Lecture health system management ntroduction.ppt

introduction to HSM

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HPP 3426/NNH3302/HPH 3417/HPR3454:
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH GEOGRAPHIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS (45
HOURS)
By
DR JANE RUTTO

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Purpose of the Course
The purpose of the course is to impart student with knowledge
and skills on Geographic Information Systems and their
application healthcare.
Expected Learning Outcomes
At the end of the course, the student should have be able:
Explain the principles of GIS and remote sensing
Examine the components of GIS.
Apply GIS in data capture, analysis from geo-referenced field
data to solve health system challenges
Analyse the innovations in the field of GIS

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Course Content
Principles of geographic information systems (GIS): Definitions
of GIS and remote sensing, GIS and remote sensing evolution
and historical development, application of GIS and remote
sensing in in health systems.
Components of GIS: components of GIS and remote sensing,
mapping and remote sensing as data sources, spatial data
structures, nature and accuracy of geo-referenced data, GIS
functions; data capture and editing, data analysis, information
presentation, historical overview of the intersection between
geography and public and environmental health.

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Course Content
GIS applications in identifying public and environmental health
problems and analysis of data for which the location and other
spatial attributes are considered important (e.g. incidence of a
specific disease condition in relation to a pollution source),
landscape epidemiology GIS, Setting up a GIS, Intensive hands-
on practices with the most widely used GIS software package
(ArcGIS), open source Quantum-GIS, Collection geospatial data
using Global positioning System (GPS) and topo sheets,
experiential learning and relevant computer software package
(thematic mapping of health needs observed in the field).
Innovations in GIS: analyze innovations in the field of GIS and
remote sensing applicable in health care, current trends in GIS,
future of GIS.

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Mode of Delivery
Lectures, self-directed learning, group discussions, individual and
group assignments, problem based learning, presentations field
visits.
Instructional Materials and Equipment
LCD projector, computer, case study materials, Internet,
whiteboard, GIS gadgets
Course Assessment
Continuous Assessments Tests 30%
End of Semester Examinations 70%
Total 100%

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Core Reading Materials
Boscoe, F.P.(2013). Geographical Health Data: Fundamental
Techniques for Analysis. (1
st
Edition). CABI
Cromley, E.K. & McLafferty, S.L. (2011). GIS and Public Health.
(2
nd
Edition). The Guilford Press
Longley, P.A. & Goodchild, M.F. (2015). Geographic Information
Science and Systems. (4
th
Edition). Wiley
International Journal of Remote sensing ISSN 0143-1161
print/ISSN 1366-5901
Recommended Reading Materials
Kang-tsung, C. (2010). Introduction to Geographic Information
Systems. (5th Edition). McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Toronto
Applied Spatial Analysis and Policy ISSN: 1874-463X
 

7. What is environment?
• All that is external to the individual human host
• Environment provides the food people eat, the water they drink,
the air they breathe, the energy they command, the plague and
pests they combat and the mountain, seas, lakes, streams,
plants and animals that they enjoy and depend upon
• Physical, biological, social, cultural and other dimensions of the
environment commonly interact and influence the health status
of individuals and populations
(Definition: Dictionary of Epidemiology, IEA)

8. The Environment
The environment is an important part of the overall
picture of human life and behavior.
Environment has many influences- biological, physical
social and economic- all have influence on how people
live and behave.
In turn, the way people live and behave determine
diseases from which they suffer and how effectively
health services work.
DR. RUTTO J.J. 8

9. Environment and Diseases
Vector borne Diseases: Many infectious diseases that are
transmitted by arthropods vectors - linked to landscape
features and climate
Climate and vegetation affect vector distribution and
abundance
Landscape epidemiology concept seeks to elucidate links
between exposure risk and disease that are spatially
dependent
Challenges in infectious diseases epidemiology is obtaining up
to date information on environmental conditions acting as
risk factors
DR. RUTTO J.J. 9

10. GIS & natural resource management
•The real world has a lot of spatial data
•◦ manipulation, analysis and modeling can be effective and efficiently carried
out with a GIS
•Nearly all resource management problems are spatial in nature or have a
strong spatial component
•Most natural resources are tied to a particular place
•the earth surface is a limited resource
•- rational decisions on space utilization
•- fast and quality information in decision making
•Knowledge of the properties of a place is crucial to understanding of the place
•The fundamental problem that we face in many uses of GIS is that of
understanding phenomena that have (a) a geographic dimension , as well as
(b) a temporal dimension . We are facing ‘spatio-temporal’ problems.

