Lecture One : Introduction to Zoning.pptx

Zoning

1. I introduction and zoning Introduction to town planning and principle 1 (zoning) Compiled by : A. LUNGA

2. INTRODUCTION TO TOWN PLANNING What to cover: What is a town? What is town planning? History of town planning Principles of town planning: Zoning

3. INTRODUCTION TO TOWN PLANNING WHAT IS A TOWN? a town is larger or more populated than a village and smaller than a city. Various cities and towns together may form a metropolitan area (area metropolitana ). a built-up area with a name, defined boundaries, and local government, that is larger than a village and generally smaller than a city. “It is a place of urban living” WHAT IS A CITY? A city is a dense urban center comprised of numerous residential, commercial, and governmental buildings and residences. A city is an area in which a large number of people live fairly close together. Cities usually have their own separate governments and systems for maintaining and providing utilities and transportation.

4. CITY VS town

5. DETERMINATION OF A TOWN A place becomes a town when the following criteria are satisfied as per Indian census (2001): Population of that area exceeds 5000 75% of male working population is employed outside of agricultural sector Minimum population density of 400 persons per km2 . NB: Population density is the number of people per unit of area, usually transcribed as "per square kilometer" or square mile, and which may include or exclude, for example, areas of water.

6. What is town planning? Town planning is the process of managing land resources. It involves the control of existing and new developments, as well as strategy preparation to ensure manage future requirements. It is a dynamic process that changes in response to policy, development proposals and local needs. Town planners must try and balance the demands of landowners and developers, with the needs and concerns of the community and the policy framework. If planning is successful, it can provide protection for the environment, can promote and faciltiate regeneration, can help create and sustain communities, and can create new and exciting places.

7. What is town planning? It is the art of shaping and guiding the physical growth of a town by creating buildings, roads, and urban environments to meet the various need of people. Needs of people like social, cultural, economic and recreational etc.. Both rich and urban poor for their comfortable living, working and enjoyment. Should street vendors be ‘planned’ for. Discuss.

8. History of town planning Historically, the practice of urban planning and applying some level of control to the design to communities, dates back at least as far as the third millennium BC, and the urban designs of the Mesopotamians, Minoans, and Egyptians. Grid-like, or orthogonal, urban plans were first used for structuring cities in the 8th century BC by the Ancient Greeks, and the Roman Empire. During the Middle Ages, some European cities retained the Roman ‘city centre ’ idea of planning, while others developed more organically, sometimes with little-to-no system of planning in place. With the Enlightenment came a fresh examination of the ideas of urban planning. As a result of this new open-mindedness, several European cities tried to redesign their major cities; in some cases quite drastically, such as Paris under Baron Haussmann who introduced long and wide boulevards

9. History of town planning During the Industrial Revolution, urban centres of the new industries grew at an unprecedented rate, albeit very often with a complete lack of planning for the living and working environments of the poorer classes. By the end of the 19th century though, urban planners and theorists had begun to realise that this should change. At around the same time, the Town and Country Planning Association was founded, which heralded the start of the professionalisation of urban planning. With the emergence of modernism in the 1920s, new ideas about how the urban environment should be planned and organised were developed. The Town and Country Planning Act 1947 was an important piece of British legislation that introduced the basis for much of the contemporary planning system.

10. Town and Country Planning Act 1947 The 1947 Act democratised the use of land, controlling it and requiring planning permission to be granted prior to development beginning. The significance of the Act lay in the fact that by establishing the requirement for planning permission, the right to develop land was no longer a given of ownership. This meant that local authorities, which were reorganised from 1,400 to 145, had to prepare a comprehensive local plan which set out detailed policies and proposals for the use and development of land within their area. Permitted development rights were granted to sectors such as agriculture which exempted them from some planning controls.

11. Town and Country Planning Act 1947 Wide-ranging powers were given to local authorities, including: Approval of planning proposals. Redevelopment of land. Compulsory purchase orders to buy land and lease to new developers. Powers to control outdoor advertising. Powers to preserve woodland or buildings of architectural/historic interest.

12. USES OF LAND The use of land in town planning will be classified into two categories: 1. Profit-making uses of land 2. Non profit-making uses of land 1. Profit-making uses of land : The land which is developed with profit motive is said to be use d for profit-making and the sites developed for office, residences, industries, etc. are the examples of profit-making uses of land. 2. Non-Profit making use of land : The land Which is developed without any motive of profit making is said to be non-profit making use of land. It includes roads, parks, playgrounds, government buildings, govt. offices etc.

13. Principles of town planning Town planning cannot be studied in isolation. It involves the study of various subjects such as engineering, architecture, surveying, transportation planning etc. The intention of the town planning is to satisfy the needs of our future generations and prevent the haphazard growth of the town. Some of the guiding principles of town planning are as follows:

14. Principles of town planning Town planning cannot be studied in isolation. It involves the study of various subjects such as engineering, architecture, surveying, transportation planning etc. The intention of the town planning is to satisfy the needs of our future generations and prevent the haphazard growth of the town. Some of the guiding principles of town planning are as shown on the image next>

15. PRINCIPLE 1: ZONING Zoning describes the control by authority of the use of land, and of the buildings thereon. Areas of land are divided by appropriate authorities into zones within which various uses are permitted. Zoning is the process of planning for land use by a locality to allocate certain kinds of structures in certain areas Zoning also includes restrictions in different zoning areas, such as height of buildings, use of green space, density (number of structures in a certain area), use of lots, and types of businesses.

