Lecture 6 (1 Hr) - Ruminant VS Non Ruminant GIT (1).pdf

Perbezaan haiwan ruminant dan bukan ruminan

2. Lecture 6: Structural and
functional differences in the
digestive system of ruminants
and non-ruminants

Dr. Eric Lim Teik Chung
DVM, PhD (UPM)

3. The Digestion Process

•Food is broken down.
•Animals have digestive systems adapted to the foods that
they consume.
•Four (4) types of digestive systems
A.Ruminant (polygastric)
B.Simple Stomach (monogastric)
C.Avian
D.Equine-modified simple stomach

4. A. Ruminant Digestive System
Modified to handle the breakdown of
large amounts of fiber
Example: Cow, Sheep, Goat

5. Mouth
•no upper incisors, hard palate
•molars for grinding coarse vegetation
•saliva does not contain enzymes

Esophagus
•muscular tube connecting the mouth to the stomach

6. Stomach
•Occupies 3/4 of the left abdominal cavity
•Regurgitation: first step in rumination
–large quantities of roughage are consumed and are chewed just
enough to swallow
–after swallowing, regurgitation (“cud chewing”) takes place, food
is re-chewed
•The Four Compartmented Stomach
–Rumen
–Reticulum
–Omasum
–Abomasum

Hint to remember Alphabetically back-words.
Ru Re O A

7. Rumen
•Composes 80% of ruminant stomach in mature bovine
animals and 30% in young animals.
•Storage area and large fermentation vat.
•Microorganisms break down cellulose:
–Creates lost of gases (methane)
–Ruminants have to be able to eructate (belch)
•Some nutrients are absorbed (VFA).
•Roughages are reduced in size.
Gas
Today’s Hay
Yesterday’s Feed

8. Rumen
•Rumination: The process of regurgitation, re-mastication,
re-salivation and re-swallowing of food.
–Purpose: To smash and break up food which provides
more surface area bacteria to break down.

10. Types of Ruminal Microorganisms (Short Lice Cycle with Synergistic
Relationship)
•Bacteria
•Methanogens
•Protozoa
–Flagellates
–Ciliates
•Fungi
•Bacteriophages

Volatile Fatty Acids
•Acetic acid
•Butyric acid
•Propionic acid

11. Reticulum
•composes about 5% of bovine stomach.
•prevents indigestible objects from entering the
stomach.
•Nails, screws and wire may be found here-hardware
stomach.
•Magnets are placed into many dairy animals
reticulums.

12. Omasum
•Composes 7-8% of bovine stomach.
•Works to remove water from the food (absorbs mostly
water).
•Absorbs fatty acids.

13. Abomasum
•composes 7-8% of stomach in mature animals and 70% in
young animals.
•Glandular Stomach (true stomach).
•Functions similarly to a monogastric stomach.
•Secretes digestive juices.
•Breaks down food stuff further for absorption.
•Absorbs some nutrients.

14. Small Intestine
•connects stomach to large intestine
•food nutrients absorbed into blood
•contains bile and pancreatic juices
•pushes food through by muscle contractions

Large Intestine
•Contains Cecum, Colon and Rectum
–Cecum: sac at junction of small intestine and large
intestine
–Colon and rectum: at end of system
•not as long as small intestine, but larger in diameter
•water and some nutrient absorption occurs here
•where residue solidifies before excretion

16. Ruminant Differences

1. Esophageal Groove

•By passes reticulum and rumen in young animals

17. 2. Rumination

•Chew their cud (food bolus)
•Up to 8 hours/day
•About 30 times/day
–To decrease particle size for microbes
–To increases saliva production to buffer rumen

18. 3. Eructation (Belching)

•CO2 and Methane gas are produced: Source of GHG!
•Fermented by microbial population in the rumen
•Rumen contracts and forces gas out
•Bloat can result if ruminant doesn’t eruct!

19. B. Monogastric Digestive System
Characterized by inability to digest
roughage efficiently
Example: Human, Pigs

20. Mouth
•has upper and lower incisors
•digestive enzymes secreted which breaks down
nutrients

Esophagus
•connects mouth to stomach

21. Stomach
•secretes Hydrochloric Acid to break down nutrients.
•enzymes such as pepsin also secreted here.
•churning action mixes food.

22. •Digestion:
–is mechanical, muscle contractions
–is chemical, enzymes soften and break down macromolecules of
food
–enzymes are catalysts, they start the chemical reactions
•Enzymes that break down food
–Gastric-break down proteins in stomach
–Liver and pancreatic-break down fats in small intestine
–Intestinal-break down carbohydrates and proteins in small
intestine

Small and large intestine
•function just as in ruminant systems.

24. C. Avian Digestive Systems
Characterized by several organs not
found in other species that are
adapted for grinding hard or encased
food
Example: Chicken, ducks, turkey

25. Mouth
•no teeth which leads to the saying “scarce as a hen’s
teeth!!”
•Salivation excretion moistens food

Esophagus
•has a modification called the “crop” which stores and
moistens food
•connects mouth and stomach

26. Stomach
•Contains two parts
oProventriculus: same as monogastric stomach and
provides digestive excretions.
oGizzard: located after proventriculus, very muscular,
used to grind food

27. Small Intestine
•similar functions as in ruminants and monogastric
systems

Large Intestine
•similar functions as in ruminants and monogastric
systems
•“cloaca”: chamber into which urinary and genital
canals open
•“ceca”: aids in fiber digestion and absorption

29. D. Equine Digestive Systems
Characterized by non-ruminant
animals that consume and digest
feeds high in fiber
Example: Horse, Rabbit

30. Mouth
•intact top and bottom incisors
•molars adapted to chewing fibrous feeds
•no digestive enzymes in saliva

Esophagus
•not well adapted for regurgitation
•connects mouth and stomach

31. Stomach
•similar to monogastric system

Small intestine
•similar to monogastric and ruminant systems
•no gall bladder to store bile
•enlarged cecum to aid in fiber breakdown

Large Intestine
•similar to monogastric systems
•cecum (at junction of small and large intestines) and colon take up
most of the volume of the equine digestive system

33. In Conclusion…

34. Any Question?