11. Environment
People are affected by their environment- live in places where
vectors thrive
People change their environment- draining swamps- Mosquitoes
DR. RUTTO J.J. 11

12. Vector
• An insect or any living carrier that transports an
infectious agent from an infected individual or its
wastes to an susceptible individual
• The organism may or may not pass
developmental cycle within the vector

13. Vector Borne Diseases
• Human illnesses caused by parasites, viruses
and bacteria that are transmitted by mosquitoes,
sandflies, triatomine bugs, blackflies, ticks, tsetse
flies, mites, snails and lice

14. Vector borne diseases
• Mosquitoes
• Aedes: Chikungunya, Dengue fever, Rift Valley fever, Yellow
fever, Zika
• Anopheles: Malaria, Lymphatic filariasis
• Culex: Japanese encephalitis, Lymphatic filariasis, West Nile
fever
• Sandflies:
• Leishmaniasis, Sandfly fever (phelebotomus fever)

15. Vector borne Diseases …
• Ticks:
• Crimean-Congo haemorrhagic fever, Lyme disease, Relapsing
fever (borreliosis), Rickettsial diseases (spotted fever and Q fever),
Tick-borne encephalitis, Tularaemia,
• Fleas:
• Plague (transmitted by fleas from rats to humans), Rickettsiosis
• Lice:
• Typhus and louse-borne relapsing fever

16. Vector Borne Diseases …
• Triatomine bugs:
• Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis)
• Tsetse flies:
• Sleeping sickness (African trypanosomiasis)
• Black flies:
• Onchocerciasis (river blindness)
• Aquatic snails:
• Schistosomiasis (bilharziasis)

17. Burden of VBDs
• Vector-borne diseases account for more than 17% of all
infectious diseases, causing more than 7,00,000 deaths
annually.
• More than 3.9 billion people in over 128 countries are at risk of
contracting dengue, with 96 million cases estimated per year.
• Malaria causes more than 4,00,000 deaths every year globally,
most of them children under 5 years of age.
• Other diseases such as Chagas disease, leishmaniasis and
schistosomiasis affect hundreds of millions of people worldwide

18. M
a
l
a
r
i
a
C
a
s
e
s
(
i
n
M
i
l
l
i
o
n
s
)
D
e
a
t
h
s
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
3.5
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
Malaria Cases and Deaths in India: 1995 - 2014
P.falciparum cases (million)
Axis Title
Total Malaria Cases (million)
Deaths due to malaria

19. N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f
C
a
s
e
s
D
e
a
t
h
s
300
250
200
150
100
50
0
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017*
Dengue Cases and Deaths in India: 2010 – 2017*
Cases Deaths

20. N
u
m
b
e
r

o
f
C
a
s
e
s
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
20102011201220132014201520162017*
Chikungunya Cases in India: 2010 - 2017*
Cases

21. Epidemiological Triad
Agent
Mosquitoes
Sand fly
Viruses
Bacteria
Protozoans
Nematodes
“ Vectors ”
Hosts
Vertebrates – Humans, horses, rodents, birds,
& reptiles
Environment
Temperature, humidity, rainfall

22. Vectorial Capacity
• The potential for a population of mosquitoes to
transmit of a vector borne disease like malaria
(Vectorial Capacity) is determined by :
• ratio of mosquitoes : humans
• mosquito bites /day
• daily mosquito survival probability
• parasite extrinsic incubation period
• vector competence