16. PRINCIPLE 1: ZONING Levels or types of zoning include open space, residential, retail, commercial, agricultural, and industrial. Thus, zoning is a technique of land-use planning as a tool of urban planning used by local governments in most developed countries. The word is derived from the practice of designating mapped zones which regulate the use, form, design and compatibility of development. Legally, a zoning plan is usually enacted as a by-law with the respective procedures.

17. OBJECTS OF Zoning The main purposes of zoning are described below: Zoning’s recognized purpose is to promote common good and general welfare of the community as a whole. It is main tool for planner for achieve his goal. The planner gets opportunities for designing for future growth and development of town. It is very useful for planner for making any town planning scheme effective and successful. The zoning affords proper coordination of various public amenities like transport, water supply, drainage, electric power etc.

18. OBJECTS OF Zoning It also requires consideration of future growth and development, adequacy of drainage and storm sewers, public streets, pedestrian walkways, density of population, and many other factors that are within legislative competence. Zoning helps city planners bring about orderly growth and change. It controls population density and helps create attractive, healthful residential areas. In addition, zoning g helps assure property owners and residents that the characteristics of nearby areas will remain stable.

19. ADVANTAGES OF ZONING 1. Danger from fire. Zoning helps separate high risk fire areas (industrial zones) from residential and commercial zones, reducing fire spread risk. 2. Future Development. Zoning plans accommodate future growth and development by designing areas for specific uses ( residential, commercial or recreational), ensuring organized and sustainable development. 3. General amenities. Zoning ensures the provision of public amenities like parks, schools, and community centres by allocating space for these facilities, enhancing the quality of life for residents.

20. ADVANTAGES OF ZONING Population Distribution Zoning regulates population density by controlling the types of buildings and their heights, helping to prevent overcrowding and promote more even population distribution. Public utility services Zoning facilitates the efficient provision of public utility services (water, energy, sewage) by planning for their installation and maintenance in designated areas. Health of community. By separating residential areas from pollution prone industrial zones and ensuring adequate waste management, zoning helps maintain a healthy environment for communities. In general it may be suggested that zoning promotes health, safety, prosperity, orderly development and overall welfare of the community.

21. CATEGORIES OF ZONING The zoning is related to the following three important categories: 1. Density Zoning 2. Height Zoning 3. Use Zoning

22. Density zoning In density zoning, the density of population in the residential areas is controlled by means of suitable rules and regulations. Indirect measures are adopted to have effective density zoning: 1. The front, side and rear margins of the boundaries are specified. 2. The maximum height of the building is specified. 3. The maximum size of allotment for each house is specified. 4. The number of houses per unit area is limited. 5. The ratio of total site area to the total built-up floor area is specified.

23. HEIGHT ZONING The height zoning aims at controlling the height of buildings with due consideration of contents of the buildings and the street width/ the marginal open spaces for the provision of light and ventilation. The height zoning affords the following advantages: Controls the development of central business area of the cities and it thereby assists in solving the problems associated with such heavy concentration e.g. traffic congestion etc. It is found that if buildings with uniform height are constructed on important streets or roads, it gives pleasing aesthetic appearance. It prevents an undue monopoly of light and ventilation by some tall buildings at the expense of adjacent units of small heights.

24. USE ZONING This is the most important aspect of zoning and it defines the uses to which various parts of the town will be put. They are classified into four sub-divisions: 1. Residential zone 2. Commercial zone 3. Industrial zone 4. Recreational zone QSN: what do the above sub divisions entail?

25. Town/city Life without zoning There is some example showing the undesirable situations which might develop in the absence of zoning are as follows: A big apartment flats of big heights may be constructed very near to small cottages or houses and thereby, they (cottages) suffer from loss of light and air for surrounding structure. The development centers of public interest may take place at random without any considerations of their surrounding and hence their functioning result into wastage of time, money and space. The unsightly factories giving obnoxious gases and untimely noises invade the residential area of the town and by the way of their working, they make the residential area unfit for living. The public amenities may be provided as the need arises and ultimately, a time may come when it’s become either too costly or practically impossible to alter or to modify such amenities.

26. TRANSITION ZONE In order to have a smooth zone from one zone to another, a transition zone is sometimes accommodated in zoning. The transition zone links up two adjoining zones and forms a boundary between the two. The most important fact to be remembered is that the boundary between the two zones should be well distinguished by boundary line of plots instead of streets.

27. Elements of transition zone Railway Lines Roads Public garden Parks Canals/ River/ Lake etc. Playgrounds Fire station like essential services Bus stations/ Railway stations Government offices and premises