
There were clinics at the temple schools, as well as drug manufacturing workshops.
There were also schools for the training of pre-medical medical personnel, in particular
specialists in emergency first aid in accidents.
All school graduates, doctors and pharmacists, took a solemn oath.
Doctors training in Ancient Egypt.

36. •The medical profession was very honorable in Egypt. "Every mortal involved in
medicine was considered the messenger of God.”
•There was an interesting form of doctor training - they took any literate person for
money, which allowed them to receive training for foreigners.
•In medical schools in Egypt studied: Hippocrates, Galen, Pythagoras, Plato, Asclepius.
Doctors training in Ancient Egypt.
Hippocrates Pythagoras Asclepius Galen Plato

37. •Surprisingly, the fact is already in
the 4th millennium BC in Egypt,
narrow professional groups of
doctors were formed, specializing
in one or another type of activity.
•Group I - medical practitioners
(for eye diseases, gastrointestinal,
etc.). The treatment was carried
out using drugs for internal and
external use.
Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Doctors specialization

38. •Group II - surgeons (treatment of
wounds, fractures, dislocations,
etc.).
•Group III - doctors are
psychiatrists (there were only
priests in it who knew the human
soul and knew how to manipulate
its state).
•Secular doctors also joined groups I
and II. In the manuscripts there is
mention of the IV group which
included sorcerers, healers, experts
in magic and amulets.

Treatment in Ancient Egypt. Doctors specialization

39. MEDICINE IN ANCIENT CHINA

40. •The oldest state in China’s history, Shang (later called Yin), was formed in the middle
of the second millennium BC. e. in the Yellow River Valley. The creation of Chinese
hieroglyphic writing dates back to this time.
•China is the third largest country in the world after Russia and Canada. China has a
great variety of terrain and climate.
History of Ancient China

41. The history of Khan medicine is the
oldest in traditional Chinese medicine.
It has accumulated rich practical
experience and theoretical knowledge.
The origins of Chinese medicine lie in
the Yellow River basin. Chinese
medicine created its own scientific
system very early. In the long process
of its development, many famous
doctors appeared, as well as important
schools and books.
History of Chinese Medicine

42. Period of Shang-Yin (VII-XI BC)

Period of the Zhou dynasty (XI — III BC)

Period of Qin Empire (221 - 207 BC)

Period of the Han Empire (206 BC – III AD)
Periodization of the history of Ancient China

43. In the history of healing of ancient China,
two large periods are clearly defined:
• I. The period of the formation of the
Traditional Chinese Medicine (XVII-
III centuries BC), when philosophical
concepts were formed, the formation of
traditional Chinese medicine proceeded
and the oral tradition prevailed
•II. The period of the Han empire (3rd
BC - 3rd AD), when medical records
that reached us were recorded and
chronicles of the Han dynasty were
compiled.
The Great Wall of China
History of Chinese Medicine

44. For millennia, China has been a
unique example of the stability of
the traditional system and
traditional medicine. It is
correlates with the locality of
Chinese civilization, due to
reasons of a geographical, socio-
economic and political nature.
Treatment in Ancient China

45. Monuments of medical writing:
•“The Book of Medicines” by Shen-nong,
•“The Classic Treatise on Acupuncture and
Cauterization” by Huangfu Mi,
•“The Treatise on the Pulse” by Wang
Shuhe et al.,
Archeology data (surgical instruments made
of bronze, iron, bones) and ethnography,
monuments of material culture.
Sources on the history of treatment in Ancient China

46. Original Chinese philosophy has come a long
way of formation and development.
It was formed from the cult of nature (earth,
mountains, the Sun, the Moon and the planet) to
religious and philosophical systems
(Confucianism and Taoism from the 6th century
BC, other systems of thought and behavior)
The philosophy of elemental materialism (natural
philosophy) was formed in China by the middle
of the 1st millennium BC. e. and was developed
in the manuscripts of Chinese scientists in the era
of ancient empires.
Philosophy of Ancient China
Confucius statue