23. Life Cycle of Plasmodium

24. Environmental Factors in VBDs
• Importance of ecological factors in the
emergence of VBDs: Early 1935
• “need to have a thorough knowledge of breeding
places and habits and to apply the most suitable
methods to the situation ” – Klinger

25. Environmental Factors related to VBDs
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Deforestation
Agriculture and animal husbandry
Water control projects
Urbanization
Loss of biodiversity
Introduction of alien species
Climate change

26. Deforestation
• Altered vegetation
• Introduction of livestock
• Development of human settlements
• Loss of biodiversity
• Forest related activities: Exposure to vectors of
Malaria, Yellow fever, Leishmaniasis

27. Deforestation
• Creation of ecological niches favourable for vector
proliferation
• Water puddles in deforested land have lower acidity and
salinity favourable for breeding of certain species of
Anopheles
• Increased Malaria transmission in deforested areas due to
altered biting habits of Anopheles spp: Amazon
• Black fly vectors of Savannah cause severe form than black
fly vectors of forest region

28. Agriculture and Animal husbandry
• Availability of farm animals
• Additional feeding options leading to growth of vector
population and in turn increased frequency of frequent
feeding on humans
• Potential reservoir hosts resulting in wide spread
disease
• Eg: Transmission of JE in SE Asia and western Pacific

29. Rice fields: Environmental Niche for
Japanese Encephalitis

30. Agricultural and Animal Husbandry
• Changes in land cover effects micro climates
• Eg: Replacement of swamp vegetation by agricultural
land causes raise in temperatures leading to increased
risk of Malaria

31. Water Control Projects
• Dams and Canals: Breeding sites for mosquitoes
• Eg: Emergence of Plasmodium falciparum malaria in the
Thar Desert of India coincided with the construction of
irrigation canals
• Outbreak of schistosomiasis affecting thousands of people
occurred after the construction of the Diama Dam on the
Senegal River
• Settlers can inadvertently bring infection to the
community who might have had little or no immunity

32. Urbanisation
• Direct effects by conversion of natural habitat into
human settlements
• Indirect effects by waste generation
• Expanding cities encroaching upon neighboring
environments may increase exposure to some
vectors and nonhuman hosts of vector borne
diseases. Eg: Yellow fever, trypanosomiasis, and
Kyasanur Forest disease

33. Urbanisation
• Migrants to new areas may lack immunity to the prevalent
endemic vector borne diseases
• Migrants may introduce new pathogens and vectors to
their resettled locations
• Inadequate clearance of standing water collected in used
containers and tires etc, facilitating mosquito vector
reproduction. Eg: Dengue, yellow fever
• Eg: Spread of visceral Leishmaniasis from rural to urban
areas in Brazil

34. Loss of Biodiversity
• The threats to biodiversity from human activities include
stratospheric ozone depletion; pollution; introduction of
invasive species ; global warming; and most important,
habitat degradation
• Reduction in global biodiversity is likely to contribute to
vector borne disease transmission
• Biodiversity protects against VBDs because of dilution effect
• Eg: Low incidence of Lyme disease in areas with high biodiversity

35. Introduction of Alien Species
• Introduction of non indigenous species because
of air and sea travel
• Eg: Aedes albopictus in America
• A.albopictus was implicated as a vector of the
chikungunya virus on several Indian Ocean
islands involved in a 2006 chikungunya fever
outbreak

36. Climatic Factors Influencing VBDs
• Temperature
• Relative Humidity
• Rainfall

37. El Nino Phenomenon
• The El Nino phenomenon, cycling with a frequency of
every 2-7 years
• Strongestdriver of weather variability in many
regions of the world
• Resulting in drought in some regions of the world and
flooding in others
• ElNino-Triggersnaturaldisasters&related
outbreaks of infectious diseases (Malaria, Cholera)

38. Climate Change
• A statistically significant difference noted either in
the mean state of the climate or in its variability,
persisting for an extended period (decades or
longer)

40. Climate Change and VBDs
• For many diseases minimum tempartures lie in the range
14 – 18 o C at the lower end and 35 – 40 o C at the upper end
• Warming in the lower range has a significant and non-
linear impact on the extrinsic incubation periodand
consequently disease transmission, while, at the upper
end, transmission could cease
• At around 30 – 32
o
C, vectorial capacity can increase
owing to a reduction in the extrinsic incubation period,
despite a reduction in the vector ’s survival rate.

