Lecture 3 The philosophical foundation of yoga.pptx

Contents:-
Introduction to Yoga philosophy.
History.
Philosophical Foundation of yoga.
1. Introduction to Yoga philosophy:-
It is one of the six major orthodox school of Hinduism.
Ancient and most modern literature often refers to yoga philosophy simply as yoga.
A systemic collection of idea of yoga is found in the yoga sutras of Patanjali, a key text of yoga which has influenced all school of Indian philosophy.
The meta physics of yoga is Samkhya’s Dualism in which the universe is conceptualized as composed of two realities: Purusa (witness-consciousness), Prakrti (nature).
The ethical theory of yoga philosophy is based on Yama and Niyama’s, as well as element of the guna theory of Samkhya.
2. history:-
The history of yoga is divided into two classification :-
Yoga Practice.
Separate Darsana.
(a) Yoga practice:-
The origin of yoga practice are unclear, but seems to have developed in Ascetic milieus in the first millennium BCE.
The root word yoga is found in Rigveda, a dedication to rising sun god in the morning (Savitri), interpreted as “yoke” or “yogically control”.
Yoga practice is also mentioned in foundational texts of other orthodox schools such as Vaisesikha sutras, Nyaya Sutras and Brahma Sutras.
(b) Separate Darsana:-
There are numerous parallels in the concepts in the Samkhya school of Hinduism yoga and the Abhidharma School of thought particularly from 2nd century BCE to the 1st century AD.
From Abhidharma Buddhism’s idea of Nirodhasamadhi, suggests Larson, the yoga sutras adopt the pursuit of an altered state of awareness, but unlike Buddhism, which believes that there is no fixed self.
The third concept that the yoga sutras synthesize into its philosophy is the ancient ascetic traditions of isolation, meditation and introspection.
3. Philosophical foundation of yoga:-
The foundation concepts include two realities: Purusa and Prakriti.
The Purusha is defined as that reality which is pure consciousness and is devoid of thoughts or qualities.
The Prakriti is the empirical, phenomenal reality which includes matter and also mind, sensory organs and the senses of identity (Self, Soul).
(a) Meta physics:-
The meta physics of yoga Samkhya is a form of dualism. It consists of consciousness and matter, self soul and body as two different realities.
The Samkhya yoga system espouses dualism between consciousness and matter by postulating two “irreducible. Innate and independent realities: Purusa and Prakriti”.
The Prakriti is a single entity, the Samkhya yoga school admits a plurality of the Purusa in this world.The Purusa is considered as the conscious principle, a passive enjoyer (Bhokta) and the Prakriti is the enjoyed (Bhogya).
Yoga philosophy adopts the theory of Guna from Samkhya. Guna theory states that three Gunas are presents in different proportions in all beings, and these three are Sattva Guna, Rajas Gunas, Tama Gunas.
Sattva Gunas predominates an individual, the equalities of wisdom, constructiveness and peacefulness.
Rajas Gunas

1. The philosophical foundation of yoga Dr. Prashant Kaushik BPT, MPT (Sports), MIAP, CCSDN Assistant Professor, KINPMS

2. Contents:- Introduction to Yoga philosophy. History. Philosophical Foundation of yoga.

3. 1. Introduction to Yoga philosophy:- It is one of the six major orthodox school of Hinduism. Ancient and most modern literature often refers to yoga philosophy simply as yoga. A systemic collection of idea of yoga is found in the yoga sutras of Patanjali, a key text of yoga which has influenced all school of Indian philosophy. The meta physics of yoga is Samkhya’s Dualism in which the universe is conceptualized as composed of two realities: Purusa (witness-consciousness), Prakrti (nature). The ethical theory of yoga philosophy is based on Yama and Niyama’s, as well as element of the guna theory of Samkhya.

4. 2. history:- The history of yoga is divided into two classification :- Yoga Practice. Separate Darsana.

