Lecture 3 Terminology 2022 Dr. Rania M.pdf

المحاضرة الخامسة

1. DR.RANIAMAKKI
BIO391
[email protected]
Office No: 5-1

2. Circulatory system: An organ system responsible
for blood transport throughout the body. This
system allows nutrients and oxygen to circulate
to and from cells in order to maintain
homeostasis.
homeostasis: A state of balance among all the
body systems needed for the body to survive and
function correctly
Lecture 3
Scientific Reading and Terminology
Bio 391

3. Classification/classify
The systematic grouping of organisms based
on characteristics or evolutionary
relationships.
Ex. Linnaeu’sSystem of
Classification

4. Climate:isthestatisticsofweather,usuallyovera30-
yearinterval.Itismeasuredbyassessingthepatternsof
variationintemperature,humidity,atmospheric
pressure,windandprecipitation,atmosphericparticle
countandothermeteorologicalvariablesinagivenregion
overlongperiodsoftime.
Climatediffersfromweather,inthatweatheronly
describestheshort-termconditionsofthesevariablesina
givenregion.

5. Climatechange:Changes inEarth’saverage
atmospherictemperature,oceanictemperatures,
andprecipitationovertimeresultingfromthe
increaseofgreenhousegases,suchascarbon
dioxide,intheatmosphere.

6. Community (ecological):Populationsofdifferent
speciesinaparticularareaduringthesametime
periodthatinteractwitheachotherandthe
environment.
Concentrationgradient:Thedifferenceinsolute
concentrationbetweentwosolutions.

7. Diffusion: The natural movement of a substance
from a region of higher concentration to a region of
lower concentration; energy use is not required.

8. Diffusion across a cell membrane does not require
energy, so it is called passive transport
Indiffusion,particlesspreadoutevenlyinan
availablespace.Eventually,theparticlesreach
equilibriumwheretheconcentrationofparticles
isthesamethroughout
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.

9. Molecules of dye
Membrane Equilibriumإ
Passive transport of one type of molecule

10. Two different
Substances
Membrane Equilibrium
Passive transport of two types of molecules

11. Facilitated diffusion: The movement of a substance across a
cellular membrane through a protein channel from a region of
high concentration to a region of low concentration without the
use of energy.
Noenergyisinvolved,soitisstillapassive
process.
Transportproteinsarespecific,andarelimitedin
numberinmembranes.
therateofmovementofmaterialsisdependent
ontheavailabilityoftransportproteinsaswellas
theconcentrationofthesubstancetobemoved.
Aminoacids,monosaccharidesandionsmove
throughmembranesviafacilitateddiffusion.
Itmovethroughahydrophilicproteinchannelor
poreofthetransportprotein.
Ionchannelproteinsarecommoninmembranes.
Muchwatermovementthroughmembranesalso
involvesfacilitateddiffusion.Therearespecial
channelproteins,calledaquaporinsthatfacilitate
themovementofwateratarateneededforcell
activities.

12. Cytoskeleton:Aninternalcellularframework
composedofproteinfilamentsandmicrotubules
foundinthecell’scytoplasmwhichfunctionsto
controlcellshape,cellmovement,internalspatial
organization,andtransportoforganelleswithinthe
cell.
Thecytoskeletoniscomposedofthreekindsoffibers
Microfilaments:(actinfilaments)supportthecell’s
shapeandareinvolvedinmotility
Intermediatefilaments:reinforcecellshapeand
anchororganelles
Microtubules:(madeoftubulin)shapethecelland
actastracksformotorprotein

13. Vesicle
ATP
Receptor for
motor protein
Microtubule
of cytoskeleton
Motor protein
(ATP powered)
ـلاATP
Microtubul
e
أ
Vesicles 0.25 µm
Motor proteins and the cytoskeleton
Diagram
EM
micrograph

14. Microfilament
Actinsubunit
7 nm
Intermediate filament
Fibrous subunits
10 nm
Microtubule
Tubulinsubunit
25 nm
Nucleus
Fibers of the cytoskeleton
Nucleus

15. Ecology:Thescientificstudyoftheinteractions
betweenlivingorganismsandbetweenthese
organismsandtheirenvironment.
Consumer(ecological):Anorganismthatgetsits
energybyconsumingotherorganisms.
Decomposer(ecological):Anorganismthatabsorbs
andrecyclesnutrientsfromnonlivingorganic
matter,makingthemavailabletootherorganisms.