41. Climate change and VBDs
• Increased precipitation has the potential to
increase the number and quality of breeding sites
for vectors such as mosquitoes, ticks and snails,
and the density of vegetation, affecting the
availability of resting sites
• Small change in larval diet leads to 45-fold
difference in transmission potential

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Elevation: Data source: Division of Engineering Geology (ITC)

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Geography is the study of how the world differs from place
to place.
Geography uses a spatial, or geospatial perspective,
meaning it focuses on place and space, looking at what,
where and why phenomena occur.
For example: where are diseases found, how are diseases
related to the environment, and where do people go to seek
health care.
Geographers use a variety of tools to study these topics
such as maps, statistics, and Geographic Information
Systems (GIS).
Geography

44. Jsen, 2007
Interaction Model Depicting the Relationships of the Mapping Sciences as they Interaction Model Depicting the Relationships of the Mapping Sciences as they
relate to Mathematics and Logic, and the Physical, Biological, and Social Sciencesrelate to Mathematics and Logic, and the Physical, Biological, and Social Sciences
Physical Sciences
Biological
Sciences
DR. RUTTO J.J. 44

45. GIS-Map presentations over time
•The main vehicle used to communicate spatial data is a map
•A map is a product of science and technology, but also an art.
•Changes in mapping have largely been driven by culture, need and
technology
•Maps influence people’s perception of space. This influence is partly
because of convention and partly because of the graphics used.
•People understand the world differently, express this understanding
differently in maps, and gain different understanding from the maps
•Cartography over time
•Development of geometrical concepts by Greek scholars occurred around
200 AD & in Medival times (13TH CENTURY) - Manual & Magnetic methods
•Technology change was brought about by Western science in the dark ages
(16th-17th Century) - Optical &Photochemical methods.
•Today; Electronic cartography is being used
DR. RUTTO J.J. 45

46. What is GIS and why it matters?
Almost everything happens somewhere and in most cases, knowing where some things
happen is critically important.
Examples:
•Position of country boundaries
•Location of hospitals
•Routing delivery vehicles
•Management of forest stands
•Allocation of funds for sea defenses
•Disease distribution
•Traffic
Geographical Information Systems are a special class of information systems that keep track
not only of events, activities, and things, but also of where these events, activities, and things
happen or exist.
Geographic location is an important attribute of activities, policies, strategies, and plans.
Geographic problems involve an aspect of location, either in the information used to solve
them, or in the solutions themselves.
 

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Working with geographic data:
Data preparation and entry The early stage in which data
about the study phenomenon is collected and prepared to be
entered into the system.
Data analysis The middle stage in which collected data is
carefully reviewed, and, for instance, attempts are made to
discover patterns.
Data presentation The
final stage in which the results of
earlier analysis are presented in an appropriate way.
•

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• Urbanization & Transportation
◦ Updating road maps
◦ Asphalt conditions
◦Wetland delineation
•Agriculture
◦ Crop health analysis
◦ Precision agriculture
◦ Compliance mapping
◦ Yield estimation
•Natural Resource Management
◦Habitat analysis
◦ Environmental assessment
◦ disaster management and mitigation
◦ Pest/disease outbreaks/scenario study
◦ Impervious surface mapping
◦ Lake monitoring
◦ Hydrology
◦ Land use-Land cover monitoring/resource assessment/ change detection
◦ Mineral /suitability analysis
◦ Geomorphology
APPLICTION OF GIS AND RS

