Lecture 4 - Rose.pptx rose under protected cultivation

Rose rose

1. rose Dr . B. HEMLA NAIK Professor & University Head Contd …

2. SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES TO IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ROSES Thinning: Removal of the undesirable growth like inward growth, weak stems, blind shoots, crowded growth. De-suckering : Removal of suckers from root stock i.e. the shoots produced below the bud union on rootstocks have to be removed as and when they are noticed. Pinching: Removal of a part of terminal growing portion of stem is called pinching. It is done to reduce the plant height and to promote auxiliary branching. Pinching of blind shoot is beneficial to increase flowering. 2 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

3. 4. Disbudding Removal of undesirable buds is known as disbudding. Keeping only the central bud and removal of others, causes the development of a quality bloom. It is done in standard roses. Here we are reducing number of flowers. 5. De-shooting Removal of young vegetative shoots Generally followed in HT roses . Young vegetative shoots developing from the axils of leaves of basal and lateral shoots are removed to allow only one terminal shoot. It is important from the point of stalk length. If it is not removed timely we get more number of branches and ultimately maximum number of flowers. 3 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

4. 6. Defoliation: Under special conditions it is followed The study indicated that removal of leaves from rose plants will increase number of blind shoots, Defoliation helps in forcing the plants to produce growth and flowering during desired period. 7. Use of growth substances: To some extent some growth regulators like GA 3 , GA 3 @ 250ppm has been found to increase the stalk length, flower size and reduces number of blind shoots. Retardants like CCC are used to get more number of flowers with good quality. 4 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

5. 8. Removal of faded flowers: If the opened blooms are not removed in time, there is chance of developing fruits bearing seeds. Once the hips are formed and reach the advanced stage of development, growth and flowering are severally reduced during the subsequent season, Cut the faded flowers which will force for strong lateral bud which produces good quality flowers. 5 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 9. Bending:

6. HARVESTING At tight bud stage i.e., when the bud show full colour before the petals unfolding. The sepals are reflexed from the flower bud. At this stage flower last longer in vases or during transportation for better retention of colour and freshness. The optimum stage may varying slightly depending on cultivar and one has to experience to judge the right stage for cutting. Because a flower bud of a red cultivar when cut at a little early stage may fail to open later. Contd.. 6 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

7. HARVESTING Pink and yellow cultivars are better than red. Pink and red Cv. should be allowed to develop a stage where one of the two outer petals begin to unfurl at the upper point. Loose flowers are harvested only when they are fully opened and collected in large open boskets. The optimum stage to cut in the Cv. like Mercedes and first red when the sepals move away from the buds and the tips of the petals separated. 7 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

8. Time of harvesting: The flowers should be cut before sunrise i.e. Early morning or Late in the afternoon when the sun is about to set so as to avoid damage of buds due to high temperature during the day. Late harvest result in short vase life of cut flower and low oil content. In greenhouses for every two hours it will be harvested. The stem cut should always be given above a healthy outward pointing bud with a clean and sharp secateurs. Stem has to be cut above two five leaflet leaves. The cutting of the stem just above the ‘Knuckle’ (The point at which the shoot originate is called ‘Knuckle’) significantly reduces the flower yield per plant compared to the cutting made above the 1 st or 2 nd five leaflet leaf stage.

9. Pre & Post harvest operations: Immediately after cutting the stem should be dipped in clean water up to the neck or base of the flower bud. The delay in keeping the cut flowers in water will leads to air entry and results in vascular blockage. After harvesting, transport into grading room and the flower stalk kept separately to avoid bruising until the cut is completed, soon after the cutting of the stem a re-cut should be given in water about 2.5 cm above the previous cut. After harvesting, the grading, processing of other operation will takes place. 9 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

10. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY: Pre-cooling: In a cold storage at a temperature range of 4.4-7.2 o C the flowers have to be kept immediately after harvesting. To remove latent heat and intern it enhances the keeping quality of flowers and then Dispatch for marketing with maintaining cold chain, it should be transported to Airport by ‘refrigerated Van’ and Store them in cold storage at airport and directly shifted to refrigerated cargo frights. Usually pre-cooling is done for 6-8 hours in winter and 8-12 hours in summer . 10 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

11. POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY: Pulsing: Treating the cut flowers with 2-4% sucrose solution for 3-4 hours. To make the cut flower very hardy and turgid intern help in better quality and also have less neck bending. 11 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

12. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 12 Post harvest handling contd.. Grading The cut-blooms are graded according to the length of stem and then packed in corrugated cardboard boxes. The machine is divide in six sections each of which is programmed to cut a certain length from the base depending on variety ( i.e 40, 50, 60, 70, 80 and 90 cm). The bunches of 20 tied roses are positioned from the worker on a belt that at the extremity that packages each bunch. The bunches packaged this way go back to the worker and he gathers them in groups of 4. Contd.. 12 2/28/2012 12

