lectures related Electrical_Insulators3.pdf

electrical insulaters

1. ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا

ﻪﻌﺑاﺮﻟا ﻪﻠﺣﺮﻤﻟا
داﻮﻤﻟا ﻢﻠﻋ عﺮﻓ
ﻪﻴﻘﻴﺒﻄﺘﻟا مﻮﻠﻌﻟا ﻢﺴﻗ


ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا سرﺪﻣ
د.ﻞﻴﻠﺟ ﻒﻴﻄﻠﻟا ﺪﺒﻋ ﺪﻴﻔﻣ




(1)

2. لوﻻا ﻞﺼﻔﻟا
ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لزاﻮﻌﻟاElectrical Insulators

ﺔﻣﺪﻘﻤﻟا: ?ﺎgﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا ?gﻠﺘﻤﺗﻻ ?g???? ?g? ﻪﻠgﺻﻮﻤﻟا ???g??? ﻦg? ?g?????? داﻮﻤﻟا ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ
بﺎﺴﻨﺗ ﻪآﺮﺤﻟا ةﺮﺣ ﻩ?gه ﻰgﻠﻋ ﻪgﻠﺜﻣﻻا ?g?? ????g??? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد
ﻊﻤﺸﻟاو قرﻮﻟاو تاﺮﻤﻳاﻮﺒﻟا و ﻚﻴﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا و جﺎﺟﺰﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا.......

ﻦgg? ﻩرﺎggﺒ? ?gg? ?gg??? ?gg?????? ???gg??? تارذ وا ?ﺎggﻧﻮﻳا ?gg? ???gg? ???gg?????? لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا
ﺤ?gﻟا ????g? ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻻﻼﺘﺧا ثﺪﺤﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﻣ تﺎﻨﺤﺷ و ﻪﺒﻟﺎﺳ تﺎﻨﺤﺷتﺎﻨ ?g?????
ﻩﺎgg?ﺗﻻﺎﺑ ?????gg?? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا حاﺰggﺗ ?gg???? ???gg?????? لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا ﻩﺎgg?ﺗﺎﺑ ?gg?????? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا
دﺎﻌﺑﻻا ﻰﻟا ﺎﺳﺎﻴﻗ اﺪﺟ ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺻ ﻲه ﻪﺣازﻻا ﻩﺬهو ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ ﺐﻄﻗ ﻲﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﺲآﺎﻌﻤﻟا
ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻳرﺬﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺪﻳﺰﺗﻻ ﺎﻬﻧا ﺚﻴﺣ(10
-5
Ǻ) ?g??? ?g????? ﻩ?gه ?g? ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ لﺎﻘﻳو
gg??? ??ﺒﻄﻘﺘggﺳا يدﺎggﻴﺘ?ﻻا ﺎﻬﻌgg?ﻮﺑ ?gg???? ﺐggﻄﻗ ???gg?? ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg??? ﻪggﻟزﺎ? ???gg? كﺎ
?????g? ?g??? ??g?? ﺐgﻄﻘﻟا ???g?? موﺰgﻋ ﺔﻠﺼgﺤﻣ نا ?gﻴﺤﺑ ﻲﺋاﻮ?g? ﺎgﻬهﺎ?ﺗا نﻮﻜﻳو
ﺮﻔﺼﻠﻟ . ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ??g? ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﻰgﻟا ???g??? ﻩ?gه ضﺮﻌﺗ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓو
g?ﺗﺎﺑ ??????g? ???g??? ﻩ?gه ﺐﻄﻘﻟا ﺖﻠﻴﺋﺎﻨﺛ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﻌﻣ مﺰﻌﺑ ﺆﺛﺆﻳ ?g? ?g?? ?لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﻩﺎ
ﺲآﺎﻌﻣ ﻪهﺎﺠﺗا نﻮﻜﻳ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ لﺎﺠﻣ رﻮﻬﻇ ﻰﻟا يدﺆﺗ بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ نﺎﻓ ﻦﻴﺘﻟﺎﺤﻟا
لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗا ﻰﻟا ﺔﻠﺼgﺤﻣ ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g???? ?g?????? ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳا نا ﺪﺟو ﺪﻘﻟو ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا
ﺎهروﺪﺑ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﺐﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻨﺜﻟ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
ﻴﺒﻃ ﻰﻠﻋةدﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻌ.








ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻊﺿو ﺪﻌﺑ ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا rr
)1(LLL
r
bo
EEE−=
o
E
r
ﻪﻟزﺎﻋ ﻩدﺎﻣ نوﺪﺑ لﺎﺠﻤﻟا :
b
E
r
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد لﺎﺠﻟا :


(2)

3. ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا صاﻮﺧ ﻢها:

1- ﻌﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻣوﻻا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا لزﺎ: ??g? ???g??? ?g??? ??g? ??g?? ﺪﻬﺟ قﺮﻓ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ
????gg?? ??gg?? ???gg??? ??gg?? ?ﻤﺴggﻳ و ???gg??? ?ggﻟا? ??gg? ???gg? (Leakage
current)لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺐﻓ ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا عﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑ ﻦﻴﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ﻦﻴﻋﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻮه و :
in
I
S
I

أ- ﻪﻴﻤﺠﺤﻟا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا : ﺮﺴﺘﻟا تارﺎﻴﺘﻟ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻲهو ﻢﺠﺣ ﺮﺒﻋ يﺮﺴﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ب
لزﺎﻌﻟا.
ب- ?????gg?? ?g??????? : ﺮggﺒ? ???gg? ?gg??? ???g??? ?ارﺎggﺘﻟ ???gg??? ?g????? ?gg??
???g?? ﻢg?ﺤﻟا ?g??? ي ??g? ?g??? ?ارﺎgﻴﺘﻟا ﻦg? ﺎﻬﻤﻴﻗ ﻒﻠﺘﺨﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺢﻄﺳ
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﺢﻄﺳ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺐﺋاﻮﺴﻟاو ﻪﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ تارﺎﻴﺘﻟا ﻩﺬه.

ﺔﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ ﺖﻧﺎآ اذاV ?g? ????g?? ??g???? نﺎﻓ رﺪﺼﻤﻟا ﻲgﻤ?ﺤﻟا ??g????? ??g? ?ﻟ?gﻟ
لﺰﻌﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣﻲه :
I
in
R


in
inI
V
R=

V
I
R
G
in
in
in
==
1
لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻮه نا ﺚﻴﺣ
S
sSR
V
VGIand
R
V
VGI ====
∴
Sin
SinSin
RRR
GGGIII
111
+=⇒+=⇒+=Q

S
Sin
S
S
inRR
RR
V
I
RR
RR
R ⋅
+
=⇒
⋅
+
=⇒
1
)2(LLL
S
S
inRR
RR
I
V
⋅
+
=∴




(3)

4. ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو )2 ( لزﺎﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ رﺎﻤﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا راﺪﻘﻣ دﺎﺠﻳا) نا ??g? ﻰgﻠﻋ
ﻪﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟا و ﻪﻴﻤﺠﺤﻟا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا نﻼﺜﻜﺗ يزاﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﺘﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻦﻴﺘﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا.(

لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻤﺠﺤﻟا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ لزﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﻌﺑا ﻊﻣ : R
S
h
RR
o=
ﻲه نا ﺚﻴﺣﺎﻘﻤﻟا لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻣو(Ω.m)
o
R
h لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻚﻤﺳ
S لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﻤﻟ ﻪﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟا ﻪﺣﺎﺴﻤﻟا

ﺒﻌﻳو ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﺑ ﻪﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺮﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ : γ
1
)(
1
−
⋅Ω=m
R
o
γ
??g???? ??g??? ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﻩدﺎﻌﺑا لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﺳﺪﻨﻬﻟا ﻞﻜﺸﻟا ﻒﺼﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟاو
(Effective length)ﻩﺰﻣرو Λنا يا :
h
S
=Λ

2-?g
gg?? ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤPermittivity: ?ggg????????? ?ggg????? ????ggg? ?ggg????? ??ggg? ?ggg?
Electrical Displacement
r
???gggg?????? لﺎgggg?ﻤﻟا وElectrical Field
r
ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺘﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﻳﺚﻴﺣ :
D
E)(ε
)3(LLL
rr
r
r
ED
E
Dεε=⇒=
)4(LLL
S
Q
D
c ==σ
ﻪﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟا ﻪﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺜآ ﺚﻴﺣ
c
σ :

Q :
ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻪﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔﻴﻤآ
V
Q
CandhEVandDSQ=⋅=⋅=Q

h
S
E
D
hE
DS
C ⋅=
⋅
⋅
=∴
)5(LLL
h
S
C
ε=
∴ دﺎﻌﺑﻻا ﺔﻟﻻﺪﺑ ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻗﻼﻋ ﻞﺜﻤﺗو



(4)

5. ?gg??ε ???gg?????? لﺰggﻌﻟا ?gg??? ناو ??gg?????? ???gg??? ?????gg? ???gg? ?gg?) ?????gg?
ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا\غاﺮﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ (
r
ε
))(10*85.810(
12
mF
o 36
9−
==πε
−
ro
o
rεεε
ε
ε
ε =⇒=
اذاو ،ﻂﻠﺴgﻤﻟا ﺪgﻬﺠﻟا ??g? ﻰgﻟا ﻦﻴﺣﻮgﻠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻦﻴﺘﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﺒﺴﻨﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﺗ ﺔﻌﺴﻟا نا ﺎﻤﺑو
ﺖﻧﺎآنﺎﻓ ﻦﻴﺣﻮﻠﻟا ﺪﺣا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟا ﻪﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺜآ ﻞﺜﻤﺗ :
c
σ
h
S
h
S
Cbut
hE
S
V
Q
C
ro
εεε σ
==
⋅
⋅
==

hE
S
h
S
ro
⋅
⋅
=
σ
εε ﻦﻴﺘﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا ةاوﺎﺴﻤﺑو
)6(LLLE
roc
εεσ=

ﺐﺒﺴggﺑ ???gg??? ?gg?? ?gg?? ﺪggﻳاﺰﺘﺗ ?gg????????? ???gg?? نا ?gg??? ??gg?? ?gg?? ???gg??
ﺔﺒﺴﻨﺑ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا بﺎﻌﻴﺘﺳا . ﻰﻟا ىﺰﻌﻳ ﺪﻗ ﻩدﺎﻳﺰﻟا ﺐﺒﺳ نﺎﻓ ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺛ ﻪﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺖﻧﺎآ اذا ﺎﻣا
نا ﻪﻤﻴﻗ ﻰﻟا ﻂﺒﻬﺗ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻂﻠﺴﻤﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا نﺎآ اذﺎﻓ ، ???g??? دﻮﺟﻮﺑ ﻦﻴﺣﻮﻠﻟا
لﺎﺠﻤﻟاو لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧاد ءﺎﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﺲآﺎﻌﻤﻟا نﺎﻓ ???g??? ?g?? ?g?? ????g??? لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
نﻮﻜﻳ:
r
ε
o
E)
r
(
o
Eε
b
E
bo
EEE
rrr
−=

???g??? ?g??? ???g?????? لﺎgﺠﻤﻟا ﺐﺒﺴgﺑ ???g?? ????g??? لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ طﻮﺒﻬﻟا اﺬه نا
ﻪﺒﻄﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟاﺔﻴﺠﻴﺘﻧ.
???ggg??? ?ggg??? ???ggg?? ?ggg??? ????ggg????? ???ggg? ?ggg??? ?????ggg?? ?ggg???)?ggg???????
???gg??? ( ???gg? ?gg? ???gg??? ?gg??? ????gg? ????gg? اذا ?gg?? نا يا ???gg???? ???gg? ﺔ
ﻰﻠﻤﻳ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻟا تﻻﺎﺤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧﺎﻓ ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺟﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ ﻪﻴﻜﻴﺗﺎﺘﺳوﺮﻬﻜ:
)7(
1
1
11
LLL
Q
Q
ro
roro
o
RC
Rh
S
C
Rh
S
R
S
h
S
h
S
h
RR εε
γ
γ
εεεε
γ
γ
γ=
∴
==
=⇒=⇒⋅==

(5)

6. 3-ﻻا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳElectric polarization




ggﻴﻟﺎ?ﻤﻟا ???????gg? ﻪggﻘﻴﻠﻃ ?ﺎﻨﺤgg? ?ggﻠﺘﻤﺗ ﻻ ?gg??? ????gg??? ?ﻤﺴggﺗ ﻪ(Identical
dielectric) ﻻا ?ggﻴﻤﺟ ?gg??? ?gg? ???gg?? ﻩ?ggهو ?ﺎgg?ﻳﺰﺟ ?gg? ﺐggآﺮﺘﺗ ?gg?????? ?ﺎggﺳو
ﻪﻧﻮﺤ?gggﻣ ?ﺎﻤﻴﺴgggﺟ) ?ﺎgggﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا وا ?ار?gggﻟا ?ﻮgggﻧ ( لﺎggg?ﻤﻟﺎﺑ ???ggg?? ?ﺎﻤﻴﺴggg?ﻟا و
?g???? ﻰgﻟا ???g? ?g?? ﻪﻧﻮﺤ?gﻤﻟا ?ﺎﻤﻴﺴg?ﻟا ﻩ?gه ﻰgﻠﻋ ةﻮg? ﻂﻠﺴgﻳ ?g?? ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ?g?
ﻻا ?gggg?ﻮﻣ ﻦgggg? ?????gggg??? ?gggg?????? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggggﻟا ،ناﺰggggﺗ ?gggg?????? ﺮgggg?ﻨﻟا ?gggg??? ?gggg?
(Microscopic) ﺐﻄﻘﺘﺴﻣ ﻪﻧا لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻋ لﺎﻘﻳ . ﺪﻟﻮﻳ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻦﻴﺑﺎﻣ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا اﺬه نا
لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ) ﺐgﻄﻘﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﻨﺛ وا ( ?g??? ﻞg?ﻤﻳ ي?gﻟا ??g???? مﺰgﻋ ?g???? ???g?????
???gg??? ???gg? ??gg? ????gg??? ?gg? ???gg??? ?ﻄggﺳ ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg?????? ﻪggﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﻪﻨﺤ?ggﻟا بﺮgg? .
??ggg? ?ggg???? ﻪgggﻴﺒﻄ? ?ﺎggg?ﻳﺰﺟ ﻰgggﻟا ???ggg??? ?ﺎggg?ﻳﺰﺟ ﻒﻴ(Polar molecules)
ﻪggﻴﺒﻄ?ﻻ ?ﺎgg?ﻳﺰﺟو(Non polar molecules) . ?ggﺒﻄﻨﻳ ﻪggﻴﺒﻄ?ﻼﻟا تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ?gg??
تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ?g? ?g?? ?ﻲﺟرﺎgﺨﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ماﺪﻌﻧا ﺪﻨﻋ تﺎﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻاو تﺎﻧﻮﺗوﺮﺒﻟا ﻞﻘﺛ ﺰآﺮﻣ
?gg?? ﺰggآﺮﻣ ??gg? ?gg?????? ﺑ ﻰggﺘﺣ ??gg?????? ?ﺎggﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻاو ?ﺎggﻧﻮﺗوﺮﺒﻟا لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا بﺎggﻴ?
ﺨﻟاﺎﻲﺟر . ﺪﻨﻌﻓ ?gﺘﺤﻣ ??g???? ﺮgﻬ?ﻳ ﻪgﻴﺒﻄ?ﻼﻟا تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ
(Induced dipole) ????gg??? ?gg? ﻦﻴﺘﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ?gg?? بﺮgg? ?gg??? مﺰggﻋ ﻞgg?ﻤﻳ ي?ggﻟا
جاودزا مﺰggﻌﺑ ???gg?? ?gg???? ?gg?????? تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻰggﻠﻋ ???gg???? لﺎgg?ﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺴggﺗ ?gg?? ?ﺎggﻤﻬﻨﻴﺑ
g? ﻩﺎg?ﺗﺎﺑ لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟاﺮﻳوﺪﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﻌﻳ ﺔgﻤﻴ? ?g? ﺪgﻳﺰﻳ لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ا?gهو ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ةﺪ
ﻢﺋاﺪﻟا لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﻪﻴﺒﻄﻘﻟا ﻪﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻰﻋﺪﺗو لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا مﺰﻋ(Permanent dipole).

ىﻮﻗ ﻲهو ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﺣاﺰﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ةدﺎﻋا لوﺎﺤﺗ ىﻮﻗ كﺎﻨه
ﻟا ﺎﻬ??gﻨﻣ ?g? ﻢ?ﺮgﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ،ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻊﻣ ﻪﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ءاﺰﺟﻻ ﻲﻠﺧاﺪﻟا ﻂﺑﺮﻟا ?g??? ???g????
ىﻮﻗ ﺎهرﻮﺼﺗ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺐﺤﺴﺗ ﻪﻧﺮﻣ ﻩﺪﻴﻌﻣ ?gﻣ ?g????? ?g????? ﺎﻬﻀgﻌﺑ ﻰﻟا ﻪﺣاﺰﻤﻟا
ﺑﺎﻨﺑ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑﺖﻧﺎآ اذاو ﺾ ?g? تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟ ?g?????? ?ﻮgﻘﻟا ??g? ???g???
ﻒggﻠﺘﺨﺗ ?ﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪggﻟا موﺰggﻋ ?gg? ?ﻼﺘggﺧا ?????gg? ?ﻟ?ggﻟ ?ﺮggﺧا ﻰggﻟا ﻪgg?ﻳﺰﺟ ?gg? ?gg??????
ﻬآ لﺎgg?ﻣ ??gg??? ﻪgg?ﻴﺘﻧ ??gg?????? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ?gg? ??gg? ?????gg? ???gg????? ???gg?? ?gg?
?gg??? ?????gg?? ﻪgg?ﺘﺤﻤﻟا ?????gg?? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ﻞgg?ﻤﺗ ?gg?? ﻦﻴﺘﻘﻴ?ﺮggﻟا ???????gg?? ??gg??????
ﻻا ﻪﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻤﻀﺘﺗىﺮﺧ. ﺸﻟا ﻩﺬهوﺤ ?gﻘﺗ ﻩر?gﺑ ????g? ?g??? ?g? ?g??? ،ﻩﺮﺣ ﺮﻴﻏ تﺎﻨ
ﺧادﻞﺢﻄﺴﻟا بﺮﻗ وا .