16. Food chain: A simple model that illustrates the transfer
of chemical energy between organisms.
Food web: A complex model of interrelated food chains
linked together to show the energy transfer
relationships among organisms.

18. Autotrophs:arelivingthingsthatareabletomake
theirownfoodwithoutusingorganicmolecules
derivedfromanyotherlivingthing.
Mostanimalshaveoneofthreekindsofdiets
Herbivore:Anorganismwhoseprimarydiet
consistsonlyofplants.
Carnivores,meat-eaters—lions,hawks,spiders
Omnivore:Anorganismwhoseprimarydiet
consistsofbothplantsandanimals.

19. Fossil:Theremainsortraceofan
organism(e.g.,bodyimpression,
bone,footprint)preservedover
geologictimeinrocklayers.
Fossil fuel: A fuel that was
formed in the earth from plant or
animal remains after thousands
of years of geological pressure;
fossil fuels are nonrenewable
(e.g., coal, petroleum, natural
gas).

20. Fossil record: A preserved historical record of
once-living organisms on Earth.

21. Geographic isolation: Physical separation of populations
by a geographic barrier (e.g., mountain, canyon, body of
water.
Over time isolated populations become genetically
different

22. Gene mutation: An alteration that changes a segment
of DNA representing a gene.

23. Chromosomal mutation:AgeneticalterationinDNA
thatchangesthenumberorstructureofoneor
multiplechromosomes;typesofchromosomal
mutationsincludedeletions,insertions,inversions,
andtranslocations.

24. Frameshiftmutation:Atypeofmutationwherethe
additionordeletionofoneormorenucleotidescauses
thesequenceofcodonsinmRNAtobecomeshiftedand
likelyresultinthealterationoftheaminoacidsequence
duringproteintranslation.Thenumberofnucleotides
insertedordeletedisnottypicallyamultipleofthree
andresultsinanimpropergroupingofthecodons.

25. Pointmutation:Ageneticalterationthataffectsasingle
nucleotidebysubstitutingonenucleotideforanother
nucleotide(e.g.,missensemutation,nonsensemutation,
silentmutation),alsocalledasingle-basesubstitution.

26. Genetic inheritance: The passing of genetic information
from parents to their offspring.
Geneticvariability:Thetendencyofgenotypesina
populationtobedifferentfromeachotheracrossthe
population.

27. DNA replication: The process in which a cell makes a duplicate copy
of its DNA.

28. ENZYMES OF RECOMBINANT
DNA TECHNOLOGY
A. Nuclease
is an enzyme capable of cleaving the
phosphodiester bonds between nucleotides of
nucleic acids. Nucleases variously effect
single and double stranded breaks in their
target molecules. In living organisms, they
are essential machinery for many aspects of
DNA repair.
•Today, most restriction endonucleases
(and most other enzymes of commercial
use) are highly purified from either
natural or recombinant sources and are
highly reliable. Using these tools, the
manipulation of DNA and RNA has
become routine practice in multiple
disciplines of science.

29. Telomerase:A specialized DNA polymerase that protects
the length of the terminal segment of a chromosome. Should the
telomere become sufficiently shortened (by repeated rounds of cell
division), the cell undergoes apoptosis.
Topoisomerase:A homodimeric
chromosomal unwinding enzyme that
introduces a double-stranded nick in DNA,
which allows the unwinding necessary to
permit DNA replication, followed by
religation. Inhibition of
topoisomerases leads to blockade of cell
division.

30. DNA polymerase: An
enzyme that functions
during DNA replication
by joining individual
nucleotides together to
produce a new strand of
DNA by using the
original DNA strand as a
template.
RNA polymerase: isa
multi-unit enzyme that
synthesizes RNA
molecules from a
template of DNA through
a process called
transcription.

31. Diploid: A cell that
contains two sets of
homologous
chromosomes (2n),
often one set is
inherited from each
parent.
Haploid:a cell that
contains a single set of
chromosomes. The term
haploid can also refer to
the number of
chromosomes in egg or
sperm cells

32. Dominant:Analleleorgenethatisexpressedinan
organism’sphenotype,evenwhenpairedwitharecessive
alleleorgene.
Recessive: A recessive gene isa gene whose effects are masked in the
presence of a dominant