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Application of GIS
•Locating underground pipes & cables, planning facility
•maintenance, telecommunication network services
• Street Network:
• Locating houses and streets, car navigation, transportation
planning
•Planning and Engineering:
•Urban planning, regional planning, development of public facilities
•Land Information:
•Taxation, zoning of land use, land acquisition

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51. WHAT IS A GIS?
•A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer-
based system for the storage, retrieval, manipulation,
analysis, and display of geographic data
–Computer-based system refers to the hardware,
software, and procedures necessary to operate the GIS
–Geographic data are data which vary over geographic
space
–Storage, retrieval, manipulation, analysis, and display
are the “tools” provided by GIS software for processing
geographic data
DR. RUTTO J.J. 51

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GIS is a computer system for capture, storage, retrieval, analysis and
display of spatial data.
Components of GIS
(i)Data Input System
Collects and processes spatial data from existing sources e.g maps, remote
sensing data, images etc.
Data can be collected through digitizing, scanning, interactive entry etc.
ii)Data storage and retrieval
Organizes spatial data and allows for quick retrieval and updates i.e.
editing data
iii) Data analysis and manipulation
Allows for changing form of data, simulation, modeling, spatial, temporal
comparison etc. 
Geographical Information System

53. What is Geographical information system (GIS)?
•A major part of human activity and decision-making has a direct
or indirect relation to space – a lot of data can more or less be
linked to a location on earth (geographically referenced). In a
GIS we can combine geographic data (or shortly called geodata)
with other types of information.
•Geographic (referenced) data: Data that includes information on
the shape, size, exact location, etc. of an object, e.g. x, y and z
•(altitude) coordinates of a church i.e Linking data to a
geographic location.
DR. RUTTO J.J. 53

54. What is Geographical information system (GIS)?
•GIS allows you to link databases and maps to create dynamic
displays. Additionally, it provides tools to visualize, query, and
overlay those databases in ways not possible with traditional
spreadsheets.
•GIS are increasingly used as a decision support system for
instance to identify areas where trypanosomosis negative
effects on development etc
•These abilities distinguish GIS from other information systems,
and make it valuable to a wide range of public and private
enterprises for explaining events, predicting outcomes, and
planning strategies.
DR. RUTTO J.J. 54

55. WHAT IS GIS????
DR. RUTTO J.J. 55

56. 56
•Hardware
–Computer System, Scanner, Printer, Plotter, Flat Board
•Software
–GIS software in use are MapInfo, ARC/Info, AutoCAD Map, etc. The software
available can be said to be application specific.
•Data
–A GIS will integrate spatial data with other data resources and can even use a
DBMS, used by most organization to maintain their data, to manage spatial data.
–Geographic data and related tabular data can be collected in-house or purchased
from a commercial data provider.
•People
–GIS users range from technical specialists who design and maintain.
•Method
–The map creation can either be automated raster to vector creator or it can be
manually victories using the scanned images.
Components

57. Components of GIS
HARDWARE
SOFTWARE
USERS
GIS PERSONNEL
GEOGRAPHIC
DATA
INTERNET
DR. RUTTO J.J.
A COMPLETE GIS INCLUDES THE FOLLOWING COMPONENTS

58. 58
•Data Capture
–Data sources are mainly obtained from manual digitization and
scanning of aerial photographs, paper maps, and existing digital data
sets.
•Database Management and Update
–data security, data integrity, and data storage and retrieval, and data
maintenance abilities, Query data
•Geographic Analysis
–The collected information is analyzed and interpreted qualitatively
and quantitatively.
•Preparing Result/Display data
–One of the most exciting aspects of GIS technology is the variety of
different ways in which the information can be presented.
Principle of the GIS

59. Spatial data and geoinformation
Another subtle difference exists between the terms data and information .
Most of the time, we use the two terms almost interchangeably, and
without the risk of being ambiguous.
By data , we mean representations that can be operated upon by a
computer.
More speci
fically,
by spatial data we mean data that contains positional
values.
Occasionally one will fi
nd
in the literature the more precise phrase
geospatial data as a further re
finement,
which then means spatial data that
is georeferenced.