13. The size of box varies with the quality ad quantity of roses to be packed. A box of 100 cm long, 32.5 cm wide, 6.5 cm high can accommodate 80 roses having 65-70cm long stem. Inside the box it should be lined with thin polythene and very fine moist tissue paper shavings to provide a cushion to the blooms. Cut flowers have to be packed in corrugated cardboard boxes (CCB) alone or in combination with a polyethylene film (PEF) lining and / or wet newspaper (WNP). Trolleys with bunches of roses ready to be send to the Dutch florists. Packaging

14. YIELD: The yield depends as several factors viz , Cultivars, Plant density/unit area, Flowering duration, Pruning method, Nutrition and Other cultural operations adopted from time to time On an average the outdoor rose cultivation yields about 60-80 flowers/m 2 /year Where as from green house we get 140-160 flower/m 2 /year . Plant density has much influence on total yield. Normally closure spacing yields more number of flowers than wider spacing. 14 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

15. Vase life Senescence of cut roses will characterized by Decrease in concentration of anthocyanin, protein and tannic acid and also Increase in most amino acids, glutamine, Maleic acid and free ammonia in the petal tissue. The advances in senescence are due to increase in ethylene production and membrane permeability. In general pre-cooled and pulsed flowers can be stored better. Preservatives used for storage are 8-HQC @ 300ppm, 8-HQS @ 150pm, Ag NO 3 @ 20-30ppm, Citric acid @ 200ppm good for prolonging the vase life of cut roses. Contd.. 15 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

16. PESTS White ants (Termites): Damages the roots, - Apply chloropyriphos @5% dust in the pit before planting & drench @ 4ml/ litre of water. Termiseal can also be used to check termites. Aphids: Spray Malathion (@0.1%) or metasybtox @ 0.1-0.2%. Thrips : Suck the sap from dorsal side of the young leaves & flower buds. Mottled and deformed young leaves with brown or silvery patches or burnt margins & deformed flowers control same as aphids . Jassids : Suck the cell sap from the leaves leads to whitening or yellowing. Control : Parathion @ 0.03% or 0.1% metacid . Chafer beetle: Making irregular holes and punches on leaves the grubs feed on roots. Soil application with heptachlor @ 3% dust to control grub; 0.2% metacid to control beetle. 6. Red scales : The tiny insects occur in thousands and the affected branches become dry. Control: Application of granular insecticides like cabofuron @ 1.5 kg ai /ha or disulphton and phorate @ 3.0kg a.i . 16 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

17. PESTS 7. Red spider mites: Polyphagous pests found on the underside of leaves covering with fine silky webs. White specks appear on leaves, mottled, turn yellow & fall. Control: Kethane , morestan , Dimite ( Kelthane @ 8ml/10 litre of water. 8. Digger wasps: It damage the plants after pruning, they dig a hole into the stem through the cut ends and make a nest there. Because of this burrowing the fungus causing dieback disease. 9. Control: Painting the pruning cuts with fungicidal paint containing 4 parts each of copper carbonate (COC) and red lead along with 5 parts of linseed oil. Put few drops of rogar or dimecron in the hole and plugging with a small piece of cotton to kill the insect. 10. Mealy bugs: observed on stalk of buds and flowers. They suck the sap-buds do not open and flowers wither. Control: Fumigation with MB (32mg/l) 17 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

18. DISEASES: Nematodes: Symptoms : Root galls on infested plants, results into malnutrition. Decrease shoots growth leads to chlorosis. Flowering affected. Control : Apply poultry manures to reduce the population Soil fumigation with DD @ 50 liter/ha (2, 3-dichloropropane and 1, 3-dichloropropane), EDB (ethylene dibromide or DBCP (1, 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) is very effective. Apply nemagon @ 10-12 litre /ha 18 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

19. DISEASES: Die back ( Diplodia rosarum + Collectotrichum sp). Symptoms : Death of the plant from top to downwards. Reasons: Generally observed after pruning. Also due to improper use of fertilizers and watering, Borer damage, Poor drainage, Lack of sunlight Continuous outbreak of black spot or mites attack and importantly scale infestation. Control: Proper cultural operation prevents the die back disease. Apply copper fungicides. 19 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

20. DISEASES: 2. Powdery mildew: ( Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae ) Appear when the days are warm and night are cool. Powdery mass is observed on all parts of the plants Control: Spray with sulphur fungicides like wettable sulphure . benlate , karathane , bayleton , bavistin etc. 3. Black spot: ( Diplocarpon rosae ). Characterized by dark brown, circular spots with fringed borders, present on both sides of the leaflets. Control :Same as pm. 20 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

21. DISEASES: Leaf spot ( Alternaria alternata ) – Capton or Zineb @ 2000ppm Stem blight ( capton spray @ 2000ppm) Rust Botrytis blight ( Botrytis cineria )-Buds turn brown and decay. Root fungus – ( Trichoderma viridae ) – decayed. Leaves, yellow – plants die Rose wilt – caused by virus. Recurring of leaflet at the tip of young shoots which are brittle. Defoliation may happen. Aphids – transmit the disease. Rose mosaic virus. 21 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

22. Biotechnology: Tissue culture: Anther culture Protoplast culture Protoplast fusion Somatic embryogenesis – leaf, internodes, filament of stamen, root and zygotic embryo – 30 % success have been observed. Embryo development and germination of somatic embryos. Somaclonal variation. 22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

