LECTURE 2.pdf.............................

Lecturer

1. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY &
EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES

2. CONTENTS
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH INGRIDIENTS
CUROSITY
CREATIVITY
VERBAL COMMUNICATION
COMMITMENT
RESEARCH ETHICHS AND INTEGRITY
CRITICAL APPRAISAL

3. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

•Plan of research from problem definition, that is, methodology for research
process
• All of the methods, approaches, processes and techniques used by
researcher during research process can be referred as research methods
• Methods applied during data set creation, data preprocessing, and data
collection, are also referred as research methods such as survey, interview,
observations, questionnaires, input through mechanical/electrical devices,
mean deviation, standard deviation, precision, etc.

4. RESEARCH INGRIDIENTS

5. CUROSITY
•Curiosity is having a strong desire to learn or know
something
•Curiosity (from Latin cūriōsitās, from cūriōsus "careful,
diligent, curious", akin to cura "care") is a quality related to
inquisitive thinking such as exploration, investigation,
and learning, evident by observation in humans and other
animals.
• Curiosity is heavily associated with all aspects of human
development, which derives the process
of learning and desire to acquire knowledge
• and skill.

7. CREATIVITY
• Creativity is a mental and social process involving the generation of new
ideas or concepts, or new associations of the creative mind between existing
ideas or concepts
• Creativity is fueled by the process of either conscious or unconscious insight
• Creativity begins with a foundation of knowledge, learning a discipline, and
mastering a way of thinking
• You can learn to be creative by experimenting, exploring, questioning
assumptions, using imagination and synthesizing information
• Learning to be creative is akin to learning a sport. It requires practice to
develop the right muscles and a supportive environment in which to flourish

8. GENERATIVE RESEARCH ON
CREATIVITY

• Generative research shows that everyone has creative abilities. The more
training you have and the more diverse the training, the greater the potential
for creative output
• Research has shown that in creativity quantity equals quality. The longer the
list of ideas, the higher the quality of the final solution. Quite often, the
highest quality ideas appear at the end of the list
The quality of creative thinking can be judged by three criteria
1.Productivity
2.Originality
3.Flexibility

9. VERBAL COMMUNICATION
We may often think that, having good communication skills is all about the ability to speak well….. Or all
about “SPEAKING.”
Verbal Communication has another very important part…… “LISTENING”.
“Speaking” + “Listening” = “Verbal Communication.”
Sympathetic Listening and Empathetic Listening.
When we listen empathetically, we go beyond sympathy to seek a truer understanding of
how others are feeling. This requires excellent discrimination and close attention to emotional
signals. When we are being truly empathetic, we actually acknowledge what they are
feeling.
In order to get others to expose these deep parts of themselves to us, we also need to
demonstrate our empathy in our demeanor towards them, listening sensitively and in a way
that encourages self-disclosure
•Speaking
Speed, Clarity, Punctuation, Pronunciation, Familiarity, Fluency, Expression

10. WHAT IS COMMITMENT?
Commitment is dedication to a particular organization, cause, or belief, and a
willingness to get involved.
People who are committed to an organization or effort truly believe that it is
important, and they show up, follow through, and stick with it.
The more committed people are, the more influential they will be.
Committed people don't give up.
People will cooperate more when committed.
Committed people will be more effective.

11. •

TWO PHASES OF CREATIVITY


Divergent thinking & Convergent thinking

•Divergent thinking is a thought process or method used to generate creative
ideas by exploring many possible solutions
• It typically occurs in a spontaneous, free-flowing, "non-linear" manner, such
that many ideas are generated in an emergent cognitive fashion. e.g
• Wondering how many ways you can use a fork
• Showing a person a photo and asking them to create a caption for the
photo
• Giving a child a stack of blocks and asking them to see how many shapes
they can create with those blocks

12. CONVERGENT THINKING
• Convergent thinking occurs when the solution to a problem can be deduced
by applying established rules and logical reasoning.
• This type of reasoning involves solving a problem within the context of
known information and narrowing down the solution based on logical
inference. e.g
Multiple-choice tests, quizzes, standardized tests and spelling tests require
students to use convergent thinking. (Each question has only one correct
answer). Students must memorize facts and use logical problem-solving
steps to arrive at the correct answer

14. RESEARCH ETHICS AND RESEARCH INTEGRITY
Research ethics and research integrity are overlapping themes that are
increasingly addressed together. The two key concepts can be broadly
defined as follows:
Research ethics: doing research with responsibility, particularly towards
participants, colleagues, employers, funders and society.
Research integrity: doing research in ways that underpin confidence in the
results, the researchers, and the research community.

15. RESEARCH ETHICS AND INTEGRITY
The two concepts are distinct, but virtually every aspect of research that affects its ethics also have consequences for
integrity, and vice versa.
For instance, errors that result from poor data management not only undermine confidence in the research (a breach of
integrity) but also reflect a lack of responsibility towards participants and funders (a breach of ethics).
Ethics" are principles that guide behaviour, while "integrity" suggests that we should carry out ethical principles in our
daily lives and activities, rather than espousing an ideal and then doing something contradictory.
Research ethics provides guidelines for the responsible conduct of research. In addition, it educates and monitors
scientists conducting research to ensure a high ethical standard. The following is a general summary of some ethical
principles:
Honesty:
Honestly report data, results, methods and procedures, and publication status. Do not fabricate, falsify, or misrepresent
data.
Objectivity:
Strive to avoid bias in experimental design, data analysis, data interpretation, peer review, personnel decisions, grant
writing, expert testimony, and other aspects of research.
Integrity:
Keep your promises and agreements; act with sincerity; strive for consistency of thought and action.

16. CONT.
Responsible Mentoring:
Help to educate, mentor, and advise students. Promote their welfare and allow them to make their
own decisions.
Respect for Colleagues:
Respect your colleagues and treat them fairly.
Social Responsibility:
Strive to promote social good and prevent or mitigate social harms through research, public
education, and advocacy.
Openness:
Share data, results, ideas, tools, resources. Be open to criticism and new ideas.
Respect for Intellectual Property:
Honor patents, copyrights, and other forms of intellectual property. Do not use unpublished data,
methods, or results without permission. Give credit where credit is due. Never plagiarize.

17. CONT.
Carefulness:
Avoid careless errors and negligence; carefully and critically examine your own work
and the work of your peers. Keep good records of research activities.
Confidentiality:
Protect confidential communications, such as papers or grants submitted for
publication, personnel records, trade or military secrets, and patient records.
Responsible Publication:
Publish in order to advance research and scholarship, not to advance just your own
career. Avoid wasteful and duplicative publication.
Non-Discrimination:
Avoid discrimination against colleagues or students on the basis of sex, race, ethnicity,
or other factors that are not related to their scientific competence and integrity.

18. CONT.

Competence:
Maintain and improve your own professional competence and expertise through
lifelong education and learning; take steps to promote competence in science as a
whole.
Legality:
Know and obey relevant laws and institutional and governmental policies.
Animal Care:
Show proper respect and care for animals when using them in research. Do not
conduct unnecessary or poorly designed animal experiments.
Human Subjects Protection:
When conducting research on human subjects, minimize harms and risks and
maximize benefits; respect human dignity, privacy, and autonomy.

19. RESEARCH MISCONDUCTS
Research Misconducts
What are research misconducts?
(a) Fabrication - making up data or results and recording or
reporting them.
(b) Falsification - manipulating research materials, or changing or
omitting data or results such that the research is not accurately
represented in the research record.
(c) Plagiarism - the appropriation of another person's ideas,
processes, results, or words without giving appropriate credit.
(d) Research misconduct does not include honest error or
differences of opinion