5. (a) Yoga practice:- The origin of yoga practice are unclear, but seems to have developed in Ascetic milieus in the first millennium BCE. The root word yoga is found in Rigveda, a dedication to rising sun god in the morning ( Savitri ), interpreted as “yoke” or “yogically control”. Yoga practice is also mentioned in foundational texts of other orthodox schools such as Vaisesikha sutras, Nyaya Sutras and Brahma Sutras.

6. (b) Separate Darsana:- There are numerous parallels in the concepts in the Samkhya school of Hinduism yoga and the Abhidharma School of thought particularly from 2 nd century BCE to the 1 st century AD. From Abhidharma Buddhism’s idea of Nirodhasamadhi, suggests Larson, the yoga sutras adopt the pursuit of an altered state of awareness, but unlike Buddhism, which believes that there is no fixed self. The third concept that the yoga sutras synthesize into its philosophy is the ancient ascetic traditions of isolation, meditation and introspection.

7. 3. Philosophical foundation of yoga:- The foundation concepts include two realities: Purusa and Prakriti. The Purusha is defined as that reality which is pure consciousness and is devoid of thoughts or qualities. The Prakriti is the empirical, phenomenal reality which includes matter and also mind, sensory organs and the senses of identity (Self, Soul).

8. (a) Meta physics:- The meta physics of yoga Samkhya is a form of dualism. It consists of consciousness and matter, self soul and body as two different realities. The Samkhya yoga system espouses dualism between consciousness and matter by postulating two “irreducible. Innate and independent realities: Purusa and Prakriti”. The Prakriti is a single entity, the Samkhya yoga school admits a plurality of the Purusa in this world.

9. Cont… The Purusa is considered as the conscious principle, a passive enjoyer ( Bhokta ) and the Prakriti is the enjoyed ( Bhogya ). Yoga philosophy adopts the theory of Guna from Samkhya. Guna theory states that three Gunas are presents in different proportions in all beings, and these three are Sattva Guna , Rajas Gunas , Tama Gunas. Sattva Gunas predominates an individual, the equalities of wisdom, constructiveness and peacefulness.

10. Cont… Rajas Gunas predominates, attachment, craving, passion driven activity and restlessness manifest. Tamas Guna predominates in an individual ignorance, delusion, destructive behavior, lethargy and suffering manifests.

11. (b) Soteriology (Moksha Shastra):- Yoga school holds that ignorance is the cause of suffering and Samsara. Liberation, like many other school, is removal of ignorance, which is achieved through discriminative discernment, knowledge and self awareness. Samadhi is the state where static awareness develops. It further claims that this awareness is eternal, and once this awareness is achieved, a person cannot ever cease being aware; this is Moksha , the Soteriology goal in Hinduism.

12. Cont… The benefits of yoga philosophy of Hinduism, stating that the first 5 limbs leads to bodily perfection such as beauty, loveliness, strength and toughness; while last 3 limbs from sanyama leads to mind and psychological perfections of perceptiveness, one’s nature, mastery over egoism, discriminative knowledge of purity, self and soul. This knowledge once reached is irreversible states Yoga sutra’s Book.

13. (c) Ethical rules:- Ethical rules in the texts of yoga school of Hindu philosophy include both a theory of values through the observances of positive values and avoidance of negative, as well as an aesthetic theory on bliss in intrinsic and extrinsic perspective. The values to be observed are called Niyamas , while those to be avoided are referred in the Yamas in yoga philosophy.

14. (d) Epistemology:- Yoga school, like Samkhya school, considers Pratyaksa (direct sense perception), Anumana (Inference), and Sabda (verbal testimony of the sages) to be the only valid means of knowledge or Pramana.

15. Cont… Pratyaksa:- Means perception. It is of two types in Hindu texts: Internal and external. External perception is described as that arising from the interaction of the five senses and worldly object. Internal perception is described by this school as that of the inner sense, the mind. The internal perception concepts included Pratibha, samanyalaksana Pratyaksa, and jananalaksanapratyaksa.

16. Cont… Anumana:- Means inference. It is described as reaching a new conclusion and truth from one or more observations and previous truths by applying reason.

17. Cont… Sabda:- Means relying on word, testimony of past or present reliable experts.