Lecture 2 (quality methodology and quality control)

in this lecture i will discuss the quality methodology and quality control concept. it is very important in term of quality management and quality control purpose in any industrial applications.

1. LECTURE – 2 QUALITY METHODOLOGY & QUALITY CONTROL By: Raj Kumar Bairwa , Mechanical Engineering. Assistant Professor (NPIU), UD RTU, Kota . Email : [email protected]

2. PURPOSE OF QUALITY IS TO CREATE CUSTOMERS 2 Quality and competitive advantage : Better price Lower production cost Faster response Reduced inventory Improved competitive position

3. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY 3 Reach back into antiquity, especially into China, India, Greece and the Roman Empire : skilled craftsmanship. Industrial Revolution (18th century): need for more consistent products that are mass-produced and needed to be interchangeable. Rise of inspection after manufacturing completed and separate quality departments . Science of modern quality methodology started by R. A. Fisher perfected scientific shortcuts for shifting through mountains of data to spot key cause-effect relationships to speed up development of crop growing methods.

4. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY 4 Statistical methods at Bell Laboratories: W. A. Shewhart transformed Fisher’s methods into quality control discipline for factories (inspired W.E. Deming and J. M. Juran); Control Charts developed by W. A. Shewhart; Acceptance sampling methodology developed by H. F. Dodge and H. G. Romig World War II: Acceptance of statistical quality control concepts in manufacturing industries (more sophisticated weapons demanded more careful production and reliability); The American Society for Quality Control formed (1946 ).

5. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY 5 Quality in Japan: W.E. Deming invited to Japan to give lectures; G. Taguchi developed “Taguchi method” for scientific design of experiments; The Japanese Union of Scientists and Engineers (JUSE) established “Deming Price” (1951); The Quality Control Circle concept is introduced by K. Ishikawa (1960 ). Quality awareness in U.S. manufacturing industry during 1980s: “Total Quality Management”; Quality control started to be used as a management tool. Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Award (1987)

6. HISTORY OF QUALITY METHODOLOGY 6 International Standard Organization’s (ISO) 9000 series of standards: in 1980s Western Europe began to use; interest increase in US industry in 1990s; Became widely accepted today: necessary requirement to world-wide distribution of product and a significant competitive advantage . Quality in service industries, government, health care, and education Current and future challenge: keep progress in quality management alive To sum up: A gradual transition

7. QUALITY GURUS 7 Walter Shewart – In 1920s, developed control charts – Introduced the term “quality assurance” W . Edwards Deming – Developed courses during World War II to teach statistical quality-control techniques to engineers and executives of companies that were military suppliers – After the war, began teaching statistical quality control to Japanese companies Joseph M. Juran – Followed Deming to Japan in 1954 – Focused on strategic quality planning

8. QUALITY GURUS 8 Armand V. Feigenbaum ƒ In 1951, introduced concepts of total quality control and continuous quality improvement ƒ Philip Crosby ƒ In 1979, emphasized that costs of poor quality far outweigh the cost of preventing poor quality ƒ In 1984, defined absolutes of quality management—conformance to requirements, prevention, and “zero defects” ƒ Kaoru Ishikawa ƒ - Promoted use of quality circles -Developed “fishbone” diagram ƒ - Emphasized importance of internal customer

9. QUALITY CONTROL 9 Figure : Quality Control System

10. QUALITY CONTROL 10 Quality control (QC) is a procedure or set of procedures intended to ensure that a manufactured product or performed service adheres to a defined set of quality criteria or meets the requirements of the client or customer.  QC is similar to, but not identical with, quality assurance ( QA ). While QA refers to the confirmation that specified requirements have been met by a product or service, QC refers to the actual inspection of these elements. QA is sometimes expressed together with QC as a single expression: quality assurance and control (QA/QC).

11. QUALITY ASSURANCE 11 Quality Assurance is known as QA and focuses on preventing defect. Quality Assurance ensures that the approaches, techniques, methods and processes are designed for the projects are implemented correctly. Figure : Quality System, Quality Assurance, and Quality Control Relationships

12. QUALITY ASSURANCE 12 Quality assurance activities monitor and verify that the processes used to manage and create the deliverables have been followed and are operative . Quality Assurance is a proactive process and is Prevention in nature. It recognizes flaws in the process. Quality Assurance has to complete before Quality Control . INDUSTRY PERSPECTIVES ON QA AND QC : For some service organizations, the concept of quality control may be foreign because there is no tangible product to inspect and control. The quality assurance function in a service organization may not include quality control of the service but may include quality control of any products involved in providing the service. A service may include products that are documents (such as a report, contract, or design) or tangible products (such as a rental car or units of blood). It may be necessary to control product quality in a service organization to ensure that the service meets customer requirements .

13. QA, QC, AND INSPECTION 13 Inspection  is the process of measuring, examining, and testing to gauge one or more characteristics of a product or service and the comparison of these with specified requirements to determine conformity. Products , processes, and various other results can be inspected to make sure that the object coming off a production line, or the service being provided, is correct and meets specifications.

14. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC? 14 Many people think QA and QC are the same and interchangeable but this is not true. Both are tightly linked and sometimes it is very difficult to identify the differences. Fact is both are related to each other but they are different in origins. QA and QC both are part of Quality Management however QA is focusing on preventing defect while QC is focusing on identifying the defect .

15. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC? 15

16. WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE IN QA/QC? 16

17. 17