47. •Chinese medicine is a comprehensive
science that has a common conceptual
apparatus with cosmology and philosophy.
According to this philosophy, there is a
Great Triad: Heaven-Man-Earth. The unity
of the two principles - Earth and Sky (Yin
and Yang) - the source of the origin of all
things in the Universe, their combination
and interaction determine the alternation of
cosmic phenomena. The postulates of
Chinese medicine say that a person’s self-
regulating system must be in dynamic
balance with the outside world. In China,
philosophers were doctors.
Philosophical Basics of Chinese Medicine

48. •The ideas of the ancient Chinese philosophers
about the world and human nature formed the
basis for their understanding of the health and
causes of the disease. The single primary matter
of tai chi gives rise to two opposing substances -
the female (yin) and the male principle (yang),
which are one and indivisible.
•Yin was perceived as negative, cold, dark and
feminine, while yang was perceived as positive,
bright, warm, masculine.
•The concept of "yin-yang" was adopted by
traditional healing.
Philosophical Basics of Chinese Medicine

49. The interaction and struggle of these principles (yin
and yang) give rise to five elements (in syn): water,
fire, wood, metal and earth, from which all the
diversity of the material world arises - “ten thousand
things” (wan u), including man.
The five elements are in constant motion and harmony,
mutual generation (water generates wood, wood - fire,
fire - earth, earth - metal, and metal - water) and mutual
overcoming (water extinguishes fire, fire melts metal,
metal destroys wood, wood - the earth, and the earth
falls asleep water. Man is part of nature, part of the
great triad Sky-Man-Earth.
Philosophical Basics of Chinese Medicine. Five elements.

50. Philosophical Basics of Chinese Medicine. Five elements.

51. •The energy of life “Chi” flows through 12 main
channels (meridians), 15 collaterals and several
hundred small ones.
•All the main channels are paired, according to
the area of passage they are divided into
channels of arms and legs. Through the channels
of the hands, energy flows to the body and
down. On the channels of the legs-up.
•In addition to the functional systems of the
body, Chinese medicine attached paramount
importance to the joints, joints(with painful
changes, the energy stagnates).
Philosophical Basics of Chinese Medicine. The concept of meridians.

52. •Knowledge about the structure of the human body has
been accumulated in China since ancient times, long
before the ban on autopsy the bodies of the dead
(around the 2nd century BC). That was associated with
the establishment of Confucianism as an official
religion. Preserved anatomical tables of a later period
(VI-VII centuries) is evidence of the that.
•According to the teachings of Confucius, the human
body could not be disfigured after death.
•The ban on autopsy the bodies of the dead led to the lag
of knowledge about the internal structure of the body
from Egypt and India.
•The development of surgical treatment in Ancient
China was constrained.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. The structure of the human body.

53. In traditional Chinese medicine, every organ
in the body is associated with yang or yin
substances.
The substance yin corresponds to 5 organs -
the liver, heart, spleen, lungs, kidneys.
The substance yang corresponds to 6 organs -
the gall bladder, stomach, colon, small
intestine, triple observer, bladder.
The term “triple heater” refers to a system for
maintaining internal heat, which depends on
respiration, digestion and urination.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. The structure of the human body.
Yin substance Yang substance

54. The ideas about diseases and their
treatment in ancient China had a
natural philosophical basis.
Health was understood as the result of
the balance of yin and yang and the
five elements in the syn, and the
disease as a violation of their proper
interaction.
Different ratios of these disorders were
combined into several syndromes,
which were divided into two groups:
excess syndromes – yang-syndrome
and deficiency syndromes – yin-
syndrome.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Health and Disease Ideas.

55. Health is a state of balance and harmony of the vital forces
of the body. Hence the main principle of Chinese medicine:
to treat not the individual organs and parts of the body, but
the whole organism
Causes of disharmony of the vital forces of the body.
•Six pathogenic factors contribute to the imbalance of
life, namely: cold (exposure to cold leads to spasm of
tendons and muscles, which leads to disruption of vital
energy circulation), wind, heat, dampness and summer
heat.
•Strong emotional reactions of the body: fear, longing,
joy, anxiety, grief, fear, anger.
•Malnutrition.
•Physical and emotional stress.
•Animal and insect bites.