??ggﻴﻘﻤﻟا ?????gg?? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ﺔggﻓﺎ?آ نا ﺎﻨgg?ﺮﻓ ا?ﺎggﻓ (Bound charge) ???gg?
?gggﻣ ?ﺎgggﻤﺘﺑو ???ggg??? ?ﺎgggﻳﺎﻬﻧ ?ggg? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?gggﻟا ﻩ?gggه ?gggﻘﺗو ???ggg??? ?????ggg?? ﺔﻠﻴﺼgggﺣ
ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﺘﻣ ﻲﻬﻓ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧاد تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺎﻣا ،بﺎﻄﻗﻻا . ﻢg?ﺣ ?g???? ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا مﺰﻌﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ
ﻮه لزﺎﻌﻟا:
b
σ
)8()(LLL
r
mchSp
b
⋅⋅⋅=σ
ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻢﺠﺣ ﺔﻤﺴﻘﺑوﻪﺒﻄﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ:
(6)

7. )9()/(
2
LL
r
r
r
mcP
hS
p
P
bbσσ=⇒=
⋅
=
ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg ﻴﻘﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸggﻠﻟ ?????gg?? ????gg?? ?gg???? ????gg? ???gg?????? ?????gg??? نا يا
لزﺎﻌﻟا.
ﻮه ﻩﺪﺣاو ﻪﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟ لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا مﺰﻋ نﺎﻓ ﻩدﺪﻌﺘﻣ تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺟ ﻰﻠﻋ يﻮﺘﺤﻳ ﻂﺳﻮﻟا نﺎآ اذﺎﻓ :
)10(LLL
rr
∫=
molecule
dqrp
r
r
ﺚﻴﺣﻞﺻﻻا ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻦﻋ ﻪﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﺪﻌﺑ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ .
?gg? ??gg?? ?gg??? ???gg??? تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺟ ?gg??? ﻲggﻄﻐﻴﻟ ??????gg?? مﺰggﻋ ?gg? ?gg?????? ?gg???
ﻢﺠﺤﻟاﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ : VΔ
∑
Δ
=m
m
pP )11(
V
1
LLL
r
r

تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺟ ???g? ﻰgﻠﻋو ???g?????? لﺎgﺠﻤﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g???? ?????g?? ﺔﺟرد ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ
ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ﻚﻟذ .ﺘآ ﻦﻜﻤﻳوﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻟاد ﺔﺑﺎ
r
و
r
ﺚﻴﺣ : PE
)(EPP
rrr
=
ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ ،ﺔﻴﻄﻘﻧ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﻩﺬهو تﺮﻴﻐﺗ اذا لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧاد . ?g??? ﻰgﺷﻼﺘﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟﺎﻓ
r
ﻲﺷﻼﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ
r
تاذ لزاﻮgﻌﻠﻟ ?g?? ??g?????? ?g?? ????g??? ???g? ?g????? ﻩﺎgﺠﺗﻻا ??g?
ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟاو
r
ﻲه :
P
r
E
r
E P
P
r
E
)12(LLL
rr
EPχ=
?ggg??χ ﻩدﺎgggﻤﻠﻟ ??ggg????? ﺔgggﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗ وا ?ggg????????? ?ggg???????? ﻰﻋﺪgggﺗ ﻪgggﻴهﺎﺠﺗا ?ggg?? ?ggg???
(Dielectric susceptibility).
ﻻا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ و ???g?????? ?g??? ??g? ?g? ?????g?(Electric induction)
ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻪﺣازﻻا وا
r
ﺚﻴﺣ: D
)13()(
1
LLL
rr
bf
oo
tE σσ
εε
σ
+==⋅∇ سوﺎآ نﻮﻧﺎﻗ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ
ﺚﻴﺣ
t
σتﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﺔﻓﺎﺜآ

f
σﻪﻘﻴﻠﻄﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺜآ

b
σﻩﺪﻴﻘﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔﻓﺎﺜآ
Φ∇−=
rr
QE
0
2
0
)(
ε
σ
ε
σ
tt
−=Φ∇⇒=Φ∇−⋅∇∴ )نوزاﻮﺑ ﺔﻟدﺎﻌﻣ (
Also: PEPE
fo
o
f
o
rrrrrrrr
⋅∇−=⋅∇⇒⋅∇−=⋅∇σε
ε
σ
ε
11


fo
PEσε=+⋅∇⇒)(
rrr
(7)

8. )14(LLL
rrr
PED
o
+=∴ε
وا ?????ggg??? ﺔgggﻴﻠﺑﺎﻘﺑ ﺐﻄﻘﺘﺴgggﻤﻟا لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا ??ggg??? ﻲgggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ??????ggg?? مﺰgggﻋ ??ggg??
ﻻا ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳ(Polarization) ﺎهﺰﻣرو نا يا: α
)15(LLL
rr
Epα=
????gg? ??gg? ???gg? لﺎggﺠﻤﻟا ????gg? ﻪggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ??????gg??? و ﻢggﺠﺤﻟا ??gg?? ?gg? تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ?gg?
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﻪﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا بﺎﺴﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ،ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا:
N
)16(
)2(
)1(3
LLL
+
−
=
r
roNε εε
α
سﻮﻳزﻮﻠآ ﺔﻟدﺎﻌﻤﺑ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا فﺮﻌﺗ– ???g??? (Clausius-Mossotti) ?g??
?????g??? ??g? ?g????? ??g? ﺎﻬﻧﻻ اﺪﺟ ﻪﻤﻬﻣ لﺰgﻌﻟا ?g???? . ?g???? ??g???
راﺪﻘﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺎﻬﺑﺮﻀﺑ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻠﻟ ﺮﺧا ﻞﻜﺷﺞﺘﻨﻴﻓ ﻦﻤﻳﻻا فﺮﻄﻠﻟ :
α
r
ε
M
Mσ
σ
σε
εε
α
M
N
r
r
A
o)2(
)1(3
+
−
=

ﺚﻴﺣ
M ﻟا نزﻮﻟا ﺠ ??g?????? ﻩدﺎgﻤﻠﻟ ?g??? نا و ????g??? ?g???? ??g?
وردﺎآﻮﻓا
σ
σ
NM
N
A
=

نا ????g?? ??g???? وا كﺮﺤﺘﺗ نا ﺪﺑﻻ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻤﺋاﺪﻟا وا ﻪﺌﺷﺎﻨﻟا تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا
???gg? ???gg?????? لﺎggﺠﻤﻟا ????gg? ﺔggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ?gg???? ?gg??? ???????gg?? ﺐﺴggﻜﺗ ?gg??? ????gg???
??gg? ﻰﻤﺴggﻳ ????gg??? ???gg??? ??gg?? ?gg? ????gg? ???gg???? لﺎggﺠﻤﻟ ???gg??? ??gg? ??gg??
?g???????? ?????g???? ?????g???(Electronic polarization) ?????g??? وا
يﺮﺼﺒﻟا(Optical polarization) ?????g?? ﺰآﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ﻞﺼﻔﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ثﺪﺤﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ
?g?? ?g????? ??g? يﺬﻟا تﺎﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻼﻟ ﻪﺒﻟﺎﺴﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺰآﺮﻣو ةاﻮﻨﻟا ﺰآﺮﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﺒﺟﻮﻤﻟا
لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ.
g???????? ?????g??? ????g? ??g?? ??g?? ?g?????? تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ نذا ??g? ???g? ?g?? ﻲ
ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﻊﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا:
)17(
)2(
)1(3
LLL
+
−
=
∞
∞r
ro
eNε
εε
α
ﺚﻴﺣ
e
αﻪﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا
اذا ??gg?? ﺐggﻌﻜﻤﻟا ?gg???? ??gg? ﻰggﻄﻌﻳ ﻲggﻠﻜﻟا ?????gg??? ??gg? ???????gg?? ?gg?
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ:
N
)18(LLL
rr
i
ENPα=
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑو)14 (ﺚﻴﺣ :
EDPPED
oo
rrrrrr
εε−=⇒+=
(8)

9. EEP
EED
oro
ro
rrr
rrr
Q
εεε
εεε−=
∴
==

ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا اذا)18 (ﺢﺒﺼﺗ:
)19()1(
)1(LLLr
r
rr
i
ro
iroE
E
N
ENE
−=⇒
=−
εεα
αεε


ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ و)16 (ﺎﻨﻳﺪﻟ:
2
1
3
+
−
=
r
r
o
N
ε
ε
εα
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ ﻦﻴﺘﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا ةاوﺎﺴﻤﺑ:
2
1
3)1(
+
−
=−
r
r
o
i
ro
E
E ε
ε
εεε
r
r

)20(
3
2
LLL
rrEE
r
i
+
=
ε

ا ?ggg????)20 ( ﻂﻠﺴgggﻤﻟا ????ggg??? لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا ??ggg? ?ggg????? ??ggg?? ﻲﻠﺧاﺪgggﻟا لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا و
r
ﺰﻧرﻮggﻟ لﺎggﺠﻣ ﻰﻤﺴggﻳ ??gg?? . ﻩدﺎggﻤﻠﻟ ﻪggﻳﺮهﺎﺠﻟاو ﻪggﻳﺮﻬﺠﻤﻟا ???gg??? ??gg? ??gg??
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا.
E
r
i
E

ﻗ ﻒﺼﻧ تاذ ﻪﻳوﺮآ ﻪﻟزﺎﻋ ﻩدﺎﻣ ﺎهرﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﻰﻠﻋو ،ﻩرﺬﻠﻟ يوﺮﻜﻟا جذﻮﻤﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻄ
ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ ﺎﻬﻟ ???g???? لﺎgﺠﻣ ﺎﻬﻗﺮﺘﺨﻳ
r
، ?g? ?g?? ???????g??? ?g???? دﺎgﺠﻳا ?g???
ﻪﻴﺗﻻا ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا:
a
E ε
)21(
2
4
3
LLL
o
o
o
a
εε
εε
πεα
+
−
=
ثﺪﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻞﺼﻔﻟ ﻪﺠﻴﺘﻧ و ?????g?? ?????g?? ?g?? يﺰgآﺮﻣ ﻦﻴﺑ ???g?? ?g?? ?g??????
تارﻮggggﻠﺑ ?gggg?? ??gggg?? ??gggg????? ???gggg???? ?gggg??? ??gggg?? ﻪggggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا(NaCl)?gggg?????? .
ﻻاو وا ?gg????? ??gg????? ???????g?? ?gg??? ???g? ??gg??? ??g? ﺔggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ??g?? ?gg??? ???????g?
?gggg?????? وا ?gggg????? ???????gggg???? ﻰﻤﺴggggﺗ ?gggg????(Atomic or Ionic
polarizability) تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ?gg??? ?gg? ?????gg??? ??gg? ?gg?? ?gg?? ?gg? ﻰﻤﺴggﺗو
ﻪgﻴﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ???????g??? ??g????(Molecular polarizability) ?g? ?g?????? ??g???
???g??? ?????g??? ?g????? ،ءاﺮﻤﺤﻟا ﺖﺤﺗ ﺎهددﺮﺗ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا تﻻﺎﺠﻤﻟا
ﺐggﺗﺮﺘﺗ ?gg?? ???gg???? ??gg?? ??gg? ??????gg?? نارود ﺔggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ?????gg??? ?gg? ?gg?? ??gg?
لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎgggﺠﺗﺎﺑ ???????ggg?? وا ﻲهﺎgggﺠﺗﻻا ?????ggg???? ??ggg??? ??ggg? ﻰﻤﺴgggﻳ ،ﻂﻠﺴgggﻤﻟا
??????gg??(Orientational polarization) . داﻮggﻤﻠﻟ ????gg??? وا ?gg????? ??gg? نا
دادﺰgﺗو ?g?? ﻰgﻟا نﺎﻜﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻠﻘﻨﺘﻣو ﻩﺮﻤﺘﺴﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻪﻴﻤﺋاﺪﻟا تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ??g?
(9)

10. o
α

ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌﺗ ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا عاﻮﻧا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ نا :
)22(LLL
eido
ααααα +++=

ﻴﻤﺟ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻟا ???????g?? ﻰﻠﻋ يﻮﺘﺤﺗ داﻮﻤﻟا ﻊ ?g?????? ??g??? ?g?????? ???g??? و ،
ﻰﻠﻋ ?g?????? ???????g??? ﻰgﻟا ???g?? ) ﻪgﻴﺌﻳﺰﺟ ???????g??( ??g?? ?g??? ?g??
فﺎﻀﻳ ﺎهرﻮﺤﻣ لﻮﺣ ﺎﻬﻧارود ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﻻﻮﺒﻳاد ???????g??? ?g??? ??g??
ﻣﺪﻨﻋو ،ﻪﻴﻧاروﺪﻟا ﻻا فﺎﻀgﺗ ﻪﺴgﻧﺎﺠﺘﻣ ?g??? ??????g? ????g? ???g??? نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎ ???????g?
?gggggg?????? ?????gggggg??? ?gggggg? ???????gggggg??? ?gggggg? ??gggggg??? ??gggggg? ????gggggg? ?gggggg????
ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟا(Microwaves) ?????g?? تﺎﺟﻮﻤﻟا نود اﺪﺟ ﻪﺌﻃاﻮﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻰﺘﺣ ﺪﺘﻤﺗ ﺪﻗو
ﻲﻨﻴﺒﻟا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﺐﺒﺴﻳ يﺬﻟا ﺲﻧﺎﺠﺘﻟا ناﺪﻘﻓو بﻮﻴﻌﻟا عﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻﺎﺑ.
e
α
e
α
i
α
d
α
o
α

gg??ا ?gg?????? ?????gg??? ?gg? ?gg??? ?????gg??? ?gg? ﻰggﻟوﻻا عاﻮ
ﻪﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا رﻮﻬﻇ ءاﺪﺒﻳو ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎهﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻞﻘﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ.
)(
dio
αα++α

سﻮﻳزﻮﻠآ ﺔﻟدﺎﻌﻣ ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﻪﺌﻃاﻮﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻔﻓ-ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤآ ﻲﺘﺳﻮﻣ :
)23(
)2(
)1(3
LLL
+
−
=
rs
rsoNε εε
α
ﺮﻬﻈﺗ αيﺬﻟا ددﺮﺘﻟا ىﺪﻣ ﻦﻣ دﺪﺤﺗﻪﻴﻓ.

ﺰgﻴﻤﺘﺗ ?g??? ?g?????? ?g????????? ???????g??? نا ﻪﻴﻤﻠﻌﻟاو ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا ﻞﻴﻟﺎﺤﺘﻟا تﺮﻬﻇا
ﻪﻤﺋاﺪﻟا تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺨﻟا ﻪﻴﺒﻄﻘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﻬﺑﺑ ?g?? ?????g??? ?????g? ???g?? ﻻ ?g???
???gg??? ?gg?? ﺰggﻴﻤﺘﺗ ?gg???? ?gg???????? ???????gg??? gg? ???gg?? ﺐggﺳﺎﻨﺘﺗ ?gg???? ?gg????????? ﻊ
ا تﺎﺟردﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻖﻓو ﻩراﺮﺤﻟ:
(10)

11. )24(
3
2
LLLKT
p
d
=α
Kنﺎﻣﺰﺘﻟﻮﺑ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﺚﻴﺣ

ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌﺗ ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﻪﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا اذا :
)25(
3
2
LLLKT
p
ie
++=ααα

?gg??? ?gg? ﺎggهﺮﻴﻐﺗ ?gg???? ?gg???? ?????gg? ?gg??? ?gg?????? ???????gg??? ????gg? ?gg??? ?gg??
ﺘﻌﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﻻ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟاﻪﻴﺗاﺬﻟا ﺎﻬﺗﺎﻔﺻو ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤ.



























(11)

12. ?g?????? ???g??? ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟاو ?????g??? ??g? ?g??????? ﻪg?ﻼﻌﻟا ?g?
(
rrr
ﻰﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻒﻴﻨﺼﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ : ))(EPP=
أ - بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻤﺋاد داﻮﻣ Permanent Polarization
r

نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ نﺎﻓ ﺗ داﻮﻤﻟا ﻩﺬهو ، بﺎgﻴ?ﺑ ﻰgﺘﺣ ﻪﺒﻄﻘﺘﺴﻣ نﻮﻜ
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا.
0=E0)0(≠P

ب - ﻪﻴﻄﺨﻟا لزاﻮﻌﻟا Linear Dielectric
ةﺪg?و بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻊﻣ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟاو ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻪﻳﺮﺛﺎﺘﻟا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ ﻻ ﻲﺘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲهو
ﻮﻜﺗو ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا نوﻰﻟا ﻢﺴﻘﺗو ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻠﻟ لاود :- εχ
1- ﻪﻠﺛﺎﻤﺘﻣ ﻪﻴﻄﺧ لزاﻮﻋ Linear isotropic dielectrics
rr
نا ?ggg? ﻢ?ﺮgggﻟا ﻰgggﻠﻋو ﻰgggﻠﻋ ?ggg???? ﻻ و ??ggg? ?ggg? ???ggg?? ?ﺎgggﻨه
نا يا ﻩﺮﻇﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا تﺎهﺎﺠﺗﻻاو ﻦﻜﻟو ﻪﻳوﺎﺴﺘﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ ﻩﺮﻇﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا تﺎهﺎﺠﺗﻼﻟ
ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣ ﻰﻘﺒﺗ نا ﻦﻜﻤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ.
EP εχ
εχ
2- ﻪﺴgggﻧﺎ?ﺘﻣ ???ggg??? ﺔgggﻠﺛﺎﻤﺘﻤﻟا ?ggg????? ????ggg??? Linear isotropic
homogeneous dielectrics?gg??? ﻩ?ggه ?gg? ????gg??? ?ﺎﻔggﺻ ?ggﻔﻧ ?gg?? دا
ﻒﻨﺼﻟا)1 ( ﺮgﻴ?ﺘﻟا نا يا ??g?ﻮﻤﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g????? ???g??? ﻩﺬه نا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ
ﻲﻓوﺮﻔﺻ يوﺎﺴﺗ ﻊﻗﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺒﺴﻨﻟﺎﺑ . εχ

ج - ﻪﻴﻄﺧﻼﻟا لزاﻮﻌﻟا Non-linear Dielectric
ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩدﺪﻌﺘﻣ صاﻮﺧ لزاﻮﻌﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻦﻤﻀﺘﺗو:
1- ﻟا ?g????????????? ﻪﻴﺻﺎﺨ ??g? ????g?? ?g???? ﻪg?ﻼﻌﻟا ?g??? ??g??? و
ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺘﻟا تﺎﻔﺼﻟﺎﺑ زﺎﺘﻤﻳو:
E
r
ε
أ- ﻒﻠﺨﺘﻟا Hysteresis ﻪgﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ?ﺎgﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ ????g? ﺪgﻨ? ﻪﻔﺼﻟا ﻩﺬه ثﺪﺤﺗ
???gg?????? ﻒggﻠﺨﺘﻟا ﺔggﻘﻠﺣ ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg??? ???gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ(loop of
electric hysters) ?gggg??? ?gggg?? ?gggg?
r
r
وا (
rr وا
( . ??g? ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ناr
و
r
?g??? ???g??? ?g? ???g?? ا?gه ?g?
ﻲﺗﺎﻳ ﻢآ ﺎﻬﺤﻴﺿﻮﺗ : ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ?g? ﻰﻠﻋ ?g??????????? ﻩد
ﻞﺼﻳو ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻠﻟ ﺲآﺎﻌﻣ ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳا ﻰﻟا يدﺆﻳ
?gﻴﺣ ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻠﻟ ةدﺪﺤﻣ ﻪﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ عﺎﺒﺷﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻰﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا اﺬه
لﺎggg?ﻤﻟا ?ggg?? ﺪgggﻨ?و ?ﻪgggﻠﻣﺎآ ????ggg? ??ggg????? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?gggﻟا ???ggg?
??gg?? ﺐggﻠﻄﺘﺗو ?ﻪﺒﻄﻘﺘﺴggﻣ ???gg??? ?ﺎggﻘﺑ ?ggﺣﻼﻧ ???gg?? ﻰggﻟا ???gg??????
ﺎﻴﻓﺎﺿا ??g??? ?????g??? ﻩﺎg?ﺗا ?gﻜ? ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺲآﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗﻻﺎﺑ
ﻒgﻠﺨﺘﻳ بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻪﺠﺘﻣ نا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ اﺬهو ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻪﺠﺘﻤﻟ ﺎﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣ
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺑﺎﺘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺮﺧﺎﺘﻳو .
,(D)E),EP
),Q VPE
E
r

(12)

13. ﻲه ﻪﻔﺼﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﺑ زﺎﺘﻤﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻢها ﻦﻣ :
- Barium Titanate: BaTiO3
- Rochelle salt: NaKC
4H4O6.4H2O
- Potassium dihydrogen Phosphate: KH
2PO4
- Lead Zirconate-titanate: Pb[ZrO
3,TiO3]

ب- ??ggg? ?ggg???? ??????ggg? ?ggg????????????? ???ggg??? ??ggg??? ) ?ggg? ??ggg??
?????g? تاذو ?g????????????? ??g?????? زﺎﺘﻤﺗ داﻮﻣ ﻩﺮﻴﺧﻻا تاﻮﻨﺴﻟا
ﻪﺌﻃاو( , ﺮﺣ تﺎﺟرد ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻪﻤﻴﻗ ﻢﻈﻋا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ ﻩدﺪﺤﻣ ﻩرا
ﻦﻴﻌﻣ لﺎﺠﻣ ةﺪﺷ وا.