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Spatial data and geoinformation
(Strictly speaking, spatial data that is not georeferenced can have positional
data unrelated to the Earth’s surface. Examples can be found in molecular
chemistry, in which the position of atoms in molecules are de
fined
relative to
each other, and in industrial design engineering, in which the parts of a car
engine are de
fined
relative to each other.)
By information , we mean data that has been interpreted by a human being.
Humans work with and act upon information, not data. Human perception
and mental processing leads to information, and hopefully understanding and
knowledge. One cannot expect a machine like a computer to ‘understand’ or
‘have knowledge’. Geoinformation is a speci
fic
type of information that
involves the interpretation of spatial data.

61. Non-spatial and spatial data
River Length
Nehalem 258761
N. Santiam 128433
Rogue 194639
Gauge Latitude Longitude
1 4242101244292
2 4568891238951
3 4468671230064
4 4401571241338

62. Role of GIS
• Monitor, display, and analyze situations.
•Develop early warning systems
•Plan and monitor response programs
•Communicate to decision makers and the public
•Improve response times and lead to better decisions.
Using GIS as a Decision support tool
‘’From mapping to understanding’’
1. Is there a PROBLEM?
2. Where is the problem? (location)
3. How much is the problem? (intensity)
4. What is the extent of the problem? (spatial dimension)
5. How often does the problem occur? {temporal}
DR. RUTTO J.J. 62
Example: GIS can be used to track the number and location, and of children who have been
immunized for various diseases in a particular community and answer the questions:
•Who has been immunized? •What have they been immunized for? •Where do they live?

63. Using GIS as a Decision support tool
1. What interventions are at hand?
2. How do you target correctly?
3. How do you deploy interventions?
4. How do you measure success of your interventions?
Decision support tool
1. How do you monitor actions?
2. How do you report results?
DR. RUTTO J.J. 63

64. DR. RUTTO J.J. 64
Geographic objects
When the geographic phenomenon is not present everywhere in the
study area, but somehow ‘sparsely’ populates it, we look at it in terms of
geographic objects .
Such objects are usually easily distinguished and named. Their position
in space is determined by a combination of one or more of the following
parameters:
• location (where is it?),
• shape (what form is it?),
• size (how big is it?), and
• orientation (in which direction is it facing?).

65. Representing Geographic Features:
How do we describe geographical features?
•by recognizing two types of data:
–Spatial data which describes location (where)
–Attribute data which specifies characteristics at that location
(what, how much, and when)
How do we represent these digitally in a GIS?
•by grouping into layers based on similar characteristics (e.g hydrography, elevation,
water lines, sewer lines, grocery sales) and using either:
–vector data model (coverage in ARC/INFO, shapefile in ArcView)
–raster data model (GRID or Image in ARC/INFO & ArcView)
•by selecting appropriate data properties for each layer with respect to:
– projection, scale, accuracy, and resolution
How do we incorporate into a computer application system?
•by using a relational Data Base Management System (DBMS)
•Satellite remote sensing
•Global positioning system (GPS)

66. GIS organizes data in a hierarchy of tables
A GIS provides tools for representing the real world as
data about locations
DR. RUTTO J.J. 66

67. DR. RUTTO J.J. 67

68. GIS Terminology
•Geocoding
–Append latitude and longitude to an address
•Centroid
–Center of a region
•Layer
–One type of geography on a map
•Features
–Anything on a map
•Attributes
–Characteristics of features
•Thematic mapping
–Visualization of feature attributes
DR. RUTTO J.J. 68

69. GIS Terminology
•Geographic data/geo-spatial data: data whose underlying reference
frame is the earth’s surface
•Database – an integrated set of data (attributes) on a particular
subject
•Geographic (=spatial) database - database containing geographic data
of a particular subject for a particular area
•Database Management System (DBMS) – software to create, maintain
and access databases
•Spatial dataSpatial data: : data with an associated spatial location (with respect to
a given reference frame
•Projections: Projections – Compensate for curvature of the earth
surface i.e. to transfer the sphere of any eclipse surface into a flat
surface, we use a map projection.
DR. RUTTO J.J. 69