Traditional Chinese Medicine. Health and Disease Ideas.

56. •According to legend, methods of
examining a patient were introduced by
the legendary healer. He lived in the VI-
V centuries. BC e. and was known
under the pseudonym Bian Chue, or
Bian Qiao (Little Magpie); his real
name is Qin Yuezhen.
•Bian Chue is also considered the
founder of pulse diagnostics. In the
“Historical notes” he was described as
the first doctor who diagnosed by
examining the patient’s pulse.
Bian Chue
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnostics.

57. The skill of diagnosis in Ancient China was
based on 4 basic methods of examining a
patient:
•examination of the skin , eyes, mucous
membranes and tongue of the patient
•listening to sounds arising in the human
body and determining its smells
•detailed patient survey
•palpation, which includes the study of
the pulse and pressure on the active
points.

Traditional Chinese Medicine. Diagnostics.

58. The doctrine of the pulse became the pinnacle of diagnosis in
Ancient China.
Pulse diagnostics is closely connected with the idea of the
circular movement of blood, which is one of the greatest
achievements of philosophical thought in ancient China and
in Europe.
The scientific base of theory of blood circulation was
formulated in 1628 by W. Harvey. He mathematically
substantiated and experimentally proved the progressive
movement of blood along the large and small circles of blood
circulation.
Outside of Ancient China, the doctrine of the pulse spread
relatively late. In the Ancient Indian treatises of Charaki (I-II
cent.) and Sushruta (VI cent.), the pulse is not mentioned.
W. Harvey
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pulse diagnostics.

59. The ancient method of pulse diagnostics has been
constantly improved by many generations of
Chinese healers and over time has turned into a
harmonious doctrine of the pulse.
It is most fully described in the manuscript of a
famous Chinese doctor of the 3rd century. n e.
Wang Shuhe - “Mo Ching” (A Treatise on the
Pulse, 280).
In the Middle Ages, the method of pulse
diagnostics spreadto the territory of Central Asia
("Canon of Medicine" Ibn Sina 980-1037).
Pulse theory. Illustration for the treatise of
Wang-Shuh "Mo Ching" (III AD)
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pulse diagnostics.

60. It was believed that the pulse "like the
strings of a lute" serves to recognize
harmony and disharmony in the body.
Chinese healers studied the pulse in at
least nine points and distinguished up
to 28 species (pulse characteristics)
The main were considered 10
characteristics of the pulse:
superficial, deep, rare, frequent, thin,
excessive, free, viscous, intense,
gradual.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Pulse diagnostics.

61. Since ancient times, important medical
and preventive measures in Ancient China
were:
•Zhen-Ju therapy (acupuncture,
cauterization)
•Respiratory Exercise System (Qi-Gong)
•Acupressure (An-Mo)
•Medication
•Dietetics
•Traditional Chinese gymnastics
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Traditional methods of treatment.

62. •A characteristic feature of traditional
Chinese medicine is Zhen-Jiu therapy
(Chinese Zhen means acupuncture;
Chinese Jiu means moxibustion)
•The empirical roots of this method go
back to antiquity when it was noticed that
injections, cuts or injuries at certain points
in the body lead to the healing of certain
ailments.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Traditional Zhen-Ju therapy

63. Based on long-term observations, the
philosophers and healers of ancient China
came to the conclusion that there are "vital
points" whose irritation contributes to the
regulation of life processes.
It was believed that through the holes made
in the "vital points" the disturbed balance of
"yin-yang" is restored.
The beginning of “yang” leaves the patient’s
body in case of excess, enters the body in
case of lack thereof, as a result of which the
disease disappears.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acupuncture.

64. •The first detailed exposition of the theory
and practice of the Zhen-Jiu method is
given in the Nei Jing treatise. There are
described 295 vital points, 12 channels
(meridians), needles and methods for their
introduction, indications and
contraindications for the use of acupuncture
and cauterization.
•Currently, more than 1000 points are
known, of which about 100 are used in
widespread practice.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acupuncture.