ج- ?gggg???? ???gggg??? ?اﺮggggﻴ?ﺘﻣ ??gggg? ??gggg?????? ?????gggg?? ?gggg?????
????gg? ??gg? ?gg?? ?gg?? ?gg????????????? ????gg??? ??gg??? ????gg???
??????gg??? ????gg?? ??gg? ?ggﻠﺘﻤﺗ ?gg????????????? ???gg??? ?gg???? ???gg??
?ggg? ﺮgggﻴ?ﺘﺗ ﻪgggﻳوﺎﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟا ???ggg??? ?ggg??? ?ggg???? ?????ggg??? ?ggg???
????gg? ??gg??? ?ﻤﺴggﻳﺎﻣ وا ??gg????? ??gg?? ?gg???? ??gg? ?gg? ???gg???
???g?(Curie Point) ???gg??? ????gg?? ?gg?? ??????gg?? ???gg?? ?gg??
???g??? ????g? ?g??? ??g?? ???g?? ??g?? ?g????????????? ﺺﺋﺎﺼﺨﻟا
?g??? ??g???? ?gﻠﺗ ???g? ???g? ??g??? ????g? ????g? ?g??? ?g? ﻰﻠﻋا
ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﺴﻴﻃﺎﻨﻐﻣوﺮﻴﻔﻟا صاﻮﺨﻟا دﺪﺤﺗ. ??g??? ?g??? ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا
????????g??????? ?ﻤﺴgﺗ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآوﺮﻴﻔﻟا ﻪﻴﺻﺎﺨﻟﺎﺑ(Ferroceramic)
?g?? ﻲﻓو ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا يراﺮﺤﻟا ىﺪﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﺪﺣاو يرﻮآ ﺔﻄﻘﻧ ﻚﻠﺘﻤﺗ ﻲهو
?g? ?g??? ?g???? ?g????? ???g??? ?g??? يرﻮآ ةراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد نﺎﻓ داﻮﻤﻟا
(200ºC) ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﻗاو (100ºC) ةراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗو ﻰgﻠﻋ يرﻮآ
ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ةﻮﻠﻘﻧ ىﺪﻣ . ??g??? ???g? ????g? ?g??? ?g? ?g???? ??g??? ?g??
??g? ﺮgﻴ?ﺘﻟا ??g??? ?g????????????? ????g???? ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا وT ?g? ?g??
ﻩﺎﻧدا ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا:
ε
)26(
1
LLL
θ
ε−
=T
C


يرﻮآ نﻮﻧﺎﻘﺑ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا - ﺰﻳاو (Curie-Weirss) . ﺚﻴﺣ
???gg? ?gg??? - ،ﺰgggﻳاو ﻰgggﻤﻈﻌﻟا ???gg? ?gg??? ) ?ggg??? ?gg??? (
?gg?????? ?gg? ﻪggﻴهﺎ?ﺗﻻا ???????gg??? ??gg?? ???gg?? ?gg????? ??gg? ?gg????
ﻲﻧﻮﻳﻻا و ﻲﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﻦﻴﺑﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ

C
1
θ
))((
ied
αα+>>α


2- ?g
gggﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآوﺰﺒﻟا ??gggg?????:- ﻻﺎﺑ ?gggg??? ????gggg??? ??gggg? ?ﻤﺴggggﺗ ?gggg?????
gg? ﺔgg?ﻴﺘﻧ ??gg??? ?gg????????? ??ارﻮggﻠﺒﻟا ?gg?? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg???????? ??gg? ﻂﻴﻠﺴ
(13)

14. ?ggﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآوﺰﻴﺒﻟا ?ggﺑﺎﺛ ?gg? ﺐﺴggﺤﺗ ???gg? يﻻ ﻪggﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآوﺰﻴﺒﻟا ???gg???
?gg?????????? ??gg??? ﻰggﻟا ??gg?????? ﻪﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ???gg?? ??gg? ???gg??? ﻞgg?ﻤﻳ ?ggﻴﺣ
يرﻮﻠﺒﻟا رﻮﺤﻤﻟا لﻮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﻠﻄﻤﻟا . ﺰﺗراﻮgﻜﻠﻟ ???g???? ﺖﺑﺎﺜﻟا اﺬه ﻞﺜﻤﻳو
(2.2 PC/N) ﺤg? ?g??? ﻲﻨﻌﻳ اﺬهو ?ادﺎgﻬﺟﻻا ????g? ﺔg?ﻴﺘﻧ ﻪﻴﻓﺎg?ا تﺎﻨ
?g? ?????g??? ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻩﺪﻟﻮﺘﻤﻟا ﻩﺪﻴﻘﻤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻰﻟا فﺎﻀﺘﺳ ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻧﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟا
ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا.


راﻮﻃﻻا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ داﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺨﻟ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا:
???g??? ???g??? ﻪgﻟزﺎ? ???????g? ???g? ?ﺪﺨﺘﺴgﺗ ﻩﺮﻴﺜآ نﺎﻴﺣا ﻲﻓ (Multiphase)
ﻊﻣ ﻲﺟﺎﺟﺰﻟا رﻮﻄﻟا ﻦﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﻣﺒﺣ ?gﻳﻻﻮﻤﻟا و ﺰﺗراﻮgﻜﻟا ?g? ﻪgﻳرﻮﻠﺑ ?ﺎgﺒﻴ) ﻦﻴﻠgﺳرﻮﺑ
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ ﻲﻨﻘﺗ( ?g???? حﻮﻄﺳ نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﻩدﺮﻔﻨﻤﻟا راﻮﻃﻻا صاﻮﺧ ﻲﻓ تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا ﺮﺛا ﻰﻠﻌﻓ ،
ﻩﺪﺸﺑ ﻪﻠﺼﻔﻨﻣ) ﻪﻴﻏاﺮﻓ تﺎﻨﺤﺷ ( ?g? ?gﻟ? ?gﺣﻼﻳو ?داﻮgﻤﻟا ﻩ?gه ?g? ?????g??? ??g??
ﻬﻜﻟا لﺎg?ﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻀﻔﺨﻨﻤﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ لﻼﺧ ?gﻴﺣ ?ﻲﺋﺎgﺑﺮ
?gg?????? ?ﻮﻄﺴggﻟا ?????gg?? ﺎ?ggﻨﻳ)ﻪggﻴ?اﺮﻔﻟا ?ﺎﻨﺤ?ggﻟا ?????gg?? ( ?gg? ?ﺪggﻤﻟا ا?ggه ﺪggﻨ?
ﻈﻓﺎﺤﻣ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻰﻘﺒﺗ ،تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻈﺘﻧﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪ ??g??? ?لﺎg?ﻤﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﻣ مﺎ ا?gه
?gg??? ?gg? ﺪggﻳاﺰﺗ يا ﺐﺒﺴggﺑ ?gg?????? ????gg??? ?ﺎggﺟرد ?gg? ????gg? ﺎﺤgg?او ????gg???
gg? ﻂﻴ?ggﻨﺗو ﺰggﻴﻔﺤﺗ ﻰggﻟا ???gg? ????gg???ﻓ ?ﻪﻨﺤ?ggﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻴ ?ﻮﻄﺴggﻟا ﺰggآﺮﻣ ????gg? ﺮggﻬ?
ﻪg?ﺎﻄﻟا ???g?? ?g? ﺪgﻳاﺰﺗ ?ﺪgﺤﻳ ﺎهﺪgﻨ? ?ﺮgﻴﺒآ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻪﺒﻄﻘﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻨﻴﺒﻟا . ?g??? ?g? ?ﻟ?gآ
?g???? ددﺮﺘﻟا تﺎﺒﺛ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻠﻟ ﻪﻠﺼﺤﻤﻟا ﻪﻤﻴﻘﻟا سﺎﻴﻗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ راﻮﻃﻻا ةدﺪﻌﺘﻣ داﻮﻤﻟا
?gg?????? ?ﺎggﻌﻳزﻮﺗو ???gg?? ﻪggﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا ??????gg?? ?ﺎggﻴ? ?ﺎggﺳا ﻰggﻠﻋ ?ﻩراﺮggﺤﻟاﻪggﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ .
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻳدﻮﻣﺎﻌﻟا وا ﻪﻳزاﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻟا ﻲﻓ رﻮﻄﻟا ﻞﺼﺤﻳ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻌﻓ
ﻪﻴﺗﻻا ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎهدﺎﺠﻳا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺣ نﺎﻓ ﻂﻠﺴﻤﻟا:
q
q
m
VVV
''''
1
2
2
1
1
εεεε
+++=L
ﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻠﻟ ﻪﻳدﻮﻣ
qqm
VVV ''''
2211
εεεε +++=L ﻪﻳزاﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﻘﺒﻄﻠﻟ

(14)

15. ﻩﻼﻋا ﻦﻴﺘﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻲﻓﻳ نا ﻆﺣﻼ ?g????????? ??????g?? ﻦﻣ ﻲﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟا ءﺰﺠﻟا ﻰﻟا ﺮﻴﺸﺗ
??gggg???? ?gggg? .،،...، ?gggg?? ﻪﻠﺼggggﻔﻨﻤﻟا ?gggg??????? ءاﺰggggﺟﻻا ?????gggg? ?gggg???
V،V،...،Vﻬﻟ مﻮﺠﺤﻟا رﻮﺴآ ﻲﻨﻌﺗ راﻮﻃﻻا ﻩﺬ.
m
'ε
2
'
1
'εε
q
'ε
12q
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻨﻓ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻦﻴﺘﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻢﻴﻤﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو :
)27('log'log LLL
q
q
qm
V εε∑=
?g???? ?g? ???g??? ???g??? ﺔﻤﻈﻧﻻ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻳو
مﺎﻈﻧ ﻞآ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ.


ﺪﻘﻔﻟاﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا نا
??g? ﻰgﻠﻋ ??g?? ?g????? ?g? ??g???? ??g? ???g? يا ﻰgﻠﻋ ???g???? لﺎﺠﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ
?g??? ?g????? ???g?? ??g???? ?g? ???????g? ?g? ????g? لزاﻮﻌﻟاو تﻼﺻﻮﻤﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻩراﺮﺣ
ﻦﻣﺰgﻟا ??g??? ﻩدﻮﻘﻔﻤﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﺗ) ???g??? ( ??g??? ????g??? ?g???
ﻻا ﻪﻴﺻﻮﺼﺨﻟﺎﺑﻪﻴﺗ:
R
V
P
w
2
=


ﺪﻘﻟا ﻲﻓ دﺪﺒﺘﻟا ددﺮﺗ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻣو ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻩر ??g?? عﻮﻧ ﻰﻠﻋو رﺪﺼﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا . ﻲgﻟﺰﻋ ???g??? ??g?? ???g??? ?g? عﺎﻴﻀgﻟا ??g?(Dielectric losses)
?gg?? ﻩﺮggﻴ?ﺘﻣ ?gg????? يا ????gg? ?gg?? عﺎﻴﻀggﻟا ﻒ ?gg? ﻢﻠﻜﺘggﻟا ?gg??? ???gg? ????gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ
ﻮﻔﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗ عﺎﻴﻀﻟا ﻲﻨﻌﻧ ناﺪﻘﻔﻟاﻪﺑوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟ.
ﻪﺑوﺎﻨﺘﻣ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻋV ???g?? ??g?? ?g???? ?g?? ??g? ﻰgﻠﻋو ????g?? ﻰﻠﻋ
) ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻣ لزﺎﻋ ( ??g???? ??g? ?g?? ?g????? ??g? ﻲﻓ ??g? ﻰgﻠﻋ ??g???? ???g???? ??g?
ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا
V ﻪﻳواﺰﺑ º90 رﺎﻴﺘﻟا اﺬهو ﻲﻟﺎﺜﻣ ﺪﻌﻳ . رﻮﻄﻟا ﺔﻳواز ﻪﻘﻴﻘﺤﻟا ﻲﻓΦ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺑ ﻞﻗا
?gg?º90ﻲggﻠﻜﻟا ??gg????? ??gg???? ???gg????? ??????gg? ﻰggﻟا ﻞggﻠﺤﺘﻳ ???gg???? ??gg? ??gg???
ﺮﺛﺆﻟا لﺎﻌﻔﻟا ?g?????? رﺎﻴﺘﻟا ﺮﺧﻻاو ،ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ ) ????g?? ( ﻰgﻠﻋ ???g??
ﻩﺎﻧدا ﻞﻜﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤآ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗا:
I
I
a
I
r
I







I
a
I
r
I
V

δ
Φ
(15)

16. ?gg?? ????gg?? ?gg? ??gg?? ??gg??? ?gg????º90?gg???? ?gg???? تاذ تﺎﻌﺴggﺘﻤﻠﻟ . ﻪggﻳواﺰﻟا
??g???? ?g? ﻲﻠﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا بﺎﺴﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ يرﻮﻄﻟا ﻂﻄﺨﻤﻟا ﻦﻣو ،لﺰﻌﻟا ناﺪﻘﻓ ﺔﻳواز ﻞﺜﻤﺗ
لﺎﻌﻔﻟا) ﻤﻳ يﺬﻟا لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺮ( رﺎﻴﺘﻟاو ، يا ??g? ???g?? ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ يﺬﻟا
نا :
δ
r
I
)28(LLL
ra
jIII+=
ﺚﻴﺣ
1−=jﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌﺗ ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﻳواز ﻞﻇو ، :
)29(tan LLL
r
aI
I
=
δ

?g?????? ?g??? ??g???? ????g??? ﻒﺻﻮﺗ نﺎﻴﺣﻻا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ(Quality factor)
نا يا ﻞﻈﻟا ﺔﻤﻴﻗ سﻮﻜﻌﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﻳ يﺬﻟا:
Q
)30(tancot
tan
1LLLΦ===δ
δ
Q
لﺰggﻌﻟا ?gg? ﻪﻌﺋﺎﻀggﻟا ???gg??? ?gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg?? ??gg?? ?gg???? دﺎggﺠﻳا ?????gg?? ?gg??
ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺳ ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟ
Cنا يا رﻮﻄﻟا ﻂﻄﺨﻣ ﻲﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﻦﻣ :
w
P
)31(tan10*56.5
tan))(2(tan
tan
211
22
LLL
Qδε
δεεπδ
δ
rw
row
r
raw
fVP
fVWCVP
VWCI
VIVIP
Λ=
∴
Λ==∴
=
==
−

ﺚﻴﺣ
و رﺪﺼﻤﻟا ددﺮﺗ Wيواﺰﻟا ددﺮﺘﻟا f

نﺎﻓ ﻪﺴﻧﺎﺠﺘﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻏ لزاﻮﻌﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻣا ﺮﻴﻏ نﻮﻜﺗ لﺰﻌﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻗﺎﺑو
سﺎﻴﻗ ﺪﻨﻌﻓ ،طﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ ﻪﻬﺑﺎﺸﺘﻣ ﻤﻟا ??g?? ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g??? ????g??? ??g??? وا ??g?
(Effective) لزﺎﻌﻟا طﺎﻘﻧ ﻊﻴﻤﺠﻟ ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻈﻟ . ?g???? يروﺮﻀﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻲﻓ
?g??? ?g??? ?g?? لﺎgﺠﻤﻟا ةﺪﺷ ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻣ ﻦﻣ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﻪﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ طﺎﻘﻧ ﺪﻨﻋ ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻊﻳزﻮﺗ
?gg??? ???gg??? ?gg??? ?gg? ?gg??? ??gg? ﺐggﻌﻜﻣ ??gg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ???gg??? ??gg??? اذاو ????gg???
ﻲﺛاﺪﺣا ﺰgﺟ ??g?? ?g?? ??g?? ﺐgﻌﻜﻤﻟا ﻢgﺠﺣ ء . ?g? ???g???? ?g???? ?g??? ???g???
????gg? ﺐggﻌﻜﻤﻟا ?gg? ??gg??? ??gg??? لﺎggﺠﻤﻟا نا ??gg?? ?gg????? ??gg? ?gg?? ?gg?????
ﺚﻴﺣ ءﺰﺠﻟا اﺬﻬﻟ ﺎهدﺎﺠﻳا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻪﻌﺴﻟﺎﻓ ،ﻪﻳدﻮﻤﻋ:
tanδ
δtan
dx
2
)(; dxSdxhdxdc
or
=⇒==εε
ﻲه ءﺰﺠﻟا اﺬه ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻄﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟاو:
EdxV=
(16)

17. ?ﻧﺎg?ﺘﻟا ??g? ﺐﺒﺴgﺑ ﻪﻓﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺘﻣ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ . ﻢg?ﺤﻟا ??g??? ???g????? ???g???
ﺢﺒﺼﺗ:
)32()/(
10*8.1
tan
)(
3
10
2
3
LLLmwattfE
dx
dP
P
rw
w
δε
==
ﻲهو ﻢﻈﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺢﺼﺗ ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻩﺬه ?ﻧﺎg?ﺗ ﻰgﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗﻻ ﺔﻟﺎﺣ
??gg? وا ???gg?? ??????gg? ??gg? ???gg??? ?gg??? ?gg??? ?gg??? ???gg???? ?ﻧﺎgg?ﺗ ??gg? ??gg??
ﻲه ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
r
. E
بﺮﻀﻟا ﻞﺻﺎﺣ نا ﻲgﻟﺰﻌﻟا ???g???? ﻰﻋﺪﻳ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻲﻄﻌﻳ (Dielectric
loss index) ﻦﻴﺘﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ و )31 (و)32 ( ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ
tanεδ
r
)(
10*8.1
tan
tan
)33(
10
2
m
siemensf
Wwhere
EP
r
roa
awδε
δεεγ
γ
==
= LLL

ﻰﻋﺪﺗ
a
γﻋﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا ﻪﻴ(Active volume conductive).