70. (Geo)-Spatial data(Geo)-Spatial data
Examples:Examples:
Satellite images
Maps
Terrain data
Aerial photos

71. GIS Software
The most popular GIS software packages are:
• ESRI (ArcGIS, ArcView 3.0)
• MapInfo
• IDRISI
• Manifold
• Inter Graph Geo Media
• Small World
• GRASS
• MS MapPoint
• ERDAS Imagine
•ILWIS
•ER Mapper
•JTMaps (India)
•ENVI

72. Commonly Used GIS Programs
•Atlas GIS (ESRI)
•ArcView GIS (ESRI)
•ArcMap GIS (ESRI)
•ArcGIS (ESRI)
•ArcInfo GIS (ESRI)
•MapInfo (MapInfo)
DR. RUTTO J.J. 72
All packages must be capable of data input, storage,
management, transformation, analysis, and output, but the
appearance, methods, resources, and ease of use of the
various systems may be very different.

73. GIS software
•Several major packages
–ArcGIS, MGE Microstation, ERDAS Imagine
•Many smaller, less featured programs
–MapInfo, Geomedia, ArcView 3.2
•Evaluating a program is complicated
–Prices, capabilities, compatibility, support, user groups are all factors
that need to be carefully considered

74. Open (Source) GIS
►PostGIS, MySQL – Open Source DBMS – implement OGC standards
►OGC – Consortium of 482 Companies/Orgs – Define Open Standards
►OSGeo Found’n – Support develop’t of op’n source Geospatial software
►GRASS – Orig. US Army, now project of OS Geo
►GDAL (Conversion), GEOS (Geometry), rasdaman (rasters)
►Quantum GIS (QGIS) – Another OSGeo Project
–MapServer export, OpenStreetMap editor, Run GRASS datasets/tools within
►MapTiler (uses GDAL2Tiles) – Create OpenLayers/Google Maps Tilesets

75. GIS Software
•Open source GIS
GRASS GIS
DR. RUTTO J.J. 75
•MapWindow GIS: http://www.mapwindow.org/
•ILWIS: http://52north.org/communities/ilwis

76. Basic Cartographic concepts
•Map Design
–Cartographic standards
–Generalization
–Graphic Variables
–Use of Color
–Classification of Data
–Methods of Mapping

77. Cartographic standards
•Basic Map Elements
–Administrative boundaries
•Either Black or Grey
•Higher Administrative unit the thicker the line
–Roads
•Red
•Tracks dashed lines (light red/brown)
–Rivers and Lakes
•Blue
•Streams dashed lines light blue
–What do you think Forested land should symbolized

78. Generalization
 
Maps contain a certain level of detail depending
upon its scale and purpose.
Map Design
Generalization is done normally
when the map scale has to be
reduced. However, the essence
of the contents of original map
should be maintained. This
implies maintaining geometric
and attribute accuracy as well as
the presentation quality of the
map.
The process of reducing the amount of detail in a map in a
meaningful way is called generalization.
Source: ICIMOD 2000

79. Size
Value
Texture
Colour
Orientation
Shape
Map Design
Graphic Variables
The differences in the graphic
character of symbols give
different perceptions to the map
reader. These graphic
characteristics are termed as
graphic variables which can be
summarised as size, Lightness or
grey value, Grain or texture,
Colour, Orientation, and Shape or
form.
Source: ICIMOD 2000

80. Use of Colour
 
Colour perception has psychological, physiological and
conventional aspects.
It has been noted that it is difficult to perceive colour in small
areas, and more contrast is perceived between some colours
than between others.
In addition to distinguishing nominal categories, colour
differences are also used to show deviations or gradation.
Hue
Saturation
Intensity
Source: ICIMOD 2000