65. •The first acupuncture needles were stone.
Subsequently, they began to be made not only
of silicon or jasper, but also of bone, bamboo,
and later of metals: bronze, silver, gold,
platinum and stainless steel. 9 varieties of
needles are described; among them were
cylindrical, flat, round, trihedral, spear-shaped,
needles with a sharp and blunt end.
•The rich variety of needles speaks of the
breadth of the acupuncture method in
antiquity: it was used to treat and prevent
diseases, and to anesthetize during operations.

Traditional Chinese Medicine. Acupuncture.

66. “Jiu” therapy is a thermal effect on “vital points” through lit cigarettes filled with
dry leaves of medicinal plants. The history of cauterization, like acupuncture, goes
back centuries. This is a traditional eastern method of treatment, which in different
countries is called differently. So, in China it is called "jiu" therapy, in Japan - moss.
Traditional methods of treatment

67. •Direct moxibustion was carried out in the
immediate vicinity of a burning cigarette on
the body.
•In the indirect moxibustion method, the
cigarette was at a certain distance from the
point of exposure, and medicinal substances
could be placed between the cigarette and
the body.
•Moxibustion with warm needles combined
both acupuncture and moxibustion (the
action of a needle and a smoldering
medicinal plant)
Traditional methods of treatment. Moxibustion.

68. Chinese moxibustion (moxa) is most often the
process of burning a plant Artemisia vulgaris
(Russian common wormwood) on the "vital
points", above them or near them in order to
stimulate them.
This is one of the best means of dispersing the
cold - stagnation of "qi" and blood in the eyes.
Moreover, it was believed that the
effectiveness of moxa increases with years of
storage.
For the treatment of moxibustion of a disease
that arose seven years ago, it was
recommended moxa that was collected three
years ago.
Artemisia vulgaris
(Russian common wormwood)
Traditional methods of treatment. “Jiu” therapy.

69. Even 4000 years before our era in China, India and other nations, gymnastic exercises
were used for medicinal purposes. “Qi-gun” is a traditional wellness system and
breathing exercises, which were used for self-regulation of the body, maintaining
health, and achieving longevity.
Traditional methods of treatment

70. Traditional methods of treatment. “Qi-gun”.
•The Chinese word qi-gun consists of
two parts: "qi" - life energy, a special
substance that permeates the entire
Universe and "gun" - work, action,
literally translates as "work of life
energy" or "work with life energy."
•The energy "qi" is the source of life.
This vital energy is present in
everything - in the air, water, food,
sunlight. Accordingly, the ability to
accumulate "qi" and manage it will
allow you to live a long and healthy
life.

71. •In China, “qi-gun” has been practiced for several
millennia and is one of the most detailed,
developed and accessible systems of personal
development.
•However, written sources devoted to “qi-gun”
have survived to this day. Until recently, the
practice of "qi-gun" was considered secret.
•Over the centuries, this tradition was transmitted
primarily orally from the master to the student,
and its centers were Taoist temples, monasteries
and communities.

Traditional methods of treatment. “Qi-gun”.

72. Acupressure – “An-Mo”, which was originated in Ancient China, has much in common
with classical. The Chinese An-Mo massage technique consists in exposing the fingertips to
special lines of the Meridian, where biologically active points are concentrated. Acupressure
massage gives a good effect in many diseases.
Traditional methods of treatment. Acupressure – “An-Mo”.

73. Traditional methods of treatment. Acupressure – “An-Mo”.

74. •Chinese doctors attentively studied the healing properties of plants, minerals and
substances of animal origin. Chinese pharmacology is probably the most extensive
arsenal of drugs in the world, often as extravagant as available.
Traditional methods of treatment. Medication.

75. From Traditional Chinese Medicine
entered the world practice:
•plants - ginseng, lemongrass,
camphor, rhubarb tea;
•animal products - silkworm
cocoons, tortoise shell, deer antlers,
liver;
•minerals - iron, mercury, sulfur,
gold, silver, etc.


