Lecture 7 Sand crack, seedy toe, fractures of third phalanx, pedal osteitis, and sole penetration. Canker, thrush and corn.pptx

Equine foot affections and treatment

1. Unit 6 Lecture 7 Dr jasmeet singh khosa

2. Equine foot affections and treatment

3. Context: Sand crack Seedy toe Fracture of pedal bone Pedal osteitis Canker Thrush Corn Foot abscess Contracted heel

4. 1.Hoof crack Cracks in the wall of the hoof Dry feet /atmosphere Repetitive behavior ie -kicking at hard ground, walls Poor Nutrition Se toxicity, biotin deficiency Trauma

5. What causes hoof cracks? Grass cracks usually occur in unbalanced and/or dry brittle feet and are predisposed by overlong hoof walls, that can lead to traumatic injury. Sand cracks usually occur following traumatic injury to the coronary band or as a result of abnormal stress at the coronary band caused by unbalanced feet

6. Types 1. Ground proximally 2. Coronary band distally Sand crack

7. Hoof cracks/ sand cracks Vertical Transverse

8. Quarter cracks . They typically originate at the coronary band in the quarter of the hoof and progress distally

9. Treatment Hoof dressing to rehydrate Trimming and Balancing foot Debridement and ASD Shoeing (straight bar or full bar) DIAGNOSIS: Physically Hoof tester Regional anesthesia Sand crack

10. Treatment Wiring Fiber cast

11. 2. seedy toe, White Line Disease Widened white line Separation of the hoof from the sensitive lamina usually at the toe Etiology: Squeal to chronic laminitis Puncture wound of white line “gravel”

12. Clinical signs Hollow sound on tapping the wall Separation of wall seen over toe on ground surface Low grade acute lameness seedy toe

13. TREATMENT: ASD Wide web aluminium (WWA) shoes Remove wall over affected area if lesion is extensive Poor prognosis

14. 3. Fracture of pedal bone/ third phallanx Etiology: Trauma Types: Articlular fracture, non articular fracture, extensor process fracture Clinical signs : Acute non weight bearing lameness, increase digital pulse , heat in hoof Diagnosis: Clinical findings Hoof tester Pastern block Radiography

15. Type I - Non articular fractures of palmar or plantar process of the bone Type II - oblique articular fracture from distal interphalangeal joint to solar margin of the bone Type III - mid sagittal articular fracture that divide the distal phalanx in two equal parts Type IV - fracture of the extensor process Type V - comminuted fracture or secondary to foreign body penetration Type VI - Non articular fracture of the solar and parietal cortices Type VII - Non articular fractures of palmar or plantar process of the bone in foals

16. treatment Immobilize fracture and prevent expansion of hoof wall Rest Compression lag screw ( articular fracture) Digital neurectomy Fracture of pedal bone/ third phallanx

17. 4. Pedal osteitis Common in horses on hard surface Repeated concussion Shoe pressing on sole Laminitis Punctured wound Navicular disease Demineralization of P3

18. Clinical signs Lameness Shuffling gait –walking on hot bricks Diagnosis: Radiography: Demineralization of P3 Treatment: Rest Remove inciting cause Analgesics PEDAL OSTEITIS

19. 5 CANKER  Infectious process of the equine foot  Chronic hypertrophic, moist pododermatitis of tissues

20. CANKER - ETIOLOGY  Etiology unknown.  For the longest time, presumed to be anaerobic infection:  Fusobacterium necrophorum  Bacteroides  Other anaerobic organisms  Recent paper identifying bovine papillomavirus (2011)

21. CANKER – CLINICAL SIGNS  Often a fetid odor  Lesion bleeds easily when abraded  Mild lesion - area of focal granulation tissue in frog  Severe lesion - frog has ragged, filamentous appearance  Proliferative frog with small finger like papillae of soft, off white material that is “cauliflower” like  Epidermis of frog is friable ottage cheese” like.