81. Mapping Methods
•standardized ways of applying graphic variables for rendering
information components
•based on the measurement scale and nature of the
distribution of objects
Chromatic maps:
Renders Categories of
areas with different
colours. This for
nominal scale,
Development Regions of Nepal
Source: ICIMOD 2000

82. Access to safe drinking water
Choropleth maps:
Values are calculated for
area and expressed as
stepped surface, showing
a series of values. The
order between the classes
can be seen.
Isoline maps:
Isoline maps represent
continuous phenomena.
Isolines connect the points
with an equal value and
show the trends.
Annual precipitation
Mapping Methods
Source: ICIMOD 2000

83. Nominal point data:
Nominal data represented
by symbols that are
different in shape,
orientation or colour.
Absolute proportional
method: Discrete absolute
values for point locations
or areas are represented
by proportional symbols.
Major Airports
No. of Biogas Plants
Mapping Methods
Source: ICIMOD 2000

84. Diagram maps:
Diagrams are used in the
maps to allow
comparisons between
figures or to visualize
temporal trends.
Dot maps:
Dot maps represent point
data through symbols.
Each dot denote the same
quantity. Eg. One Dot =
One thousand people.
Population distribution
Mapping Methods
Source: ICIMOD 2000

85. Flowline maps:
Simulate movement using
arrow symbols. Arrows
indicate route and
direction of flows and
volume is shown by the
relative thickness of the
arrow shaft.
Statistical surfaces:
Three dimensional
representation of
qualitative data such as
used in choropleth and
isoline maps.
Migration trend
Population growth rate
Mapping Methods
Source: ICIMOD 2000

86. Geographical distribution of Sleeping sickness in Kenya (1977 to
2012)

Source: Rutto et al , 2012Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and Technology03/08/25 86

87. Mapping of Diseases, disease agents and geographical
location

88. Source: Rutto, 2014

89. Choropleth Map: Correlation of sleeping sickness human population and livestock
numbers risk in western Kenya (Rutto and Karuga; J Vector Borne Dis 46, March 2009,
pp. 18–25
Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25 89
Mapping through attribute query

90. Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25 90

91. Applications Using Remote Sensing for Data Acquisition
•Left: Landsat TM images of Mexico Coastal Plain from July 1991 showing
the wet season, and the landscape is mostly green. Right: Landsat TM
images of the same Mexico Coastal Plain from March 1992. In the spring
season, much of this area is dry and is purple in this image (right)

92. Source: Rutto 2011, PhD Thesis
Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25 92

93. Source: Rutto 2011, PhD Thesis
Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25

94. Data Types
►Vector – Discrete Entities within space
–Points
–Lines
–Polygons
►Raster – Continuous Field/Surface across space
–Elevation
–pH
–Rainfall

95. Attributes
►Vector – Multiple Attributes (Properties)
–Attributes are of each feature (point, line, poly)
►Raster – Single Attribute (Value) e.g. pH
–Each cell has a different value of this attribute
–BUT! Can also have in turn Value Attributes e.g.
1 = Acid, 7 = Neutral, 14 = Alkaline
–BUT! Again only one per value!

96. Allows user to specify specific spatial locations and assumes that geographic
space is continuous, not broken up into discrete grid squares
-Stores features as sets of X,Y coordinate pairs
Vector
Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25 96

97. Stores images as rows and columns of numbers with a Digital Value/Number
(DN) for each cell
Units are usually represented as square grid cells that are uniform in size
Data are classified as “continuous” or “thematic”
Numerous data formats (e.g., TIFF, GIF, ERDAS)
Raster
Choropleth Maps
Classifies areas into categories based on values of one or
more variables
Most common method of mapping health data
Rutto J.J. Meru University of Science and
Technology
03/08/25 97

98. Overlay – Point in Polygon
►Which district has the most
towns?
–Count the number of town
points in each district poly
►In which district does this
town lie?
–Attribute (verb) each town with
the name of the district
polygon in which it falls
►Points 'lie on top' of solid
coloured polys in our stack