23. Biotechnology: Biochemical and molecular markers For genetic linkage and identification of genotypes Iso-zymes - Acid phosphataese , Malate dehydrogenaese and Phospho glucose isomeraese - are useful in identification of the species. Molecular markers : to study the genetic background with the help of iso -enzymes and RAPD (R andom A mplification of P olymorphic D NA) . Markers-are produce specific DNA banding pattern. Detection of pathogen: by using RFLP (Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism) & RAPD pattern. 23 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

24. Biotechnology: Genetic transformation Transgenic rose plants were developed by using an embryogenic callus line. Obtained by Florigene and containing the anthocyanin pigment delphinidin . Friable embryogenic callus was co-cultivated with Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain. Resistance to disease In-vitro conservation- cryopreservation of shoot-tips using encapsulation/dehydration procedure. 24 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

25. Why a natural rose could not have the true blue colour? The colours of flowers are due to their capabilities of biosynthesizing the pigments. There are majorly two types of flower pigment: Flavonoids - contribute to a range of colours from yellow to red to blue. These flavonoid molecules are anthocyanins which are glycosylated derivatives of cyanidin (red), pelargonidin (brick red), delphinidin (blue), petunidin and malvidin . They are localised in the vacuole. Carotenoids - commonly the pigmant for yellow to orange flowers. Flower colour is also influenced by co- pigmantation with colourless flavonoids , metal complexation , glycosylation , acylation , methylation and vacuolar pH.     COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 25

26. Why a natural rose could not have the true blue colour ? “ Flavonoid 3', 5'- hydroxylase ” is one of the key enzymes involved in this biosynthesis pathway. Unfortunately the rose is deficient of this key enzyme and incapable to synthesize the major blue pigment delphinidin . This is an example of the approaches of the classical breeding techniques have been limited by the constraints of a particular species gene pool. Another important factor that delphinidin is located in the vacuole of the petal epidermal cells in an alkaline pH 6 -7. But the vacuolar pH of  rose is generally pH 4.5 - 5.5.       COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 26

27. "Blue gene" To develop blue varieties of the major cutflower species like rose, chrysanthemum, carnation and gerbera by new biotechnology is an active research area in the flower industry. They called those genes which may lead to the synthesis of the blue pigment in flowers as "blue genes". To overcome the natural gene pool limitation and develop the true blue rose, a rational solution is to isolate the "blue gene" from other beautiful blue flowers and put it into rose to help the biosynthesis of blue pigment. The genes of " flavonoid 3', 5'- hydroxylase " have been identified and cloned from a number of plants. Scientists have been using the one from the petunia to make a blue rose. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 27

28. How to put the petunia "blue gene" into the rose? Genetic engineering provides the facilities for the gene transfer in plants. PLANT GENE TRANSFER METHODS : To introduce foreign genes into a plant using two types of transformation method: ( i ) Agrobacterium - mediated : Agrobacterium tumefaciens and Agrobacterium rhizogenes are soil-borne, bacterial plant pathogens. These soil bacteria infect the plant and transfer several of its genes to the infected plant cells, resulting in high rate of plant cell division and the gall formation. This naturally occurring gene transfer system have been exploited by scientists who have disarmed  the Agrobacterium by delete their tumorigenic genes and engineered them. These Agrobacterium   become widely used and safe vectors for plant transformation . COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 28

29. (B) Uptake of naked DNA : Electroporation , PEG-mediated and Particle Gun Methods . The petunia "blue gene" was cloned into a binary plasmid vector, then introduced into the Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain. The co-cultivation of the "blue gene" containing Agrobacterium strain with a rose ex-plant bringing the "blue gene" into the rose genome. The regenerating explants were cultured in the presence of a selectable marker (the select marker  gene can be an antibiotic or herbicide resistance gene which was co-transferred with the "blue gene". The transgenic cells, shoots and rooted-shoots are selected. The transgenic rose is screened for the expression of the new "blue gene". Growing progeny of the transgenic rose and determine the inheritance of the introduced "blue gene".   COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 29

30. Transgenic “blue rose” The scientists in Florigene ( Calgene Pacific) have been working on the development of the transgenic blue rose for several years. They transferred the " flavonoid 3', 5'- hydroxylase " gene from petunia to the hybrid tea rose ( Rosa hybrida ) to help the rose synthesize delphinidin . A selectable marker gene of antibiotic kanamycin or herbicide chlorsulfuron resistance was transferred together with the "blue gene". The Genetic Manipulation Advisory Committee (GMAC, Australia ) has released 1200 "transgenic blue roses" from Florigene . COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 30

31. "Transgenic blue rose" This glasshouse trial was aimed to test the growth and productivity of the transgenic roses under the conditions of commercial rose flower production. Some of the transgenic plants will also be used as a pollen source to fertilize non-transgenic plants, in attempts to introduce the "blue gene" into other cultivars. To develop the stable species of true blue roses will take a long period of time. However the genetic engineering technology might open a new avenue of adding a million beautiful blue roses into our gardens in the next century. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 31

32. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 32 ???? Dr . B. HEMLA NAIK