ﻮه ﻢﺠﺤﻟا ةﺪﺣﻮﻟ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﻟا ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ،ﻩﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺖﺤﺗو :
)34(
2
2
.
LLL
dc
o
dirw
E
R
E
Pγ==

نﺎﻓ تﻻﺎﺤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜآ ﻲﻓ ناو ل ?g??? ﻰﺼﻗا ﺚﻴﺣ
ﺎﺴﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻲه ﻊﻣ ىوﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ طﺮﺸﻟا اﺬه ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو :
dirw
P
.dca w
P≥γγ≥
dirw
P
.
R
w
P
)35(10*8.1tan
10
LLL=δε
oRf
ﻦﻴﺘﻟﺎﺤﻠﻟ
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ةﺪﺷ ﺲﻔﻨﻟ.

لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣ رﺎﺒﺘﻋا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻘﻔﻟا تﻻﺎﺣ سرﺪﺗ ?g? ???g? ???g?? ?g? ﻪﻃﻮﺑﺮﻣ
????gg? ??????gg???(series) ????gg? وا (parallel) ?gg???? ???gg??? ?gg????? ?gg?? ،
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ يزاﻮﺘﻟا:

)36(
1
tan
;
LL
ppr
a
p
aprRWCI
I
and
R
V
IVWCI
==
==
δ


I
V
rI
a
I
Φ
δ
)يزاﻮﺗ(


(17)

18. cV
I
δ
Φ
V
R
V
(ﻲﻟاﻮﺗ)



ﻲﻟاﻮﺘﻟا ﻂﺑر ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻦﻣو:
)37(tan
cos;sin;tan
LLL
ss
s
s
sR
s
R
s
csc
CR
c
R
RWC
WC
I
IR
IRV
R
V
I
WC
I
VWCVI
V
V
V
V
V
V
==
∴
=⇒=
=⇒=⇒
===
δ
δδδ

ﻲﻟاﻮﺘﻟا ﻂﺑر ﻦﻣوﺎﻀﻳا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ :
)38()tan1(
tan1
tan
tan
sin
:
tan1
tan
)2sin2(
2
1
cossinsincos
2
2
22
22
2
22
2
LLLδ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δ
δδδδ+=⇒
+
=
∴
=⋅=
+
==
==
==
Ps
sp
s
R
s
R
ss
ss
RsCR
CC
WCVWCV
R
V
V
R
V
Por
WCVWCVP
WCVVWCVP
VWCVIVP


δ
δ
2
222
sin
sin
Ps
sPRR
R
V
R
V
=⇒=
ﺎﻀﻳا
)39(
tan
1
1
1
tan
1
1
1
sin:
2
2
2
LLL
δ
δ
δ
+
=
∴
+
=
Ps
RR
But

(18)

19. ﻣﺪﻨﻋو نﺎﻓ ﻪﻠﻴﻠﻗ ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﻳواز نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻩﻼﻋا تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻞﻤﻬﺗ : δ
2
tan
P
C
Ps
RR
)40(tan;
2
LLLδ
PsPsRRCC≈≈


???g?? ??g? ?g??? ?g???? ??g? اذا ﺎﻣا ) ???g?? ?g? ??g?? اذا ??????g?? ???g?? ( ???g?
ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا ناﺪﻘﻔﻠﻟ جذﻮﻤﻨﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻩدﺪﺤﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ ﺮﻳدﺎﻘﻣ.
نا ?gg?? ناو ?gg??????? ??gg? ??gg??? ?gg?? ?gg???? ?gg??? )39 (
ﺢﺒﺼﺗ:
s
C><
)41(tan
2
LLLδ
sP
RR≈

ﻪﺒآﺮﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا
بوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا ?g? ﻞﻗا ﻪﻳواﺰﺑ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﻖﺒﺴﻳ º90 ??g? ???g??? ??g??? ?g??? ﻞgﻴﻠﻘﺑ
?gg????? ?gg?????? ?gg??? ??gg??? ???gg???? ???gg????gg?? ?gg? . ???gg????? ??gg???? ﻰggﻄﻌﻳ
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ:
)42(LLLjWCVI=
ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻴﺑ رﻮﻄﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻒﺼﻳ و V I
ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ
j
ﻪﻌﺴﻟا راﺪﻘﻣ ﻦﻋ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑو:
)43(LLLV
h
S
jWI
roεε
=

?g????? ??g? ?g???? اذﺎﻓ )28 (ﻟاو ?g???)43 ( وذ ??g?????? ﺎgﺘﻠآ ?g? ??g???? نا ?g???
gg???? ?gg??? ??gg?? ?gg????? ﺮﻴ?ﺘﻤﻟﺎggﻓ ???gg? ???????gg? ??????gg?ﻄ ?gg? ???gg?? ?gg???? ﻪﺘ
ﻦﻋ ضﻮﻌﻧ نا ﻮه ﻦﻴﺘﻟﺎﺤﻟاﻪﻴﻤﻜﻟﺎﺑ :
r
ε
)44("'LLLεεε j
r
−=
ﻌﻤﻟﺎﺑ ???g???? ?g??? ،ﺐgآﺮﻣ راﺪﻘﻣ ﻲه ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا نا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ اﺬه ?g???)43 ( ??g??
ﻰﻠﻋ:
)46("
)45("
LLL
LLL
V
h
S
WI
V
h
S
WI
or
oaεε
εε=
=


ﻔﻨﺑ
ﺎﻤهﺪﺣا رﺎﻴﺘﻠﻟ ﻦﻴﺘﺒآﺮﻣ دﻮﺟو ﺔﻟﺎﺣ نا ﺎﻌﺘﻣ ??g???? ?g??????? ?g? ??g??? ﺲ ??g?
ﺎﻣﺎﻤﺗ ﻪﻴﻘﻧ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟا نا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ
C ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﺎﻬﻳزاﻮﺗ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ :
P P
R
)47(LLLVjWC
R
V
jIII
p
P
ra+=+=

(19)

20. ﺔﻧرﺎﻘﻤﺑو ﻦﻴﺘﻗﻼﻌﻟا )45 ( و)46 ( ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻊﻣ)47 (ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ:
)49("
)48('
LLL
LLL
SRW
h
S
hC
Po
o
pε
ε
ε
ε
=
=


ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻤﺴﻳنا يا ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻤﺑ : "ε
)50(tan'"LLLδεε=

?????g?? ???g? ??g?? ???g???? نا ﺞﺘﻨﺘﺴﻧ ?g????? ?g? ???g???? ?g????? ﺎgﻤﻠآو
??g??? ﺚﻴﺣ ﻞﺋﺎﻀﺘﺗ ﻩدﻮﻘﻔﻤﻟا ﻩرﺪﻘﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺜﻤﻟا ﻪgﻳواﺰﻟا ???g?? ???g?? ?g? .
ﻪgﻳواﺰﻟا ?g???? ???g??? ?g? ???g???? ﻦﻋ ﺮﺒﻌﻳ ?g???? ﺔgﻳواﺰﺑ ﻰﻋﺪgﺗو ،(loss angel)
?gg???? ?gg???? ?gg? ﻰﻤﺴggﻳو ?gg???? ?gg?? (loss angel tan) ?gg???? ?gg?? ،
?????g??? ??g???? ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g?????? ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺼﻳﻻا ?g? ???g???? ﺔgﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻰgﺷﺎﻨﻟا ءﺰgﺠﻟا ?g?
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ :
)(
a
VI
"δ ε
δ
tanδ
a
γ
R
)51(LLL
S
h
R
a
pγ
=

P
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺘﻟﺎﺑو)49 (ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ:
)53(10*8.1*"
)52("
10
LLL
LLL
f
W
a
oaγ
ε
εεγ
=⇒
=


?????g
g??? ??gg? ?gg??? ?gg???? ??gg????? ???gg??? ???gg???? ?gg? ?????gg??? ???gg??
?g?? ???g??? لﺎgﺠﻣ ﻂﻴﻠﺴgﺗ ?g?? ???g????? ﻩرﺪgﻘﻠﻟ ??g??? ?g? ﻲﺘﻟا ﻪﺑوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺼﻳﻻا
g? ???g??? لﻼﺧ ﻞﻘﺘﻨﺗ نا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻪﻴﻤﻜﻟ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﺖﺴﻴﻟ ﻲهو لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺐgﻄﻗ ﻦ
ﻻ ﺔgﺠﻴﺘﻧ ?g???? ?g? ﻲﺘﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻠﻟ سﺎﻴﻘﻣ ﻲه لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﺑوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺼﻳﻻا نا يا ،ﺮﺧ
????g????? لﺎgﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎgﺠﺗا ﺮgﻴﻐﺘﺑ ?????g?? زاﺰgﺘها وا ???g???? ﻲﻓ تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا نارود
??gg? ???gg??? ﺎﻀggﻳا ???gg? ???gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg???? ا ?gg? ﺮggﻴﻐﺘﺗ ?gg?? ?gg???? ????gg??
?g?? وا ????g??? ??g???? ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ رﺎﺒﺘﻋﻻا ﺮﻈﻨﺑ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻦﻋ ﻪﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺼﻳﻻا
ﻦﻴﺘﺒآﺮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﺼﻳﻻا ﺪﻌﺗ لاﻮﺣﻻا ﻊﻴﻤﺟ ﻲﻓو ،ﻪﺌﻃاﻮﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا:
a
γ
"
a
γε
)54(LLL
dcac
γγγ +=

ﺚﻴﺣ
dc
γ ﺎﺼﻳﻻا ????g??? ??g???? ?g? ??g????? ﻪﻴﻟ g??? ???g??? ?g? ﺮgﻴﻐﺘﺗ ﻻ ??g?? دﺎ
ﺎﻣا ،ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ اﺪﺟ ﻪﺌﻃاو ﻲهو ?g? ?g???? ?g? ?g??? ?g??? ?????g??? ﻲﻬﻓ
ﺎﻬﻋاﻮﻧﺎﺑ تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا ﺔآﺮﺣ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ لزﺎﻌﻟا . ?g? لزﺎgﻌﻠﻟ ??????g?? نا ??g? ﺎﻤﻣ ﻆﺣﻼﻧو
ac
γ
(20)

21. 'ε
"ε

ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻇو ﻪﺒآﺮﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻢها
أ - ددﺮﺘﻟا : ????g?? ???g??? ﻲﻓ تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا و تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﺔآﺮﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ
ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻟا يدﺆﻳ ﻪآﺮﺤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻂﻠﺴgﻤﻟا ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ???g?? ﺐﺒﺴgﺑو ،لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎﺠﺗا
???????g?? ﻩﺎg?ﺗا ﺮgﻴ?ﺗ ﻰgﻟا ???g? ???g???? ??g?? ?لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﻩﺎg?ﺗا ??g?? ﻰgﻟا ???g? ﻪﻨﻓ .
?????g? ﺲﻜﻌﻨﻳ ﻪﻄﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ددﺮﺘﺑ ﻪﻠﺜﻤﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا بوﺎﻨﺗ ةﺪﺷ نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ
?gg??? ?gg? ??gg??? ??gg?? ???gg??? ???gg???? ????gg? ??gg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?????gg??? نا ?gg??? ??gg? ،دد
???gggg??? ?????gggg?? ?gggg???? ﻰggggﻠﻋ ?gggg???? ??gggg?? لﺎgggg?ﻤﻟا ﺮggggﻴ?ﺘﺑ ﺮﻴ?ﺘﻴggggﺳ ???gggg??????
) ﻪgggﻴهﺎ?ﺗﻻا ، ?gg?????? ??gg????????? .( ??????ggg?? ????gg? ?ggg???? ?????gg? ?ggg????? ?gg?
??gg? ?gg? ?gg??? ????gg?? ?gg? ?gg??? ??gg? ?gg? ?gg?????? ?gg????? ???gg??? ?gg?
ﺳارد دﺎg?ﻳا ?g???? ???g??? ?????g?? زاﺰﺘها ﻰﻠﻋ بوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺔ
???g??? ??g? ?g?????W و )',"εε ??gg??? ?????g??? ?g? ??gg?? ?g?? ?g????? ?gg???
ﻪgﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا ?g????? ?ﺎg?ﻨﻠﻟ ﻲﻠﺧاﺪgﻟا ﺐgﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g???? ﻪﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ .
و ﻦﻴﺑو ددﺮﺘﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺪﻳﺪﺤﺗ ﻪﺑﻮﻌﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻟ
)',"(
εε عاﻮﻧا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻔﻟﺆﻟا ﻪﻤﻈﻧﻼﻟ
ﻰﻠﻋ ددﺮﺘﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺔﺳارد ﻦﻜﻤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻜﻟو ،ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻘﻳﺮﻄﻟا عﺎﺒﺗﺎﺑ تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻔﻠﺘﺨﻧ
ﺰgggﻜﺗﺮﺗو ???ggg???? ?ggg??? تﺎgggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ???ggg?? ??ggg???? ??ggg?? ?ggg?? ?????ggg??? ???ggg??
??ggg? ?ggg?? تﺎgggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ???????ggg??? ?ggg? . ?????ggg???? ????ggg? ﻪgggﻳزاﺰﺘهﻻا ?ggg??????
???????gg?? ?????gg? ????gg? ?gg???????? ?gg?????? ????gg??? ?????gg???? ?gg???????? .
??g??? ﺐﺒﺴgﺑ ???g???? ?g???????? ?????g??? ??g?? ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ ﺪﻨﻋو
ا ???g?? ??g? ?g??? ??g??? ??g?? ?????g??? ?g?????? ?????g?? ﻦﻴﺑ ﻰgﻟا ?????g?? ??g??
??????gg? ﻰﻋﺪggﻳ ???gg?? ????gg? ??gg? ????gg??? لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا لاوز ?gg??? ?????gg??? ???gg??
???gg? ﺐggآاﻮﻳ ?????gg??? ناو ???????gg??? ?gg??????? ﻰggﻠﻋ ????gg? ?ﻘﺒﻴggﺳ ?gg??????
لﺎﺠﻤﻟا) ???g??? ?g? ناروﺪﻟا تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗ( لﺎg?ﻤﻠﻟ ???g??? ???g??? ??g? اذا ?g?? ،
ﻪﻣﻮﻈﻨﻤﻟا نﺎﻓ اﺪﺟ ﺎﻴﻟﺎﻋ ?g???? ?g??? ?g?? ?لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﺮgﻴ?ﺗ ?g????? وا ?ﺎgﺤﻠﻟا ﻊﻴﻄﺘﺴﺗﻻ
???g????? ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ﻞﺼﺤﻳ ﻪﻣﻮﻈﻨﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا ددﺮﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا بوﺎﻨﺗ
?g??????(Resonance absorption) ?g???? ???g? ?ﺼg?ا ?g??????? ??g?? ?g??
ﻂﻠﺴﻤﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ . ﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﻪﺑﺎﺤﺴgﻠﻟ ?g?????? ???g??? نا ﺎgﻴﻠﻤ? ﺪﺟو ﺰgآﺮﻣ ??g? ?g?
راﺪﻘﻤﺑ ﻩرﺬﻟا ﻲﻓ بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا(10
16
rad/sec) ﻦﻣ ﻲﺠﺴﻔﻨﺒﻟا قﻮﻓ ءﺰﺠﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻊﻘﻳ يﺬﻟا
??g? ??????g? ??g???? ?g? ??g???? ???g??? ??g???? ?g? ?g?? ،ﻲﺴﻴﻃﺎﻨﻐﻣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻒﻴﻄﻟا
???gg?? ?gg?????? ???gg???(10
14
rad/sec) ???gg???? ?gg?? ءﺰggﺠﻟا ?gg? ?gg??? . ?gg????
??ggg?? ???ggg???? ??ggg?? ?????ggg??? ?ggg? ?ggg???(R-L-C) ?????ggg??? ﺮgggﻴ?ﺗ ?ggg????
ﻮه ﻩﺮﺋاﺪﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﻟ ﻲﻨﻴﻧﺮﻟا ددﺮﺘﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ددﺮﺘﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻪﻴﻧﻮﻳﻻاو ﻪﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا:

)',"(εε
(
LC
W
o
1
=

(21)

22. ﻢﻴﻗ ﻰﻄﻌﺗو تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ : )',"(εε
)57(
)(
1
tan
)56(
)(1[
1
"
)55(
)(1
)(
'
22
22
LLL
LLL
LLL
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
o
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
RWC
q
q
qRWC
q
−
=
−+
=
−+
−
=
δ
ε
ε

ﺚﻴﺣL :
،ﻒﻠﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﺗاﺬﻟا ﺚﺤﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣCo : ،غاﺮﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻌﺴﻟاC ﻟا ???g??? ??g??? ﻪﻌﺴ
ناو
R
LW
o
q=
',"(
?g
gﻴهﺎﺠﺗا ???????gg?? ??gg?? ?gg??? اذا ?gg?? )?gg?????? ( ﺔggﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ?????gg??? ﻰggﻟا ???gg??
?????gg???(Relaxation process) لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا ﻩﺎggﺠﺗﺎﺑ ???????ggg?? ???gg? ?gg??
ﺪgﻳﺪﺠﻟا ???g?? ???????g?? ?g??? ﺬﺧﺎﺗ ﻲﻜﻟ ﺎﻨﻣز كﺎﻨه ناو ﺮﻤﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ??g??
???g?????? لﺎgﺠﻤﻟا لاوز ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻚﻟﺬآو ءﺎﺧﺮﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﻰﻤﺴﺗ ﻪﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا . نا ?g?? ?g? ??g??
ﻦﺤﺷ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ءﺎﺧﺮﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﺢﻴﺿﻮﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو ،لﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا ﺔآﺮﺣ ﻞﻗﺮﻌﺗ ﻪآﺮﺣ كﺎﻨه
ﺎggﻤﻠﻜﻓ ?gg??????? ???gg?? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg??????? ???gg?? ???gg? ?gg???? ?gg?? ،ﺎggﻬﻐﻳﺮﻔﺗو ???gg????
gg?? ?gg?? ??gg? ﻩﺮﻴﻐggﺻ ?gg??????? ?gg?????gg?? ?gg??????? ﻦﺤﺸ . ????gg? ??gg??? ??gg? ?gg??
ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟاC ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟاو R دﺪﺘﻟا ﻦﻴﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻰﻟا لﻮﺻﻮﻟا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ،
W و ﺚﻴﺣ
يﺎﺒﻳد تﻻدﺎﻌﻤﺑ تﺎﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻰﻤﺴﺗ(Debye equation)ﺚﻴﺣ :
)εε
)(
/)(
)0(
0
)0(
0
)(
)0(
)0(
)0()(
)(
1
)()(
)(
)(
*
)()(
1
)()(
)(
)(
*
1
)(
)1(
0
)(
)(
*
0
)(
)(
*
jW
Wat
jW
dte
etif
dtet
s
W
Ss
S
W
tjW
W
t
iWt
W
−
−
+=
∴
+=⇒
−
+=∴
=⇒=
−
+=
+=∴
=
+=
∞
∞
∞∞
∞
−
∞
∞
−
∞
∞
∫
∫
τ
τ
τ
τ
τ
τεε
εε
ταεε
α
εε
εε
α
ε
αεε
αα
αεε

(22)