22. CANKER – CLINICAL SIGNS  Early stages, not associated with lameness, as disease is isolated to superficial epidermis  Clinical signs (lameness) increase once lesion becomes diffuse, involves other structures of foot  Extremely painful when pressure applied!  Sometimes is best indicator of canker. CANKER - HISTOLOGY  Histologic Diagnosis:  Proliferative papillary hyperplasia of epidermis  Pathogenesis:  infection -> dyskeratosis -> creates filamentous “fronds” of hypertrophic horn

23. CANKER - TREATMENT  O‟Grady‟s Four Principles of Successful Treatment:  1. Early recognition  2. Debridement  3. Routine topical treatment  4. Keep wound clean & dry omotes cornification

24. CANKER - DEBRIDEMENT  Instruments for debridement:  Scalpel blade  Electrocautery in cut mode  CO2 Laser  Follow with cryotherapy:  Liquid nitrogen most common  Freeze area until it becomes hard – let it thaw – then freeze one more time

25. CANKER – TOPICAL MEDS  Systemic antibiotics not warranted  Lesions resolve with topical only application  Topical Options:  Chloramphenicol  Metronidazole powder  2% metronidazole ointment  Ketoconazole/rifampin/DMSO mix  10% benzoyl peroxide in acetone and metronidazole powder

26. 6. THR USH  Bacterial infection of the frog

27. CA U S ES  THRUSH

28. Clinical signs Foul-smelling, Black , clay-like material in the area su rrounding the frog THRUSH

29. TREATMENT AND PEVENTION  - Clean hooves regularly Improve sanitation and keep horse's feet dry Use a drying agent if necessary Ensure tetanus vaccination is up to date THRUSH

30. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION Hoof trimming to remove affected wall Daily flushing with betadine Medications to kill fungus and bacteria Keep hoof clean and dry Prompt treatment of any other hoof condition Proper nutrition Good sanitation THRUSH

31. Canker Thrush Invades horn of frog anywhere. limited to lateral and medial sulci , central sulci or base of frog (if fissure present) Proliferation of tissue Loss of tissue Canker is often misdiagnosed initially as thrush  Sometimes mild lesions are not very distinct, visually  If treating thrush and lesion not resolving with routine treatment… = be suspicious of canker

32. CORN  A corn is a bruise that involves the tissues of the sole  Specifically at the angle formed by the wall and bar  Occur more commonly on the medial angle on the forelimbs, however occasionally are seen in the hind  If the bruised (corn) site becomes infected -> abscess

33. CORN - TYPES  Corns are divided into 3 categories: Dry Red stains, may not have any clinical significance 2. Moist Serum accumulates beneath injured epidermis May cause mild lameness 3. Suppurative Infected Usually more severe lameness

34. CORN - ETIOLOGY  Corns caused by:  Pressure from horse shoe  If shoe left on too long, heel may overgrow the shoe  Creates selective pressure on the sole at the angle of the wall and bar  Application of a shoe that is one half to one full size too small can also increase pressure  Stone wedged between shoe and sole

35. CORN – CLINICAL SIGNS  Variable  Varying degrees of lameness  Usually mild to moderate  If acute or infected  May get warmth in hoof wall  Increased digital pulse often present

36. DIAGNOSIS  History and visualizing lesion  If lesion not apparent….  Shoe should be removed and exfoliating sole removed  Hoof testing parallel to sole of the foot will sometimes cause a more significant pain response (vs . perpendicular) TREATMENT Remove source of trauma Rest from hea vy work Shoeing: pull shoe  Can also place frog support that will absorb concussion that would normally distribute to the corn site  Prognosis: Excellent

37. Abscess Infection of the soft portion of the hoof Result of a punctured wound or injury

38. Abscess

39. Clinical signs: Lameness with sever pain May see dark spot on hoof Some abscess may open and drain Abscess

40. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION  Abscess will need to be opened to allow drainage  Antibiotics for deeper abscesses  Severe abscesses may require long-term treatment with regular dressing changes  Good hoof care to prevent cracks and injuries, including topical protection Abscess

41. Contracted heel The heel narrows such that the width at the base of the frog is less than 2/3 rd width of the widest part of the hoof

42. CA U S ES Poor conformation - genetics Dry environment leading to loss of moisture in hoof Improper shoeing or poor hoof trimming Lack of exercise Contracted heel

43. CLINICAL SIGNS  - The width at the base of the frog is less than 2/3 the width of the widest part of the hoof - Can often lead to other hoof problems Contracted heel

44. TREATMENT AND PREVENTION  Proper hoof trimming (may take months of regular trimming to resolve) and, if necessary, corrective shoeing Restore hoof moisture Proper hoof trimming and shoeing Providing adequate exercise    Contracted heel

45. General Principles of hoof care/ treatment Hygiene Regular hoof picking Regular and proper trimming- Hoof balance Thrush powder application Use of poultice Hoof dressings materials- Formalin, Tincture of iodine, carbolic acid etc Strengthening of hoof horn- Minearl mixture ( Equisac etc), Ferrier Formula: Zinc sulfate, Vit B+C+E,H, Yeasac . Prevent drying Exercise Proper bedding

46. Thank you