Lecture on human computer interaction.pdf

HCI note

1. ABOUT ME
MATTHEW COBBINAH
0547900989
[email protected]
[email protected]

2. COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE
(COA)

3. RECOMMENDED BOOK
WILLIAM, STALLINGS. "COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE: DESIGNING FOR PERFORMANCE." (2010).

4. ASSESSMENT:
1.Classtest=15mks
2.Assignment(s)-=20mks
3.Attendance-=5mks
4.FinalExam=60mks
TOTAL(1+2+3+4)=100mks

5. PART 1
OVERVIEW OF COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND ARCHITECTURE

6. WHAT IS COMPUTER DESIGN?
Computerdesignmeanschangingthestructureorfunctionof
computersinoneareatocompensateforaperformancemismatch
inanotherarea.

7. WHAT IS A COMPUTER SYSTEM?
Acomputersystem,likeanysystem,consistsofaninterrelatedset
ofcomponents.
Thesystemisbestcharacterizedintermsofstructure—theway
inwhichcomponentsareinterconnected,andfunction—the
operationoftheindividualcomponents.

8. WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION?
Computerorganizationreferstotheoperationalunitsandtheir
interconnectionsthatrealizethearchitecturalspecifications.
Isthewaythehardwarecomponentsareinter-connectedtoformacomputer
system.
ExamplesofComputerOrganizationAttributes:
Controlsignals
Interfacesbetweenthecomputerandperipherals
Memorytechnologybeingused

9. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
Referstothoseattributesthathaveadirectimpactonthelogical
executionofaprogram.
Italsoreferstothoseattributesofasystemvisibletoa
programmer
ItisoftenusedinterchangeablywithInstructionSet
Architecture(ISA).

10. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
TheISAdefinesinstructionformats,instructionopcodes,registers,
instructionanddatamemory;theeffectofexecutedinstructionson
theregistersandmemory;andanalgorithmforcontrolling
instructionexecution.

11. WHAT IS COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE?
ExamplesofComputerArchitectureAttributes:
Instructionset
Numberofbitsusedtorepresentvariousdatatypes(e.g.numbers,
characters)
I/Omechanisms
Memoryaddressingtechniques

12. SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE?
COAisastudyaboutthestructureandfunctionofcomputers.
(i.e.,thenatureandcharacteristicsofmodern-daycomputersystems)
COAismeanttoprovidethoroughdiscussionofthefundamentals
ofcomputerorganizationandarchitectureandtorelatetheseto
contemporarydesignissues.

13. SO WHAT IS COMPUTER ORGANIZATION AND
ARCHITECTURE?...
COA:concernedwiththestructureandbehaviorofvarious
functionalmodules(hardware&software)ofadigitalcomputerand
howtheyinteracttomeetusers’requirements.

14. COA
Forexample;
Itisanarchitecturaldesignissuewhetheracomputerwillhaveanadd
instruction.
Butitisanorganizationaldesignissuewhetherthatinstructionwillbe
implementedbyaspecialaddunit
So,thefactthatanaddinstructionisavailableisacomputerarchitectureissue,
andhowthataddinstructionisimplementedisacomputerorganizationissue.

15. COA
Manycomputermanufacturersofferafamilyofcomputermodels,allwiththe
samearchitecturebutwithdifferencesinorganization
Theffectisthatdifferentmodelsinthefamilywillhavedifferentpriceand
performancecharacteristics.
So,aparticulararchitecturecanspanmanyyearsandencompassanumberof
differentcomputermodels,whileitsorganizationwillbechangingwith
changingtechnology

16. PART 2
GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS

17. GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL
COMPUTERS:
Computersarecomplexsystems,withovermillionsofelementaryelectronic
components
Todescribetheircomplexities,istorecognizetheirhierarchicalnature,
eitherfromatop-downapproachorfromabottom-upapproach.
However,thetop-downapproachistheclearestandmosteffective
approach.
Ahierarchicalsystemconsistsofasetofinterrelatedsubsystems,with
eachofthesubsystems,inturn,hierarchicalinstructureuntilwereachsome
lowestlevelofelementarysubsystem

18. GENERAL FUNCTIONS AND STRUCTURE OF DIGITAL
COMPUTERS:
Thedesignerneedonlydealwithaparticularlevelofthesystemata
time.
Ateachlevel,thedesignerisconcernedwiththestructureandthe
function
Structure:Thewaytheindividualcomponentsareinterrelated
Function:Theoperationofeachindividualcomponentaspartofthe
structure

19. BASIC FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computersbasicallyperformfourfunctions
1.Dataprocessing:Datamaytakeawidevarietyofforms,andthe
rangeofprocessingrequirementsisbroad.
2.Datastorage:thecomputermusttemporarilystoredatathatare
beingworkedonatanygivenmoment.(short-termdatastoragefunction)
andalsoastorethedateforsubsequentretrievalandupdate(long-term
datastoragefunction).

20. BASIC FUNCTION OF THE COMPUTER SYSTEM
Computersbasicallyperformfourfunctions…
3.Datamovement:Thecomputer’soperatingenvironmentconsistsof
devicesthatserveaseithersourcesordestinationsofdata.
Input–output(I/O)process:whendataisreceivedfromordelivered
toadevice(peripheral)directlyconnectedtothecomputer
Datacommunicationsprocess:whendataaremovedoverlonger
distances,toorfromaremotedevice
4.Control:Withinthecomputer,acontrolunitmanagesthecomputer’s
resourcesandorchestratestheperformanceofitsfunctionalpartsin
responsetoinstructions.

21. MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Therearefourmainstructuralcomponentsofatraditionalsingle
processorcomputer

22. MAIN STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS OF A COMPUTER
Structure
1.Centralprocessingunit(CPU):Controlstheoperationofthecomputerand
performsitsdataprocessingfunctions;oftensimplyreferredtoasprocessor.
2.Mainmemory:Storesdata.
3.I/O:Movesdatabetweenthecomputeranditsexternalenvironment.
4.Systeminterconnection:Somemechanismthatprovidesforcommunication
amongCPU,mainmemory,andI/O.
Acommonexampleofsysteminterconnectionisbymeansofasystembus,consistingof
anumberofconductingwirestowhichalltheothercomponentsattach.

23. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
TheCPUistheportionofacomputerthatfetchesandexecutesinstructions.
TheCPUisknownastheprocessorinasystemwithasingleprocessingunit.
Processorisaphysicalpieceofsiliconcontainingoneormorecores.
Theprocessoristhecomputercomponentthatinterpretsandexecutesinstructions.

24. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
Moderncomputerscomewithincreasinguseofmultipleprocessorsinasingle
computer
Whentheseprocessorsallresideonasinglechip,thetermmulticorecomputeris
used
Ifaprocessorcontainsmultiplecores,itisreferredtoasamulticoreprocessor.
Eachprocessingunit(consistingofacontrolunit,ALU,registers,andperhapscache)
iscalledacore.
SoaCoreisanindividualprocessingunitonaprocessorchip.
AcoremaybeequivalentinfunctionalitytoaCPUonasingle-CPUsystem

25. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
MajorStructuralComponentoftheCPU

26. THE CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)
MajorStructuralComponentoftheCPU
1.Arithmeticandlogicunit(ALU):Performsdataprocessingfunctions.
2.Controlunit:ControlsCPUoperationandhencethecomputer.
3.Registers:ProvidesinternalstoragetotheCPU.
4.CPUinterconnection:Somemechanismthatprovidesforcommunicationamong
thecontrolunit,ALU,andregisters.

27. COMPUTER STRUCTURE IN PICTURE

28. T FOR THANKS