23. )58(
1
)()(
)(
)(
*
LLL
τ
εε
εε
jW
s
W
−
−
+=
∞
∞

ﻟﺎﺑو ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻪﻧﺮﻘﻤ)44 (ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ : )"'(
*
εεεj−=
)61(
)(
tan
)60(
1
)("
)59(
1
'
22
)()(
)()(
22)()()(
22
)()(
)()(
LLL
LLL
LLL
τεε
τεε
δ
τ
τ
εεε
τ
εε
εε
W
W
W
W
W
s
s
sW
s
W
∞
∞
∞
∞
∞+
−
=
+
−=
+
−
+=



نا ?gg?? : ?????gg??? ?gg?? ?gg???(Relaxation time) ?gg?? مزﻻا ﻦﻣﺰggﻟا ?gg??
ﻰggﻟا ?????gg??? ?gg??? ?gg?? ??gg? ???gg???? ?gg???? ?gg?? ﻰggﻤﻈﻌﻟا ?gg????? ?gg? ?gg?
ﻪﻨﺤﺸﻟا.
τ
)(
1
e
?g???? ????g?
?g?????? ﻞﺋاﻮﺴﻟاو ﻪﻴﺒﻄﻘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﺎﻣا ??g????? ?g???? ???g? ?g?
ﻲﻠﺧاﺪﻟا(Internal fraction coefficient) ?g??? ???g? ??g?????? ???g??? ﺔgﺟوﺰﻟو
?ggg???? ?ggg? ??ggg???? ??ggg???? و
Cggg?? ﺚ( . ??ggg? ?ggg????? ?ggg?? ?ggg???
ﻦﻴﺑو ?????g??? ?g?? نا ?g?? ?g??? ?g?? ???g??? ???g?? ?g? ﺎﻤآ
،بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﻊﺿو ﻲﻓ راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻰﻟا تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا لﻮﺻﻮﻟ قﺮﻐﺘﺴﻤﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﻳ
ا ﻪﻗﺮﻐﺘﺴﺗ يﺬﻟا ﺖﻗﻮﻟا ﻒﺼﻳ ﻚﻟﺬآو لاوز ?g?? لوﻻا ﺎﻬﻌﺿو ﻰﻟا عﻮﺟﺮﻠﻟ تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟ
ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻧا ﺎﻀﻳا ﻆﺣﻼﻧو ،ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
( ??????g?? نﺎﻓ ???g???
ﺢﺒﺼﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑىﻮﺼﻘﻟا ﺎﻬﺘﻤﻴﻗ ﺪﻨﻋ .
τ
RC R)τ=
)(τW)',"(ε
)
ε
1=τW'ε
"ε

????gg? ?gg?? ???gg??? ?gg? ??????gg?? ?????gg??? ﺮggﻴﻐﺗ نا ﻰggﺘﺣ ??gg? ?gg?????? ?????gg???
??g?????? ??g??????? ?g? ?g??? ?g??? ?g??? ????????g??? تاددﺮﺗو ﻪﻳﻮﻳداﺮﻟا تاددﺮﺘﻟا
رﺎﻴﺘﺧا نﺎﻓ تاددﺮﺘﻟا ﻦﻣ ىﺪﻤﻟا اﺬه ﻦﻤﺿ ﻊﻘﺗ ﺚﺒﻟاو تﻻﺎﺼﺗﻻا لﺎﺠﻣ ﻲﻓ ﺺﺧﻻﺎﺑو
?gg?????? ???gg??? ???gg? ?gg???? ﺐggﻠﻄﺘﻳ ?gg?????? ??gg?? ?gg?????? ???gg??? . ?????gg??? نا
( تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻢgﺠﺣ ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g???? ??????g?? ?g? ?g??? ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻩﺪﻨﻋ ثﺪﺤﻳ يﺬﻟا
?g?????? ?g????? ?g??? ???????g?? ??g? ﺔآﺮﺣ ﺔﻴﻔﻴآ ﻰﻠﻋو تﻻﻮﺒﻳاﺪﻟا ﺎﻬﻨﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا
???ggg?????? لﺎgggﺠﻤﻟا ??ggg?? ??ggg? . ?ggg????? ???????ggg??? ?ggg??? ???ggg?? ?ggg??? ???ggg??? ?ggg??
( ﺮﻬﻈﺗ ءﺰgﺠﻟا ?g???? ?g?????? ?????g??? ?g?? ???g??? ??g? ﻞآ ﺎﻬﻴﻓ
(a) ??????g?? نﻮﻜﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻩﺎﻧدا ﻞﻜﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ نا ??g??? ??????g? ???????g?
????????gg?? ?????gg??? ?gg? ??gg??? ???gg???? ??gg?? ?gg?? ???gg? ?gg???? ??gg??
( ??gg??
ددﺮﺘﻟا غﻮﻠﺑ ﺪﻨﻋو( ءﺰgﺠﻟا ?g? ?g???? رﺎﺸﻤﻟا ﻪﻳوﺮﻜﻳﺎﻤﻟاو ﻪﻳﻮﻳداﺮﻟا تﺎﺟﻮﻤﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ
)1=τW
)
eid
αα++
)'(
)(s
α
ε≈ε
)
dc
γ
)
1
τ
(23)

24. )
ei
+αα
r
"ε
)
i
α)
oi
(
W
e
)
α



ب- ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد: ?g???????? بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا تﺎﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻻ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد
?gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg???? ﻻ تﺎggﺌﻳﺰﺠﻠﻟ ?gg????????? ???????gg???? ??gg?????? ?gg?? لزاﻮggﻌﻠﻟ
دﺎgﻤﻠﻟ ????g??? دﺪﻤﺘﻟا ﺐﺒﺴﺑو ،ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ??g??? ﻰgﻟا تﺎgﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ??g? ??g? ???g??? ??g? ﻩ
لﺎﻌﻔﻟا ???g??? ﻪﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻲﻓ ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﺪﻳاﺰﺘﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺘﺗ
?g?? ،ﻪﻳﻮﻀgﻌﻟاو ?g????????? ???g??? ???g? ??g?? ?g????? ??g?? ????g??? ?g??? ةدﺎﻳﺰﺑ
راﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻊﻣ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ??g????? ??g?? ??g? ﻪﻴﻧﻮﻳﻻا ﻪﺒﻠﺼﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻩ
??g? ?????g??? ﺔﻴﻟا دﻮﺟو ﺐﺒﺴﺑو ????g??? ?g??? ﺪgﻳاﺰﺗ ?g? ﺪgﻳاﺰﺘﺗ . ?g? ?g???
ﻦﻜﻤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ تﻻﺎﺤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ ???g?? ????g?? ????g??? ?g??? ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺘﺗ
ﻴﻠﻗ ?gg?????? ?gg????? ??gg?? ?????gg??? ???gg?? ??gg????? ??gg? ﺐﻌﺼggﻟا ?gg?? ??gg? ?gg?
ﻚﻟذ لﺎﺜﻣTiO
2 و CaTiO3 . ?g? ?????g?? ﺪg?ﺗ ???????g?? ??g? ﻪﻴﺒﻄﻘﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓو
??g? ????g??? ?g??? ???g?? ?g??? ،ﻪﻀgﻔﺨﻨﻤﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد ىﺪﻣ ﺪﻨﻋ ﺎﻬﺴﻔﻧ ﺮﻳوﺪﺗ
??????gg?? ﺪggﻳﺰﻳ ??gg?? ??gg? ???gg? ???????gg?? نارود .?gg?? ﺐggﻴﺗﺮﺗ ?gg??? ?gg?? تﻻﻮﺒﻳا
?g????? ??g?? ?????g??? ?g??? ???g?? ?g?? ?g?? ??g? ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻓ يراﺮﺤﻟا زاﺰﺘهﻻا ﺐﺒﺴﺑو
نا ﻲﻨﻌﺗ ﻲﻨﺤﻨﻣ ﻢﺳر ﻦﻣو ، نﺎﻓ
( ?g??? ?g? ﺪgﻳاﺰﺘﺗ نا ﻦﻜﻤﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ
ﻟﺎﺑ ??gg?? ?gg? ?gg?? ?gg??? ?gg??? ﻰggﻟا ??gg? نا ﻰggﻟا ????gg??? تازاﺰggﺘهﻻا ﺐﺒﺴggﺑ ???gg??
ﺪﻳﺪﺷ نﻮﻜﻳ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺘﻟاو ﻲﻟﺎﻋ يراﺮﺣ ىﺪﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻦﻜﻟو ﺐﻴﺗﺮﺘﻟا مﺪﻋو ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا.
)(Λ)(ε
)(ε
)(ε
)(T
ε),(Tε)ε

ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻣا و نا ?g??? ?????g??? ?g??? ?g? ?g???
???g? ﻩدﺎgﻳﺰﻟا ??g? ?????g??? ?g??? دادﺰﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻩدﺎﻳز ???g?? ?g??? ?g? ?لزﺎgﻌﻠﻟ
?g???? ???g??? ?اﺮgﻴ?ﺘﻣ ??g? ?g???? ?g??? ??g?? ??g?? ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد ﻲﻔﻓ
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا . ?g? ﻩدﺎﻳﺰﻟا ﻲﺗﺎﺗو ?g? ??g??? ??g????? ??g?? ?g? ﻩدﺎgﻳﺰﻟا ?g? ﺎﻀgﻳا
???g??? ?g? ??g???? رﺎﻴﺘﻟاو لزﺎﻌﻟا . ???g???? ??g??? ??g??????? ??g?? ?g?? ﻲgﻟﺰﻌﻟا
)(tan )"(ε)(tanδ δ
o
R
)(tanδ
(24)

25. )" )(tanε δ

ﻧ ????gg??? ?gg??? ةدﺎggﻳﺰﺑ دادﺰggﻳ ?gg??? ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺐﺒﺴggﺑ ???gg???? ?gg?? ???gg?? ﺔgg?ﻴﺘ
ﻪﻘﻴﻠﻄﻟا تﺎﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﻪﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟا ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا.

ج- ﻪﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟا : ﻰgﻠﻋ ?g??? ??g??????? ?g? ?????g? ?g??? ????g??? ?g? ﺮﻴﺜﻜﻟا كﺎﻨه
ﻮg?ﻟا ?g? ?g?????? ???g???(Hygroscopic dielectrics) ???g??? ??g? ?ﻤﺴgﺗو
?gg??????? ??gg????(Moisture permeable)gg?? ﻰggﻠﻋ ???gg??? ?gg?? ?gg???? ??gg??? حﺎﻤﺴ
?gg???? ?gg? ?gg?????? . ?gg????? ???gg??? ???gg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg??? ????gg? ?gg?? ??gg???? ﺔggﻴﻠﻤ? نا
)?gg??????????? ﻪggﻳوﺎﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟا ( ????gg? ذا ???gg????? ?gg??? ?ﺎggﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا ??gg? ?gg?? ﺐggﺠﻳ ???gg?
ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ءﺎﻨﺛا ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا ﻊﻣ سﺎﻤﺗ ﻲﻓ لزاﻮﻌﻟا.

?g?? ??g? ?g??? ???g? ???g?? ?g????????? ﻪgﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا صاﻮﺨﻟا نا ???g???? ??g? ?g?
??gg? ???gg??? ??gg? ?gg? ???gg? ?gg??? ???gg??? ?gg? ??gg???? ???gg???? ?ﻮggﺘﺤﻤﻠﻟ ?gg????
???gg??? ?g??? ?g?????? ??g????? . ﻞggﻠﺒﺘﻟا ?g???? ??g???? ????gg??? ﻞgﻠﺒﺗ ﺔgﻴﻠﺑﺎ? ?g???
wetting angle)
(
?gg??? ?gg?? ??gg?????? ???gg??? ??gg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg?????? ??gg??? ??gg???
???g?? ﻪgﻠﻠﺒﺘﻣ ﺮgﻴ?ﻟا ح(Non wettable surfaces) ???g?? ?ﻮﻄﺴgﻠﻟو
نﺎﻓ ﻪﻠﻠﺒﺘﻤﻟا ??g??? ???g?? ?g? ﺢﺿﻮﻣ ﺎﻤآ . ??g? ??g? ???g??? ?g? ﻞgﻠﺒﺘﻟا ??g??
ﻰgﻠﻋ ???g????? تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩﺪﺣاو ﻪﺌﻳﺰﺟ بﺬﺟ ةﻮﻗ ﻰﻟا ﻞﻜآ ءﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟ بﺬﺠﻟا
?????gggg?? ?gggg????? ??gggg??? ?ﺎgggg?ﻳﺰﺟ ?gggg???? ??gggg? ?gggg? ??gggg?? وا ?ﻩدﺎggggﻤﻠﻟ ?gggg???????
(cohesive force) لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻊﻣ تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺠﻟا ﻖﺻﻼﺗ ىﻮﻗو (adhesive force) اذﺎﻓ ،
??g? ?g???? ??g? اذاو لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻠﺒﻳ ءﺎﻤﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻚﺳﺎﻤﺘﻟا ةﻮﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒآا ﻖﺻﻼﺘﻟا ةﻮﻗ ﺖﻧﺎآ
ﻪﻠﺼﻔﻨﻣ تاﺮﻄﻗ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ نا ﻰﻟا ﻞﻴﻤﺗ ءﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﺌﻳﺰﺟ) ﺢﻄﺳﻞﺘﺒﻣ ﺮﻴﻏ.(
β
o
90>β
90β
o
<

?ggg?????? ???ggg??? ?g gg??? ????ggg??? نا)ﻪgggﻠﺘﺒﻣ ?ggg?? ( ?ggg??? ??????ggg?? ?ggg??? ??ggg??
ﻪgﻠﺘﺒﻣ ?g?? ???g? مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗو ،ﻪﻴﺧﺎﻨﻤﻟا فوﺮﻈﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا ﺎﻬﺻاﻮﺨﺑ ﺎﻬﺿﺎﻔﺘﺣﻻ
نﻮﻜﻴﻠﺴggﻟا ??gg???? ?????gg? ?gg?? ???gg?? ?gg???? داﻮggﻤﻠﻟ ?gg??????? ????gg?? ??gg? ?gg?
يﻮﻀggggﻌﻟا(Organosilicon compounds) ????gggg??? ?gggg?? ????gggg??? ??gggg??
??g??? رﻮﻔﻨﺑ ﻪﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا ﻩﺬه ﻰﻤﺴﺗو ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا(Hydrophobization) . ??g???? ﻰgﻠﻋ
ﻪggﻳواﺰﻟا ??gg? ??gg? ???gg? ????gg??? ?gg???? ??gg???? ????gg? ?gg??? ةدﺎggﻳﺰﺑ ???gg???
???gg? ?????gg??? ??gg??? ???gg???? ?gg?????? ?gg??????? ?gg??????? ?وﺮgg?ﻠﻟ ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg??? اﺮ
β
(25)

26. ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧاBreakdown of dielectric
?ﺪgﻣ ?g? ???g??? ??g???? ﺪgﻨ? رﺎgﺒﺘ?ﻻا ??g?? ?gﺧﺆﺗ نا ﺐgﺠﻳ ?g??? تﺎﻔﺼﻟا ﻢها ﻦﻣ
ﻻاو ،رﺎﻬﻨﻳ نا نود ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا دﺎﻬﺟﻼﻟ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻞﻤﺤﺗ ??g??? لزﺎﻌﻟا ناﺪﻘﻓ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ رﺎﻴﻬﻧ
ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﻰﻟا ﻪﻟﻮﺤﺗو لﺰﻌﻟا . نود لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻖﺒﻄﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ لﺎﺠﻣ ﻰﺼﻗا ﻰﻤﺴﻳ ﺪﻗو
لﺰﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻤﺑ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا لﻮﺼﺣ(Dielectric strength) . ?g???? ???g??? ?g???? ?ﺎgﻘﺗ
ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ???g??? ﻩﺪgﻨ? رﺎﻬﻨﻳ يﺬﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﻞﺜﻤﻳ ﻮهو ?ﻤgﺳ ??g? ا?ﺎgﻓ
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻂﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﺪﻬﺠﻟا قﺮﻓو نﺎﻓ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩﺪﻨﻋ رﺎﻬﻨﻳ يﺬﻟا :
)
(
(
br
E
)h(
br
V)
)62()//( LLLmmkvoltormvolt
h
V
E
br
br
=
ﻞg?ﻣ
???g??? ﺐgﻴآﺮﺘﺑ ?gﻠﻌﺘﻳ ?g? ?g??? ?ﻞgﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ?g? ﺮgﻴ?ﻜﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ لﺰgﻌﻟا ?g???? ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ
???gg????? ﺐﺋاﻮ?ggﻟاو ??gg????? يرﻮggﻠﺒﻟا ﺐggﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ﻞﻜgg? ﻞgg?ﻣ ?gg????? ﻞggﻣاﻮ?و ?ﺎggﻬﻴﻓ
????ggg??? ﻞﻜ?gggﻟا ?ggg????? ?ﻲﺋﺎgggﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎggg?ﻤﻟا ﻂﻴﻠﺴgggﺗ ?ggg? ?ﺪﺨﺘﺴgggﺗ ?ggg??? بﺎgggﻄ?ﻻا
????g? ﺪﻨﻋ ﻪﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟا ﻩﺮﺘﻔﻟاو رﺪﺼﻤﻟا ددﺮﺗو ﻪﺑﻮﻃرو ﻩراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد ﻦﻣ سﺎﻴﻘﻟا فوﺮﻇو
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا.
ﺎﻬﺘ?ﺎﻄﺘgﺳﺎﺑ ???g??? ?g??? ?g????? تﺎﻨﺤﺷ رﻮﻬﻇ ﻲﻨﻌﻳ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ثوﺪﺣ نا ??g?????
???g??? ?g??? ?g? ?g?? ?ﺎﻨﺤ?gﻟا ﻩ?gه ???g? ??g??? ?g?? ﻰgﻟا ?ﺮgﻃ ?g? ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا لﻼﺧ
???gg?????? لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا ﺔgg?ﻴﺘﻧ ???gg????? ﻪgg?ﺎﻄﻟا ?gg??? ????????gg? ?gg? ?gg????? ﺔgg?ﻴﺘﻧ ?ggﻟ?و
???g??? ?g??? ﻰgﻟا ???g???? ﺐgﻄﻘﻟا ?g? تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻦﻋ ﻪﺠﺗﺎﻧ نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗ وا ﻂﻠﺴﻤﻟا
ﻩزﺎﻴﺘﺟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻨﻜﻤﺗو . ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺪg? يﺬﻟاو ﻼﻴﻠﻗ تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا دﺪﻋ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﺪﻬﺠﻟا ﻂﻴﻠﺴﺗ
?g????? ﻞﺻﺎﺤﻟا مدﺎﺼﺘﻟا ﻞﻌﻔﺑ ىﺮﺧا تﺎﻨﺤﺷ ﻰﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻒﻋﺎﻀﺘﻳ . ?g??
???g??? ????g? ?g??? ??g???? ﻮه لزﺎﻌﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻋﺎﺴﺗ وا يدﺆﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا
تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻩﺬه ﺔآﺮﺣ ﻦﻋ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا روﺮﻣ ﻞﻌﻔﺑ.
g? كﺎﻨه ??g????? ﻞg?ﻣ ???g?????? لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ????g? ﺪgﻨ? ???g??? ?g? ?ﺪgﺤﺗ ﻩﺪg? ﺮهاﻮ
،ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ،بﺎﻄﻘﺘﺳﻻا ،ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا... ﻰgﻟا ???g? لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ةدﺎﻳﺰﻓ ،ﺦﻟا
ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ةدﺎﻳﺰﺑ راﺮﻤﺘﺳﻻا ﺪﻨﻋو ،ﻪﺑوﺎﻨﺘﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻠﻟ يﻮﻌﺴﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟاو بﺮﺴﺘﻟا رﺎﻴﺗ ةدﺎﻳز
ﻢﻈﻋا ﻰﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ نا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻘﺒﻄﻤﻟا ﺮﻤﻳ ﻪﻈﺤﻠﻟا ﻩﺬه ﺪﻨﻋ ،لزﺎﻌﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧا ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻪﻤﻴﻗ
ﺐﺒﺴggﺑ ??ﺎggﻨﺘﻟﺎﺑ ?gg??????? ??gg?? ???gg?? ?ﺪggﻳاﺰﺘﻣ ????gg?? ???gg??? ??gg? ??gg????? ??gg??
بﺎgggﻄ?ا ??ggg? ﺮﺼggg? ??ggg??? ﻞggg?ﻤﺗﺎﻣ ﺎgggﺒﻟﺎ? ﻪﻴﻠﻴgggﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻩ?gggهو ?لزﺎgggﻌﻟا ?ggg????? ??ﺎgggﻨﺗ
(26)

27. رﺎgﻴﻬﻧﻻا و ﻲﺋﺎgﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎgﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺎgﻤه ﻪﺒﻠﺼgﻟا لزاﻮgﻌﻟا ﻲgﻓ رﺎgﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻋﻮﻧ كﺎﻨه
يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا.