Traditional methods of treatment. Medication.

76. In the first place among the plants, endowed with
completely exceptional properties, stood (and remains)
the magical "root of life" - ginseng, which means "like
a man“. This mysterious root in its shape irresistibly
resembled the human body. Ginseng was called the
“miracle of the world”, “the gift of immortality”.
Ginseng was used in solutions, tinctures and other
forms (in total, more than 70 dosage forms) as a
universal medicine that stimulates life processes,
strengthens, rejuvenates
The best was considered ginseng growing in the forests
of Manchuria and Primorsky Region
It was called "divine dew", and it was intended
exclusively for the imperial family.

Traditional methods of treatment. Medication.

77. At the end of the II century, the famous physician of Ancient China, Hua somehow compiled
the first classical Chinese gymnastics complex in Chin Shi - “Five Beast Games”. The system
of Chinese gymnastics is based on imitation of movements of monkeys, deer, bear, tiger,
stork.
Traditional methods of treatment. Therapeutic gymnastics (Chin Shi).

78. From ancient times, in China there was an
original and rich tradition of physical
gymnastics and therapeutic procedures similar
with that.
An essential feature of this tradition, which
sharply distinguished it from European
gymnastics, was in that she was aimed:
•not just to improve physical condition, build
muscle strength, but to ensure free
circulation of “Chi” energy in the body
•to increase the elasticity of muscles and
tendons, which facilitated the circulation of
"QI" in the body.
Therapeutic gymnastics (Chin Shi)
Traditional methods of treatment. Therapeutic gymnastics (Chin Shi).

79. Skilled diagnostician, connoisseur
of Zhen-Jiu therapy, Hua could
accurately diagnose and find the
cause of the disease by the
complexion of the patient's face.
Hua-Tuo developed the first
classical complex of Chinese
gymnastics u-chin-shi
Hua is one of the legendary healers,
a well-known specialist in
acupuncture, deified and became
one of the ten patron deities of
medicine.


Hua-Tuo -famous doctor of Ancient China
Statue of Hua Tuo at the
Mengjia Longshan Temple
in Taipei
Statue of Hua Tuo at
Guangdong Medical College in
Dongguan

80. •Disease prevention was a strong point of
Ancient Chinese medicine. For the Chinese,
"the real doctor is not the one who treats the
sick, but the one who prevents the disease.”
•The method of preventing diseases was
originated from Ancient China. Among the
most important therapeutic and preventive
measures in Ancient China, massage,
therapeutic gymnastics (chin shi), gymnastics
(qi-gun) - one of the main components of
Chinese medicine, which were used by the
people to maintain health and achieve
longevity, has long been ancient.
Disease Prevention in Ancient China.

81. •In ancient China, they first learned
how to deal with smallpox. There is
evidence of widespread use of
variolation to prevent smallpox. This
method was already known in China
for 1000 BC. Cotton was placed in the
nostril soaked in the contents of the
human smallpox scab. In the XII
century. BC during the smallpox
epidemic, Chinese healers rubbed
smallpox pustules into the nostrils of
healthy children to prevent the disease.
Disease Prevention in Ancient China. Variolation.

82. The first special medical
schools appeared in China only in
the Middle Ages. Until that time,
knowledge of traditional medicine
was passed down by inheritance or in
a narrow circle of devoted to it.
In the VI century. n e. In China, the
State Medical Institute was
established, where therapeutic
massage and gymnastics were taught.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Teaching of healers.

83. •The Traditional Chinese Medicine is a
classic example of stability. For a long
time, it developed in isolation from other
healing systems and cultures of the globe.
•In Europe, the first information about
traditional Chinese medicine infiltrated
only in the 13th century. Many of the
achievements of traditional Chinese art of
healing (pulse studies, anesthesia,
variolation, etc.) show that ancient Chinese
medicine has important priorities in the
history of science.
Traditional Chinese Medicine. Summarizing.

84. Thanks for attention!