أ- ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا : نﺎﻴﺣﻻا ﺾﻌﺑ ﻲﻓ ﻰﻋﺪﻳ " ﻲgﻘﻨﻟا ﻲﺋﺎgﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎgﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺪgﻬﺟ "
لﺎgg?ﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎggﺗ ﻦggﻣ رﺎggﻴﻬﻧﻻا ا?ggه ﺐﺒﺴggﺘﻳو ?لزﺎggﻌﻟا ﻲggﻓ ?ارﺎggﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻦﻴggﺑ ﻦggﻣ ﻩﺰggﻴﻤﺘﻟ
ﻲﺋﺎgﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎg?ﻤﻟا ﺎهﺮﺛﺆﻳ ﻲﺘﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺮﻴﻣﺪﺗو ﻂﻘﻓ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا . اذا ﺎgﻣا
ﻞg?ﻣ لزﺎgﻌﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ىﺮﺧا تاﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ كﺎﻨه ﺖﻧﺎآ) ﻪgﻳوﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا ?اﺮﻴﺛﺎgﺘﻟاو ﻩراﺮgﺤﻟا ( ﺎgﻬﻧﺎﻓ
لزﺎgﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺐﻘﺛ ثاﺪﺣاو رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻦﻣ ﻞﻬﺴﺗ . رﺎgﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻲﻤﺴgﻧ ﻻ ﺔgﻟﺎﺤﻟا ﻩ?gه ﻲgﻓ
ﻘﻨﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻﺎﺑﻲ . ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺘﻟا و ﻞﻋﺎﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﺔﻠﻴﺼﺣ ءﺎﺟ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا رﻮﻄﺗ نا
ﻩﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا و تﺎﻤﻴﺴﺠﻠﻟ لدﺎﺒﺘﻤﻟا) تﺎﻧﻮﻳا و تﺎﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟا ( لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ﺔﻄﺳاﻮﺑ ﻪﻠﺠﻌﻤﻟا
ا?gﻬﻟو?اﺪﺟ ﻩﺪgﻘﻌﻣ ﻲﺋﺎgﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻳﺮﻈﻧ نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا
ﻄﺳاﻮﺑ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻰﻠﻋ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺗ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ سرﺪﻳ ﻪﻴﺒﻳﺮﺠﺘﻟا ﺞﺋﺎﺘﻨﻟا ﺔ . ?ﺋﺎgﺘﻨﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ ﺪﻗو
ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺪﻟا قﻮﻘﺸﻟا دﻮﺟو ﺐﺒﺴﺑ برﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻢﻴﻗ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺒآا ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻨﻟا(microcracks) دﻮﺟوو
ﻪﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻴﻘﻟا ﺔﻗد ﻰﻠﻋﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ بﻮﻴﻌﻟا.
?gﻣ لزﺎgﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻣ ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ سﺎﺳا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﺳﺎﺳﻻا ﻩﺪﻋﺎﻘﻟا ترﻮﻃ
ﺸﻠﻟ ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﻪﻜﻴﺒ) ﻦgﻣ ﺪgﺣاو لﻮgﻣ ﻞﺼﻔﻟ ﻪﻣزﻻا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﻲه ﻪﻜﻴﺒﺸﻟا ﺔﻗﺎﻃ
ﺎﻬﻀgﻌﺑ ﻦg? ﻪgﻴﺋﺎﻬﻧﻻ ?ﺎﻓﺎﺴgﻤﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻟازاو ﻩدﺮﻔﻨﻣ تﺎﻧﻮﻳا ﻰﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﻪﻜﻴﺒﺸﻟا
ﺾﻌﺒﻟا) ﻖﻠﻄﻤﻟا ﺮﻔﺼﻟا ﺪﻨﻋ (( ﺔgﻄﻘﻧ ﻞg?ﻣ ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا ﻩﺬﻬﺑ ﻪﻗﻼﻋ ﺎﻬﻟ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻣ ﻚﻟﺬآ
رﺎﻬﺼﻧﻻا) رﺎﻬﺼﻧﻻا ةراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد( راﺮﺤﻟا ، ?ﻩدﻼﺼgﻟا ?يوﺎgﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا ناﺰﺗﻻا ،ﻪﻴﻋﻮﻨﻟا ة
...ﺦﻟا.
ﻪﻴﺗﻻا تاﺰﻴﻤﻟﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا
1- ﻪggﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺪggﻳاﺰﺘﺑ ﺮﻴﺼggﻘﻟا ﻦﻣﺰggﻟا) ﻪggﻴﻧﺎﺛوﺮﻜﻳﺎﻣ ﻰggﻟا نﺎggﻴﺣﻻا ﺾggﻌﺑ ﻲggﻓ ﻞﺼggﻳ (
ﻲﺋﺎggﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎggﻴﻬﻧﻻا ?ﻤﺴggﻳ ﺎهﺪggﻨ? ﻪggﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ?ggﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﺪggﻌﺑ ﻻﺎggﺣ رﺎggﻴﻬﻧﻻا ?ﺪggﺤﻳو
ﻲﻘﻨﻟا.
2- ﻴﻠﻘﻟاو ﺊﻃاﻮﻟا دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺪﻬﺠﻟ ﻞ)(
br
V ﻪgﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ددﺮgﺗ ﻊﻣ لﺰﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻣو
?ggﻧﺎآ ?اﻮggﺳ ﻩﺮﺛﺆggﻤﻟا ﻪggﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻠﻟ ةور?ggﻟا ﻢﻴgg? ﺔggﻧرﺎﻘﻤﻟ ﻪﻳروﺮgg? ﻪﻴggﺻﺎﺨﻟا ﻩ?ggهو
ﻪﻴﺒﻴﺟ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ وا تﺎﻀﺒﻧ ﻦﻋ ةرﺎﺒﻋ.
3- دﺎgﻤﺘ?ا نﺎgﻴﺣﻻا ﺾgﻌﺑ ﻲgﻓ ?ﻩراﺮgﺤﻟا ﺔgﺟرد ﻰgﻠﻋ لﺰgﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻤﻟ ﻞﻴﻠﻘﻟا دﺎﻤﺘﻋﻻا
(ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻦﻣ ىﺪﻤﻟ ﻻاﺪﺘﻋا ﺬﺧﺎﻳ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ . )
br
E
4- ﻰgﻠﻋ لﺰgﻌﻟا ﺔgﻧﺎﺘﻣ دﺎgﻤﺘ?ا نﺎgﻓ لزﺎgﻌﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ﻢ?ﺘgﻨﻣ ﻲﺗﺎgﺑﺮﻬآ لﺎg?ﻣ ﺮﻴﺛﺎgﺗ ﺪﻨﻋ
ﻼﻴﻠﻗ نﻮﻜﻳ ﻪﺑﺎﻄﻗاو لزﺎﻌﻟا دﺎﻌﺑا.

(27)

28. ???g? يﺮgﻄ? ??g? ﻞﻜ?gﺑ ﺎﻴﺴﻴﻃﺎﻨﻐﻣ ﻻﺎﺠﻣ ﺪﻟﻮﻳ لزﺎﻌﻟا لﻼﺧ رﺎﻤﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﻟا نا
ﻲﻜﻴﻣﺎﻨﻳدوﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺘﻟا ءﻮﺸﻧ ??g? ﻩﺎg?ﺗﺎﺑ ?ﺮgﺤﺘﺘﻟ ?ﺎgﻧﻮﻳﻻا ?ﺒgﻜﺑ ?ﻮgﻘﻳ ي?gﻟاو
ﻂﻐﻀggﻟا ا?ggه دادﺰggﻳو ﻪgg?ﺎﻄﻟا ?gg? ????gg?? ?ﺎggﻧﻮﻳﻻا ﻩ?ggه ﺐﺴggﺘﻜﺗو ،ﺎﻀggﻳا يﺮggﻄ?
?gﻴﺣ طﺎﻐﻀgﻧا ﻢﻈﻋا ﻰﻟا ﻞﺼﻳ نا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻘﺒﻄﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺪﻬﺟ ةدﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا راﺪﻘﻣو
رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻩﺪﻨﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻳ.

ب-يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا)Electothermal breakdown(:
ﻞﻜg? ﻰgﻠﻋ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻌﺑ ةﺮﺷﺎﺒﻣ يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ةﺮهﺎﻇ ﻂﺒﺗﺮﺗ
???gggg???? لﺎgggg?ﻣ ????gggg? ?ggggﺤﺗ ???gggg??? ?gggg?و ﺔgggg?ﻴﺘﻧ ????gggg? . ??gggg????? ??gggg?? نا
ﻲﺗﺎﻳ ﺎﻤآ ثﺪﺤﻳ يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا:
دادﺰﻳو ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا قﻼﻄﻧا ﻰﻟا يدﺆﺗ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻘﺒﻄﻣ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ
ةدﺎﻳﺰﺑ ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ??gﺘﻟاو ?اﺮgﺘﺧﻻاو قاﺮﺘﺣﻻا و رﺎﻬﺼﻧﻻا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺮﻬﻈﻳ ﻢﺛ ،ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ.
?g? ﻪgﻠﻴﻠﻗ ?اﺮgﻴ?ﺗ ﺪgﻨ? ﻪﺴgﻧﺎ?ﺘﻤﻟا ﺮgﻴ? ??ﺎgﻤﻨﻟا ?g? ﻪﺗﺪg? دادﺰgﺗ ﻲﻋﻮﻨﻟا ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا نا
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد.
ﻞgﺒ? ?g? ?g?????? ?gﻠﺗ ﻲه يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﻪﻴﻟﻻ ﻪﻳﺮﻈﻧ ﻞﻀﻓا Semenov
& Fok ????gg? ﺪgﻨ? ﻪgg?ﻼﻌﻟا ﻰggﻟا ?g????? ?gg?? ?ﻲﺋﺎggﺑﺮﻬآ لزﺎg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?g?????? ?gg?????
ﻪﻴﺗﻻا:
)63()(
tan'
382
2
1
LLLh
af
V
ii
br
β
δε
λΦ
⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢
⎣
⎡
=
ﺚﻴﺣ :
V :
رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ)ﻩﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا ﻪﻤﻴﻘﻟا ((kV)
br
λ : لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ(w/(m.k))
f : ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ددﺮﺗ

ii
',
δ : ?ggﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻞggﺒ? ?g εg???????? ????gg??? ?gg??? ﺪggﻨ? ?gg???? ?gg????? ?????gg?
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا.
a : يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا)يراﺮﺤﻟا دﺪﻤﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ( k
-1

h : ا ﻚﻤﺳلزﺎﻌﻟ
ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ﻰﻟا لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا عﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳا طﺮﺷ ﻒﺼﻳ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ. β :
بﺎﺴﺣ ﻦﻜﻤﻳوﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ: β
)64()(
)(2
1
11
1
LLL
−
+
= m
hσλλ
σλ
β
ﺚﻴﺣ
1
λ : بﺎﻄﻗﻻا ةدﺎﻤﻟ يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ
σ : ??ggg???? ?ggg???? ﻰgggﻟا ?ggg??????? بﺎgggﻄ?ﻻا ?ggg? ????ggg??? ??ggg????? ?ggg????
(w/(m
2
.k)) h : بﺎﻄﻗﻻا ﻚﻤﺳ
1
(28)

29. ﻪﻟاﺪﻟا ﺎﻣا ??g??? ??g?? ???g??? ﻩﺎﻧدا ﻞﻜﺸﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩدﺎﺠﻳا ﻦﻜﻤﻴﻓ ( ?g????
ا نﺎﻓ ﺪﻳاﺰﺘﻣو ?g????Φ ????g? نا ?g??? )0.662 ( ??g???? ?g??? اذاو ??g?????
نا ضﺮﻔﻧ ﺎﻨﻧﺎﻓ اﺪﺟ ﻪﻌﻴﻓر ?g??????? ﻲﻓ )64 ( ﻰgﻠﻋ ???g??? ?g??? ?g???
ل ﻂﺴﺒﻣ ﺮﻴﺒﻌﺗﺚﻴﺣ :
)h )(hβ βΦ
)(hβ
)0(
1
h≈
β
)65(
2
LLL
λ
σ
β=












?gg? ???g
ﺔﻟاﺪﻟ ﻲﻧﺎﻴﺒﻟا ﻢﺳﺮﻟا)(hβΦ
g?? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg??????? ?gg???? ????gg?)63 ( ?gg???? ?gg??? ????gg???? ??gg??? ﺎggﻴﻠﻤﻋ
??ggg????? ??ggg???? ???ggg??? ??ggg???? ?ggg??? ???ggg???? ﻰgggﻟا ??ggg???? ??ggg????? ﺎgggﻬﻴﻠﻋ
?gg????? ??gg????? ?gg?? ﺎggﻬﻴﻠﻋ ?gg???? ????gg?? ﺔggﻋﻮﻤﺠﻣ ?gg??? ?gg??? ﻻا ???????gg???
دﺎﻤﺘﻋا ﻼﺜﻤﻓ ،ﺎﻬﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟا
Vﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ??g??? ????g???? ?g? ??g?? ﻪﻴﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ ددﺮ
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻦﻤﻳﻻا فﺮﻄﻟا ﻲﻓ )63 ( نا يا ﺖﺑاﻮﺛ ﻲه
br
f
)66(LLL
f
A
V
br=
ﺚﻴﺣ A: ﺖﺑﺎﺛ
نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ﻚﻟﺬآو نﺎﻓ V ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ اﺪﺟ ﻩﺮﻴﺒآ
نا يا ﻰﻤﻈﻌﻟا ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟا ﻪﻤﻴﻘﻟا ﺬﺧﺎﺗ:
)( ∞→hβ662.0)(Φhβ=
br
h
)67(
tan'
253
2
1
max
LLL
⎥
⎦
⎤
⎢
⎣
⎡
=
ii
braf
Vδε
λ



زوﺎgﺠﺗ ??g?? ???g??? ?????g?? ?g????? ????g??? ?g???? ددﺮﺘﻟا دﺪﺤﺗ ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻩﺬه نا
ضاﺮﺘﻓا نا ﻦﻣ ﻢﻏﺮﻟا ﻰﻠﻋو ،ﻞﻤﻌﻠﻟ ﻪﻧﻮﻤﻀﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟا ﻪﻤﻴﻘﻟا
h ?g?? ?g? ??g? ﻩﺮﻴﺒآ
ﻰﺼgﻗﻻا ??g????? ﺪﻬﺟ ﺔﻤﻴﻗ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺎﻬﻨﻣ ﻩدﺎﻔﺘﺳﻻا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻪﻟدﺎﻌﻤﻟا نا ﻻا ﻲﻠﻤﻋ
ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ﻦﻋ ﻞﻣﺎآ ﻞﻜﺸﺑ لﺰﻌﻨﻣ لزﺎﻌﻟا نﺎآ اذﺎﻓ ،داﻮﻤﻠﻟ) ?g?????????? تﺎgﻴﻠﻤﻌﻟا
(29)

30. )0,0,0,0)(====Φβ βhh
)tan',(
βσ
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا نا )67 ( ???g?? ????g??? ??g??? ?g??? لزاﻮﻌﻟا تﺎﻘﻴﺒﻄﺗ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻘﻴﻗد نﻮﻜﺗ
ﻪﺻﺎﺧ ﻪﻴﺳﺎﻴﻗ :ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟاددﺮﺘﻟا , ﻪﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟا دﻮﺟو ﺔﻟﺎﺣ ،ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﺌﻃاﻮﻟا ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا
??g?? ????g??? ﻪgﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟا ﻩﺮﺘﻔﻟاو ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟردو لزﺎﻌﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻚﻤﺴﻟاو
ﻪﻠﻳﻮﻃ) ﺴﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ???g??? ﻰgﻠﻋ ????g??? ﻊﻴﻤﺠﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻋﺎ ( ﺎgﻴﻠﻌﻟا ?g?????
????g??? ?g??? ?g? ?g??? ﻞﻜﺸﺑ ﻩﺪﻳاﺰﺘﻤﻟا . ??g?? ?g???? ???g?????? ??g????? ?g?? ??g?
?g??????? ????g? ?g??? ????g??? ?g???? ?g???? ?g??????? ???g? ??g?? نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻣﺪﻨﻋ ثﺪﺤﻳ
و ﻦﻴﺌﻃاوﻐﺻ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ ﻊﻣ ﺊﻄﺒﺑ ﺪﻳاﺰﺘﻣو اﺪﺟ ﺮﻴ.
γεδ
a
)tan',(δεγ
a
)68(LLL

ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﻳ ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا سﺎﻴﻗ نﺎﻓ ﻩﻼﻋﻻ ﺔﺻﻼﺧ :
1- ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ددﺮﺗ /ددﺮﺘﻟا ﺪﻳاﺰﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا ﻪﻧﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺘﺗ.
2- ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ لﻼﺧ ﻪﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا) ????g??? ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﺪﻳاﺰﺗو دﻮﻌﺻ لﺪﻌﻣ ( ???g?
ﺖﻧﺎآ ?g? ??g????? ????g??? ﻰgﻠﻋ ??g?? ﻻ ???g??? ??g? ةﺮﻴﺼﻗ ﻪﻴﻨﻣﺰﻟا ةﺮﺘﻔﻟا
ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ يراﺮﺣوﺮﻬآ بﺎﻘﺜﻧا ثﺪﺤﻳﻻ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻼﻟ ﻪﻣزﻻاو ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا ﺪﻘﻔﻟا.

ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﺐﺴﺣ ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻤﺴﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻰﻟا يدﺆﺗ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد ﻊﻓر نا:
)](exp[tan'tan'
121122
TTa −= δεδε

ﺚﻴﺣ ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ ﻪﻴﺋاﺪﺘﺑﻻا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﺟرد ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻇو(i) ﻲهو T
11
',tanεδ
1
ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻬﻨﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﺟرد ﺪﻨﻋ ﺪﻘﻔﻟا ﻞﻇو ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ (f) ﻲهو
22
',tanεδ
2
T
'

?g? ﺮgﻴﻐﺘﻟا نا ﺎﻨﺿﺮﻓ اذاو ?g?? ???????g??? ??????g?? ?g?? ?g??? ??g???? ن :
ﻚﻟﺬﻟ :
ε
12
''εε≈
)69()](exp[tantan
12112
LLLTTa
−=δδ

ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg???? ??gg????? ﺔggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ???gg??? ?gg? ??gg?? ?gg??? ????gg????? ??gg???? ??gg? نا
??gg????? ???gg? ?gg???? ?gg????????? ?gg????? ???gg?? ???gg?? ???gg??? ?gg???? . ??gg?? ?gg?
لﺎﺠﻤﻟا نﻮﻜﻳ ﺚﻴﺣ لزﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻓﺎﺣ بﺮﻗ بﺎﻘﺜﻧﻻا ?g?? ???g?? ?g???? ?g??? ???g??????
?g????? ????g? ﻰﻤﺴgﻳو ???g?????? ??g????? ?g?? ????g? ?g???(Edge effect) ??g???
ﻚﻠﺗ دﺎﻌﺑا سﺎﻴﻗ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ ﻚﻟذ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻳاﺪﺑ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ بﻮﻴﻌﻟا
ﺎﻬﻋاﻮﻧاو بﻮﻴﻌﻟا . ذو ﻪﻌﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ ﺖﺑﺎﺛ ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻣ لﻼﺧ ﻦﻣ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻴﻟا ﻒﺻو ﻦﻜﻤﻳﻻ ﻚﻟ
????g?? ﻪﻠﺧاﺪﺘﻣ نﻮﻜﺘﺳ تﻼﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا اذا سﺎﻴﻘﻟا ءﺎﻨﺛا ﺮﻴﻐﺘﺗ فﻮﺳ ﺐﻳﺮﺠﺘﻟا طوﺮﺷ نﻻ
ﺾﻌﺑ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ.

(30)

31. ???g?? ???g??? ?g?? ﺐﻃﺮﺘﺴgﻤﻟا لزﺎgﻌﻠﻟ ?g????????? ﻪﻧﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﻪﺑﻮﻃﺮﻠﻟ نا
ﻲﺑﻮﻃﺮﻟا ىﻮﺘﺤﻤﻟا ةدﺎﻳز ﺪﻨﻋ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺪﻬﺟ . ???g??? ??g? ﻊﻣ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﺎﻣا
ﻟ ?gg???? ?gg?????? ???gg? ،ﻩﺪggﻳاﺰﺘﻣ ?gg????? ?????????gg?? تﺎggﺠﺘﻨﻤﻟا ?gg??? ?gg? ?gg??? ??gg?
???g?? ةﺪﻳاﺰﺑ ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺘﺗ ﺎﻬﻧﺎﻓ ﻪﻴﻟﺰﻌﻟا) ?g??? ???g??? ??g?? ?g??????\ ?g?? ( ﻞﻀgﻔﻳ ???g?
??g????? ?g??? ???g??? ﻪﻠﻴﻠﻗ دﺎﻌﺑا اذ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻚﻤﺳ نﻮﻜﻳ نا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا سﺎﻴﻗ ﻲﻓ
ﺘﻟا ﺐﺒggﺳ ???gg?? ?gg???? ??gg???? ????gg? ?????gg? ????gg??????? ??gg????? ?gg?? ???gg?
ناﺪﻘﻔﻟا ةدﺎﻳز ﻰﻟا يدﺆﻳ ﺎﻤﻣ ﻂﻴﺤﻤﻟا ﻰﻟا لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻀﻔﻟو ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا عﺎﺟﺮﺘﺳا
ﻪﻧﺎﺘﻤﻟا ﺺﻗﺎﻨﺗو ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا . ???g???? ???g??? ﺪgﻬﺠﻟا ???g? ??g? ??g????? ??g??? ???g?
بﺎﻄﻗﻻا ﺔﺣﺎﺴﻣ ةدﺎﻳز ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ) ???g??? دﺎﻌﺑﻻ ﺎﺳﺎﻴﻗ ( ?g? ﻞgﻠﻘﺗ
V ﺪgﻳاﺰﺘﻟ ?g???
طﺎﻘﻨﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻒﻌﺿا ﻲﻓ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا لﻮﺼﺣ لﺎﻤﺘﺣاو لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻩﺬﻓﺎﻨﻟا طﺎﻘﻨﻟا.
br
EE

ﻪﻄﻠﺴﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ﻊﻣ ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا تﺎهﺎﺠﺗﻻا ﺚﻴﺣ ﻦﻣ ﺮﺛﺎﺘﺗ ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا لزاﻮﻌﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬآ
لزﺎﻌﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻣ ﺮﻳﺪﻘﺗ ﻲﻓ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﺎﻬﻠآ ،ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﺮﺻاوﻻا ةﻮﻗو ،ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا بﻮﻴﻌﻟا دﻮﺟوو.

ﻞﻀgﻔﻳ ???g? ???g??? ???g? ?g???? ??g?? ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا دﻮﺟو ﺮﺛﺆﻳ
لﺰﻌﻟﺎgﺑ ﺰgﻴﻤﺘﺗ ????g? وا ?g???? ﻪgﻴﻟﺰﻋ ?g???? تاذ تازﺎgﻐﺑ ?????g??? ??g? ??g?? ﺎﻤﺋاد
?????????g?? ???g??? ?g? ?g??? ???g? ?g??? ??g?? ??????g??? ﻰgﻟا ذﺎﻔﻧ ةرﺪﻗو ﻲﻟﺎﻌﻟا
صﻮﺼﺨﻟا ﻪﺟو ﻰﻠﻋ.







ﺮﻔﻨﻟ
A(area)
b
V
r
ε
c
ε
E
d
1
d
ﻮه ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا نا ض ناو ???g?????? لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﻲﻓ)ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ( ناوﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ ﻲه ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ ﻲه.
c
r
ε
c
ε

نﺎآ اذﺎﻓ ﻓ ﻮه زﺎﻐﻠﻟ رﺎﻴﻬﻧﻻا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻣ نﺎ. 1≈
c
ε)/(mvE
G
c
C
d
C ﺎﻬﺘﻌﺳ ﻪﻌﺴﺘﻣ ﻞﺜﻤﺗ
ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا نا ضﺮﻔﻧا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟاو ?g? ﻪgﻴﻠﻜﻟا ???g?? ناو
ﻲهو ﻦﻴﺘﻌﺴﺘﻤﻟا ﺔﻠﺼﺤﻣ
Cﻩﺎﻧدا ﻞﻜﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺎﻤآ
b





c
C
d
C
b
V
b
C
(31)

32. ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا ب ﺎﺴﺤﻟVﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﺔﻌﺳو ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻌﺳ ﻻوا ﺐﺴﺤﻧ لزﺎﻌﻟا ﻲﻓﺮﻃ ﻰﻠﻋ:
b
11
,
)( d
A
C
dd
A
C
c
r
d
οο
εεε
=
−
=
d
1
d
b
: ﻲﻠﻜﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻚﻤﺳ
ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﻚﻤﺳ :

???g?? ?g? ???g?? ﺐﺴﻨﺑ ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟاو ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ عزﻮﺘﺗ فﻮﺳ ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻔﻟا . ?g??? ???g?V
ﻲه ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ نﺎﻓ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺘﻟﻮﻓ ﻲه:
b
dc
d
c
dc
d
b
c
Gc
V
CC
C
V
CC
C
V
V
dEV
+
=⇒
+
=
=
1

ﻦﻋ
ﺾﻳﻮﻌﺘﻟا ﺪﻨﻋوCو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻞﺼﺤﻧ
dc
C
))1(
1
1(
)1(1
)1(1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
−+=⇒
−+
=⇒
−+
=
d
d
dEV
V
dE
V
V
r
Gb
d
d
b
G
d
d
b
c
r
r
ε
ε
ε


ا ?g??????? ﻪgﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﻲﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬﻜﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ةﺪﺷ نا ﺪﺟو ﺪﻘﻟ ??????g? ﻩﺆgﻠﻤﻤﻟ
ﻲه:
)''(
2
3
'2'
'3
cr
rc
r
Gcif
E
EEEεε
εε
ε
>>≈
+
≈=
ﺚﺤﻳ :
c
E
ﻪﻳوﺮﻜﻟا ﻪﻴﺋاﻮﻬﻟا ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﺔﻧﺎﺘﻣ
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ '
r
ε :
ﻩﻮﺠﻔﻟا ﺔﻴﺣﺎﻤﺳ '
r
ε :

ﺎﺘﻣ ﻰggﻠﻋ ???gg? ??gg???????? ?gg???? ?gg? ??gg???? ?gg??? ﺎﻀggﻳا ????gg? ﺔggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ???gg??? ?gg?
?g?? تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻢﺠﺣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد لﺎﺠﻤﻟا ةﺪﺷو ،ﻲﺟرﺎﺨﻟا لﺎﺠﻤﻟا
?????gg??? ?gg??? ?gg? ?gg?? ??????gg??? مﻮggﺠﺣ ???gg??? ???gg?? ???gg??? ???gg?? ﺪggﻳاﺰﺘﺗ
???g????? تازﺎgﻐﻟا ﻚgﻠﺗ ???g? ﻰgﻟا ???g? ???g???? ?g??? ???g???? رﺎﻴﺘﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻪﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا
ﻗو تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد ?g? ??g??? ????g? ???g???? ﻲﻓ ﻪﻳﺮﻬﺠﻣ قﻮﻘﺷ ﻚﻟذ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ثﺪﺣ ﺪ
ﻲﺘﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻳﻻا ﻦﻴﺑ ﺎﻣ ﻩﺪﻟﻮﺘﻤﻟا ىﻮﻘﻟا ﺚﻴﺣ ،ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻲﻜﻴﻧﺎﻜﻴﻣ ﺮﺴآ ثوﺪﺣ ﻰﻟا يدﺆﻳ
?????g??? ???g? ﺎﻬﺼﺘﻤﺗ تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﻩدﻮﺟﻮﻤﻟاو تﺎﻨﺤﺸﻟا ﻲﻓ ﺔﻬﺑﺎﺸﺘﻤﻟاو ﻦﻳﺎﺘﺗ
(32)

33. (33)

34. ﻞﺼﻔﻟاﻲﻧﺎﺜﻟا
لزاﻮﻌﻟاﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا Thermal Insulators

?gg??????: ?ggﻴﺤﺑ ﻩراﺮggﺤﻠﻟ ﻪggﻟزﺎ? ???gg? ?gg?? ???gg? ?اﺪﺨﺘggﺳا ?gg? ????gg??? لﺰggﻌﻟا
وا ﺎggﻬﻠﺧاد ﻰggﻟا ﻪggﻣﻮ?ﻨﻤﻟا ?رﺎggﺧ ?gg? ????gg??? ??gg????? ???gg? ?gg? ?gg??? ?gg? ﺪ?ﺎﺴggﺗ
ﺲﻜﻌﻟﺎﺑ.
ﺤﻟا ???gg???? ?gg???? ?ﺰﻠﺘﺴggﻳ ?gg???? ﻪggﻟزﺎ? ???gg? ??gg???? نا ???gg????? ?gg????
ﺎﻬﺘﺑﻼﺻو قاﺮﺘﺣﻼﻟ ﺎﻬﺘﻴﻠﺑﺎﻗو ءﺎﻤﻟا صﺎﺼﺘﻣﺎآ ىﺮﺧﻻا. ......

?gggg??????? ﻪﻴﻠﻴggggﺻﻮﺘﻟاconductivityThermal : ??gggg????? ?gggg????
?ﺎg?ﻳﺰﺟ وا تارذ ?ﻴgﻬﺗ ﺐﺒﺴﺑ ﺮﺧا ﻰﻟا ﻊﻗﻮﻣ ﻦﻣ ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ةﺮهﺎﻇ ﻰﻠﻋ يﺮﻟﺮﺤﻟا
ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ةراﺮﺣ ﺔﺟرد ﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟ ﺔﺠﻴﺘﻧ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا . ﻮﺘﻟا ﻒﻳﺮﻌﺗ ﻦﻜﻤﻳو ﺎﻬﻧا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻ
?g? ?ﺮgﻔﻟا ??g???? ?ﻤﺴgﻟا ??g??? ﻩدﺎgﻤﻠﻟ ????g??? ??g?? ??g? ﻪgﻠﻘﺘﻨﻤﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﻴﻤآ
ﻦﻣﺰﻟا ةﺪﺣو ﻲﻓ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﻲﻬﺟو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد . ?g????? ?g??? ﻰgﻠﻋ ﺎgهرﺎﺒﺘ?ا ?g????
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺖﺘﺸﺗ راﺪﻘﻤﻟ ﻪﻴﺒﺴﻨﻟا.
تﺎﻴﻟا ﻊﺑرﺎﺑ يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻤﻋ ﻢﺘﺗ :ﻟاو عﺎﻌﺷﻻا ﻪﻜﻴﺒ?gﻟاو ?g??) ??g????? ( و
نوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻا ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺗ . ??g????? ??g???? ﻪﺒﻠﺼﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻢﺘﺗو(phonon)
نﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟاو(photon) نوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻻاو (electron) ???g??? ﻪgﻴ?ﻮﻨﻟا ????g??? ?gﻧﺎآ ا?ﺎgﻓ
?gggg? ﻪggggﺛﻼ?ﻟا ???gggg??? ?gggg??? ???gggg??? ?gggg????? و و
(ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌﺗ ﻪﺒﻠﺼﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻲﻟاﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ :
)
3
),,(
321
VVV
),,
321
,,(
21
CCCτ
)1()(
3
1
333222111
LLLτττVCVCVCk++=
?g
ττ
g????? ?gg???? ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg??? ?gg??? ﻪﺒﻠﺼggﻟا ???gg??? ?gg? Ionic bonds ?gg???? وا
??????g?Covalent bonds ??g??? ????g? ???g?? ?g??????? ﻪﻴﻠﻴgﺻﻮﺘﻟا ??g? ?ﻟ?gﻟ ﻪ
زاﺰggﺘها ﺔgg?ﺎﻃ ?gg? ?gg? ?gg? ??gg????? نﻻ ﻪﻜﻴﺒ?ggﻟا زاﺰggﺘها ??gg? ?gg? ??gg????? ??gg?????
ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﻪﻜﻴﺒﺸﻟا.
ﺔﻴﻠﻴgggﺻﻮﺗ دادﺰgggﺗ ?ﻟ?gggﺑو ????ggg??? ?ggg??? ةدﺎgggﻳﺰﺑ دادﺰgggﻳ ?ﺎgggﻧﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟا دﺪggg? ??ggg?? نا
عﺎﻌﺷﻻﺎﺑ نﻮﺗﻮﻔﻟا.
????g? ?g???? ﻪg?ﻃاﻮﻟا ﻪgﻴ?ﻮﻨﻟا ?g??????? تاذ ???g??? ?g? ???g???? ﺔﻴﻠﻴgﺻﻮﺗ ﺎﻣا ?g?
?gg??????? ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻟا ???gg?? . ﺔﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺗ ??gg? ?gg?????? ﻪggﻴ?ﻮﻨﻟا ?gg??????? تاذ ???gg??? ?gg??
?gg????? ﻩ?ggه ?gg? ?gg??? ???gg????? . ?gg?????? ???gg??? ?gg? ?gg??????? ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻟا ??gg? ?ﻟ?ggﻟ
????g??? ?ﺎgﺟرد ?g? ?g??????? ﻪg?ﺎﻄﻠﻟ ?g????? ﻞg?ﺎﻨﻟا ?g?? ي?gﻟا نﻮﻧﻮﻔﻟﺎﺑ ﻢﺘﻳ ﺎﻴﺋﺎﺑﺮﻬآ
ﻪﺌﻃاﻮﻟا.


(34)

35. ذا ??gg???? ﻩﺎgg?ﺗﺎﺑ ????gg??? ???gg???? ??gg? ا(X) ?gg? ???gg? ?gg?? ??gg?
ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ(X) ﻩﺎﺠﺗﺎﺑ ياﺮﺤﻟا ﻖﻓﺪﺘﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻂﻘﻓ (X) ????g??? تﺎﺟرد ﻲﻓ قﺮﻔﻟا ﻦﻋ ﺞﺗﺎﻨﻟا
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا بﺎﻴﺴﻧﻻ يدﻮﻤﻌﻟا ﻊﻄﻘﻤﻟا ﻪﺣﺎﺴﻣ لﻼﺧ(A)ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟﺎﺑ ﻰﻄﻌﻳ :
)(dXdT
)2(LLL
dX
dT
kAQ−=
ا ?gg????? نا ?gg?????? ??gg?? ?gg???? ????gg??? ﻞﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻠﻟ ??gg????? ?gg??????? ?gg??? ??gg?
????gg? , ?gg??(k) ????gg??? ??gg????? ?gg???? ?ﻤﺴggﻳو ﺐggﺳﺎﻨﺘﻟا ?gg??? (thermal
conductivity).

يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﺮﺛﺆﻤﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا
1- ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ يوﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟاChemical composition
2- دﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﺴﻟا ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ﻩHeat treatment
3- رﻮﻄﻟاو ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻳوﺎﻳﺰﻴﻔﻟا ﺔﻟﺎﺤﻟاPhysical condition and phases
4- ?????g??? ?g????? ?ﻮg?ﺣو ???g??? ?????g?Porosity and size of pore
and distribution
5- ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا ﺺﺤﻓ ﺪﻨﻋ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟردTemperature test

يوﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ةﺪﺸﺑ ﻞﻴﻤﺗ ﺪﻘﻌﻤﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟا تاذ داﻮﻤﻟا ?g??????? ﻩرﺎﻄﺘﺳﻻا ﻰﻟا
ﻪﻳراﺮﺣ ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻰﻟا يدﺆﺗ ﻲﺘﻟاو ﻲﻜﻴﺒﺸﻟا زاﺰﺘهﻻا ﻦﻣ ﻩﺪﻟﻮﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﺟﻮﻤﻠﻟ . ??g? ﻚﻟﺬآ
??g??? ﻦﻣ باﺮﺘﻗﻻا ﻰﻟا ﻞﻴﻤﻳ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد ﻲﻓ نﻮﻧﻮﻔﻠﻟ ﺮﺤﻟا رﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﺘﻣ
ﺪﻘﻌﻤﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻜﻴﺒﺸﻟا . ﻴﻘﻓاﻮﺗ زاﺰﺘهﻻا نﺎآ ﺮﻴﺒآ يرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﺮﻇﺎﻨﺘﻟا نﺎآ ﺎﻤﻠآو يا ﺎ
ﻩراﺮﺤﻠﻟ ﺪﻴﺟ ﻞﺻﻮﻣ ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا نا) يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا ءيدر ( ?g???? ﻪﻴﻠﻴgﺻﻮﺘﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ ﺎﻤﻨﻴﺑ
ﻪgﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ ?g???? ﻰgﻠﻋ ??g??? وا ????g??? ?g?? وا ﻪﻤﻈﺘﻨﻣ ﺮﻴﻐﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ . ??g? ???g?
???gg?? ??gg?? ?gg?? نﻮggﻧﻮﻔﻠﻟ ?gg??? ???gg? ?gg???? ?gg???? ?gg? ??gg? ?gg?? ?gg?????? ???g??
ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا دوﺪﺤﻟﺎﺑ ﻩرﺎﻄﺘﺳﻻا .اﺬهو ?g??? ?g? ﻢﻈﻋا نﻮﻜﺗ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا نا ﻲﻨﻌﻳ
تﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮﻔﻠﻟ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻩرﺎﻄﺘﺳﻻا ﻞﻘﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻂﻴﺴﺒﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻠﻟ.

?gg??????? ﻪggﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا ???gg??? ?gg? ?gg??????? ???gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ ???gg? ?gg??????? ﻪggﻠﻣﺎﻌﻤﻟا نا
ﻪﻴﺒﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ﻪﻴﻨﺒﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﺤﻄﺴﻟا ﻪﺣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻞﻴﻠﻘﺗو ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟا دادﺰﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻳﺮﻬﺠﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﻨﺒﻟاو.
(35)

36. ﻦggﻜﻤﻳ ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻰggﻠﻋ ﻲggﺳﺎﺳا ﺮﺛﺆggﻣ ﻞggﻣﺎ? ﻩدﺎggﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴggﻤﻟاو ﻪggﻴﻨﺒﻟا ﺮﻴﺛﺎggﺗ رﺎggﺒﺘ?ا
ﺎﻬﻠﺧاﺪgﺑ ﻪgﻴﺋاﻮﻬﻟا ?اﻮg?ﻔﻟاو ﻪﺒﻠﺼgﻟا ﻩدﺎgﻤﻟا ﺔgﻴﻤآ ﻦﻴgﺑ ﻪg?ﻼﻌﻟا ﻰﻟا دﻮﻌﻳ يﺬﻟا ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا
ﺐﻠﺼgﻟا ﻢﺴg?ﻟﺎﺑ ﺎgهروﺮﻣ لﻼgﺧ ةراﺮgﺤﻟا لﺎgﻘﺘﻧا ﻖﻴﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا . لزﺎg? ﻮgه ?اﻮgﻬﻟا نﻮgﻜﻳو
ﺎgﻤﻠآ ﻪgﻧﺎﻓ ﻪﺒﻠgﺻ ﻩدﺎﻣ يا ﻦﻣ ﺮﻴﺜﻜﺑ ﻞﻀﻓا ﻩدﺎgﻤﻟا ﻞgﺧاد ﻪgﻴﺋاﻮﻬﻟا ?اﻮg?ﻔﻟا ﺔﺒﺴgﻧ ?gﻧﺎآ
ﻩدﺎggﻤﻠﻟ ﻲﻟﺎgg? يراﺮggﺤﻟا لﺰggﻌﻟا ﻞggﻣﺎ? نﺎggآ ﻪggﻴﻟﺎ? . ﺐggﻴآﺮﺗ ﺎggﻬﻟ ﻲggﺘﻟا داﻮggﻤﻟا نﺎggﻓ ?ﻟ?ggﻟ
ﻪggﻴﻨﺒﻟا ﻦggﻣ ﺮggﻴﺒآ ﻞﻜ?ggﺑ ﻰggﻠﻋا ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺗ ﺎggﻬﻟ نﺎggﻓ ﻪggﺻاﺮﺘﻣ ﻪggﻴﻨﺑ وا اﺪggﺟ ?ggﻴ?د يرﻮggﻠﺑ
?gﺳاﻮﻟا يرﻮﻠﺒﻟا ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟا تاذ وا ﻪﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا ﻪﻳرﻮﻠﺒﻟا . ﻧﺎﻓ ?gﺤﻔﻟا ةراﺮgﺣ ﺔgﺟرد ﺎgﻣا ﺎgﻬ
ةدﺎgﻳز ﻲﻟﺎgﺘﻟﺎﺑو ﻪﻜﻴﺒ?gﻟا تازاﺰgﺘها ةدﺎgﻳز ﺐﺒﺴﺑ داﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ
ﻩﺪﻟﻮﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﻧﻮﻧﻮﻔﻟا.

ﻲﻣﺎﺴgﻤﻟا ﻂgﺳﻮﻟا ﻲgﻓ ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا ﻲﻣﺎﺴgﻤﻟا ﻂgﺳﻮﻟا ﻲgﻓ لﺎgﻘﺘﻧﻻا ﺔgﻴﻠﻤ? ﻞﻤ?gﺗ
ﻲﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻂﺳﻮﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻪﻠﺘﻜﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧاو ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻗﺎﻄﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧا.

ﻟا داﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺪﻤﺘﻌﺗ ﻲgه ?ﺎﻣﺎﺴgﻣ ﺎgﻬﻟ ﻲgﺘﻟا داﻮgﻤﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﺔﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﺒﻠﺼ
ﻩراﺮggﺤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺗ ﻞgg?ا . نﻻ ?ﺎﻣﺎﺴggﻤﻟا لﻼggﺧ عﺎﻌgg?ﻻا ﺔggﻘﻳﺮﻄﺑ ﻩراﺮggﺤﻟا ﻞggﻘﺘﻨﺗ ?ggﻴﺣ
ﻢgg?ﺣو ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴggﻤﻟا ?ﻮﻄggﺳ ﻦﻴggﺑ ﻩراﺮggﺤﻟا ﺔggﺟرد ﻲggﻓ ?ﺮggﻔﻟا ?ggﻣ ﺐggﺳﺎﻨﺘﺗ عﺎﻌgg?ﻻا ﺔgg?ﺎﻃ
د ﻲgﻓ ﺔﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ةدﺎﻳز ﻰﻟا يدﺆﺗ ﻩﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻚﻟﺬﻟ ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻩراﺮgﺤﻟا ?ﺎgﺟر
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻧﻻ ﺪﻴﺟ ﺰﺟﺎﺣ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ ﻩﺮﻴﻐﺼﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻜﻟو ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻌﻟا.

ﻲه يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ ﻩﺮﺛﺆﻟا ﻪﻤﻬﻤﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا نﺎﻓ ﻪﻴﻠﻋو :
1- ﻩراﺮgggﺤﻟا ﺔgggﺟرد 2- ?ﺎﻣﺎﺴgggﻤﻟا ﻢggg?ﺣ 3- ?ﺎﻣﺎﺴgggﻤﻟا ﻞﻜggg? 4- ?ggg?ﻮﻣ
ﺐﻠﺼﻟا ﻢﺴﺠﻟا ﻞﺧاد ﻲﻓو ﺾﻌﺒﻟا ﺎﻬﻀﻌﺑ ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا.
ﻚﻟﺬآ ﻪﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا نﻻ ﻪﻘﻠﻐﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﺮﺜآا ﺮﺛﺆﺗ ﻪﺣﻮﺘﻔﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا
ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا دادﺰﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻨﺧﺎﺴﻟا تازﺎﻐﻟا لﺎﻘﺘﻨﺑ ﺢﻤﺴﺗ . ﻞﻜ?gﻟا ﻲgﻓ ﻦﻴﺒﻣ ﺎﻤآو
ﻪﻴﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻊﻣ ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﺮﻴﻐﺗ ﻩﺎﻧدا.












(36)

37. ???g????? تﺎﻣﺎﺴgﻤﻠﻟ ﻲgﻤﺠﺤﻟا ??g??? ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺢﺿﻮﻳ ﻩﻼﻋا ﻢﺳﺮﻟا نا ?????g?? ???g??? ?g?
ﺐﺴgﻨﻟا ???g?? ﻪﻴﻠﻴgﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻞgﻠﻘﻳ ﻲgﻤﺠﺤﻟا ??g??? ???g?? ﺚﻴﺣ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ
ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا تﺎﺒﻴﺒﺤﻟ ﻲﻤﺠﺤﻟا ﺮﺴﻜﻠﻟ.
ﻪﻗﻼﻌﻟا ﻦﻣ تﺎﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟاو ﺐﻠﺼﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﻜﻟا ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا دﺎﺠﻳا ﻦﻜﻤﻳ :
)3(LLL
ppsst
kvkvk+=
t
kk
p
k
s
p
ا ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ، ﻪﻴﻠﻜﻟ ﺐﻠﺼﻟا رﻮﻄﻠﻟ ﻪﻳراﺮﺤﻟا ﻪﻴﻠﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا
s
، ????gg??? رﻮggﻄﻠﻟ ?gg???????? ﻪﻴﻠﻴggﺻﻮﺘﻟا v ﺐﻠﺼggﻟا رﻮggﻄﻠﻟ ﻲggﻤﺠﺤﻟا ??gg???
vﻲﻣﺎﺴﻤﻟا رﻮﻄﻠﻟ ﻲﻤﺠﺤﻟا ﺮﺴﻜﻟا .

ﻣ ضﺎﻔﺨﻧا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ ???g?? ﺰgﻴﻤﺘﻳ ?g??? ﺾﻌﺒﻟا نﺎﻓ يراﺮﺤﻟا ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺘﻟا ﻞﻣﺎﻌ
?ggg???? ?ggg?? ?ggg? ???????ggg?? ?ggg???? ?ggg????? ﻰgggﻠﻋ ?ggg???? ???ggg?? ??ggg?? ?ggg????????
يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻓﺎﺿا ﺎﻬﻴﻓ ﻪﻋﻮﺿﻮﻤﻟا تﺎﻣﻮﻈﻨﻤﻟا.

?g??? ?g? ﻞgﻠﻘﻳ ?g??? ?g?????? ???g??? ?g? ﻪﻠﺋﺎﺳ وا ﻪﺒﻃر ﻩرﻮﺼﺑ ءﺎﻤﻟا دﻮﺟو ﺮﻴﺛﺎﺗ ﺎﻣا
اﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا ????g? ????g? ???g??? ??g?? ﻲﻓ ﻢهﺎﺴﻳ ﺪﻗو ﻩدﺎﻤﻠﻟ ير . ?g?????? ????g??
ﻰggﻠﻋ ?????gg? ?gg?? ?gg? ???gg??? ﻚggﻠﺗ ???gg? ﻰggﻠﻋ ?gg???? ?gg????? ?gg?????? ???gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ
ﻪﻳذﺎﻔﻨﻟاو صﺎﺼﺘﻣﻻا.
صﺎﺼﺘﻣا ﻞﺜﻣ ﻪﻴﺗﻮﺼﻟا تﺎﺒﻠﻄﺘﻤﻟا ﻖﻴﻘﺤﺘﻟ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻩراﺮﺤﻠﻟ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﺾﻌﺑ
ا ???g??? و ?????g? وا تﻮﺼﻟا تازاﺰgﺘهﻻ . ??g?? ?g?????? ???g??? ?g???? ??g? ??g?
لﺰggﻌﻟا ?gg??? ???gg??? ﻚggﻠﺗ ?????gg?? ﻪggﺠﻴﺘﻧ ??gg??? ﻪﻠﻴggﺳﻮﺑ ????gg? ?gg??? ?gg? ﺐggﻧﺎﺠﻟا
ﻲﺗﻮﺼﻟا لﺰﻌﻟاو يراﺮﺤﻟا.

?g?? ?????g? ??g?? ?g? ??g?? ???g? ??g?? ??g? ???g? ?g? ﻖﺒﺳﺎﻣ ﻰﻟا ﻪﻓﺎﺿا
ﺪﻘﻟاو ﻪﻓﺎﺜﻜﻟا ﺔﻓﺮﻌﻤآ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﺔﻴﻧﺎﻜﻣاو شﺎﻤﻜﻧﻻا ﺔﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻰﻠﻋ ﻩر
????gg???? ?gg?????? ??gg???? ??gg???? ??????gg??? ????gg?? ???gg??? ???gg?? ?????gg???
?g??? ارود ﺐgﻌﻠﻳ يﺬﻟا يدﺎﺼﺘﻗﻻا ﻞﻣﺎﻌﻟا ﻰﻟا ﻪﻓﺎﺿﻻﺎﺑ ﻩﺮﻓﻮﺘﻤﻟا تﺎﺳﺎﻘﻤﻟاو ﻪﻴﺋﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا
ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا مﺪﻋ وا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻲﻓ.

ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻣاﻮﻌﻟا ﻢها ﻦﻣ ﻲﻠﻳﺎﻣ ﻪﺒﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا داﻮﻣ رﺎﻴﺘﺧا ﻰﻠﻋ ﺮﺛﺆﺗ:
1- ﺾﻔﺨﻨﻣ يراﺮﺣ ﻞﻴﺻﻮﺗ ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻣ تاذ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا ﻩدﺎﻤﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ نا .
2- عﺎﻌﺷﻻاو ءﺎﻤﻟا ذﺎﻔﻨﻟ ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻪﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ نا.
3- ءﺎﻤﻟا رﺎﺨﺑ صﺎﺼﺘﻣﻻ ﺎﻬﺘﻣوﺎﻘﻣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻪﺟرد ﻰﻠﻋ نﻮﻜﺗ نا.
4- ﺟﻼﻟ ?gg??????? ?gg? ?gg???? ?gg??? ﻰggﻠﻋ ??gg?? نا ??gg?????? ?gg? ﻪggﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ????gg?
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا تﺎﺟرد ﻲﻓ ﻩﺮﻴﺒﻜﻟا.
5- ?gg?????? طﺎﻐﻀggﻧﻻا ?gg????? ??gg????? ??gg?? ?gg???????? ???gg? تاذ ??gg?? نا
ﺮﺴﻜﻟا.
(37)

38. 6- ﻪgg?ﺮﻌﻤﻟا ﻦآﺎggﻣﻻا ﻲggﻓ ﻪggﺻﺎﺧ ?ggﻳﺮﺤﻟاو ﻦggﻔﻌﻟاو ﺎggﻳﺮﺘﻜﺒﻠﻟ ﻪggﻣوﺎﻘﻣ نﻮggﻜﺗ نا
قﺮﺤﻠﻟ.
7- ا دﺪﻤﺘﻠﻟ ﻪﻴﻠﺑﺎﻘﻟا ﺔﻠﻴﻠﻗو ﻞﻳﻮﻄﻟا ىﺪﻤﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ دﺎﻌﺑﻻا ﻪﺘﺑﺎﺛ نﻮﻜﺗ ناﺺﻠﻘﺘﻟا و.
8- ﻪﻳوﺎﻴﻤﻴﻜﻟا تاﺮﻴﻐﺘﻟاو تﻼﻋﺎﻔﺘﻠﻟ ﻪﻣوﺎﻘﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ نا.
9- ﻪﻴﺤﺻ راﺮﺿا يا ﺎﻬﻨﻋ ﺞﺘﻨﻳﻻا.
10-ﻲﻤﻟﺎﻌﻟا تﺎﻔﺻاﻮﻤﻠﻟ ﻪﻘﺑﺎﻄﻣ نﻮﻜﺗ نا .
11-ﺐﻴآﺮﺘﻟا ﺔﻠﻬﺳ .

ا لﺰggﻌﻟا داﻮggﻣ ﻒﻴﻨﺼggﺗﻟيراﺮggﺤ: ﺐﺴggﺣ ﺎggﻳراﺮﺣ ﻪggﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮggﻤﻟا ﻒﻴﻨﺼggﺗ ﻦggﻜﻤﻳ
ﻲﻠﻳ ﺎﻤآو ﺎهردﺎﺼﻣ:
1- ﻲﻧاﻮgggﻴﺣ ﻞgggﺻا ﻦgggﻣ ﻪgggﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮgggﻤﻟا : ﺮgggﺒﺘﻌﻳو ?ﺎgggﻧاﻮﻴﺤﻟا ﺮﻌggg?و ?ﻮgggﺻ ﻞggg?ﻣ
ﻩدوﺪﺤﻣ ﻩءﺎﻔآ تاذ ﺎﻳراﺮﺣ ﻪﻟزﺎﻋ ﻩدﺎﻤآ ﺎﻬﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا.
2- يدﺎggﻤﺟ ﻞggﺻا ﻦggﻣ ﻪggﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮggﻤﻟا : داﻮggﻣ ﻞﻀggﻓا ﻦggﻣ ﻮggهو ﻲﺟﺎggﺟﺰﻟا ?ﻮﺼggﻟﺎآ
يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا
3- ﻪﻴﻋﺎﻨﺼﻟا ﻪﻟﺰﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا : ﺮg?آﻻا ﻮgه ﺮgﻴﺧﻻاو يﻮg?ﺮﻟا ﻚﺘﺳﻼﺒﻟاو طﺎﻄﻤﻟا ﻞﻤﺸﺗ
مﺪﺨﺘﺴﻳ ﺎﻣ ﺮﺜآاو ﺎﻋﻮﻴﺷيﻮﻏﺮﻟا ﻦﻴﺛرﻮﻳ ﻲﻟﻮﺒﻟاو ﻦﻳﺮﻳﺎﺘﺳ ﻲﻟﻮﺒﻟا عﻮﻧ ﻮه .
4- ﻲﺗﺎﺒﻧ ﻞﺻا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا : ﺐﺼgﻘﻟا ﻞg?ﻣ ﻪﻳزﻮﻠﻴﺴﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا وا فﺎﻴﻟﻻا ﻞﻤﺸﺗو
ﻦﻄﻘﻟاو.
5-ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا لزاﻮﻌﻟا :ﻪﻴﻜﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا ﻞﻀﻓا ﻦﻣ نﺎﻴﻃﻻا ﺮﺒﺘﻌﺗ.

ﺎﻳراﺮﺣ ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟا عاﻮﻧا ﺾﻌﺑ:

1-ﻟا تﺎﻜﻴﻠggﺳ ?ﻮﻴﺴggﻟﺎﻜCalcium silicate : ?ﺎggﺟﺰﻟا ﻦggﻣ ﻪggﻧﻮﻜﻣ ﻩدﺎggﻣ ﻦgg? ﻩرﺎggﺒ?
?ﺴggﺒﺳﻻا ةدﺎggﻣ ﻰggﻟا فﺎﻀggﺗ ?ggﻴﺣ ﺎﻜﻴﻠﺴggﻟاو(asbestos) ?ﺮgg?ﻟ ﺎggﻳراﺮﺣ لزﺎggﻌﻟا
ﻪﻴﻟﺎﻋ ﻪﻳراﺮﺣ تﺎﺟرﺪﻟ يراﺮﺤﻟا لﺰﻌﻟا ﻲﻓ مﺪﺨﺘﺴﺗو ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻧﺎﻜﻴﻤﻟا صاﻮﺨﻟا ﻦﻴﺴﺤﺗ.

2- ﻚﻴﻣاﺮﻴﺴﻟا فﺎﻴﻟاCeramic fiber: ا ﻪgﻳراﺮﺤﻟا لزاﻮgﻌﻟا ﻦgﻣ ﺮﺒﺘﻌﻳ ?gﻴﺣ ﻩﺪgﻴ?ﻟ
ﻩراﺮﺤﻟا ﺔﺟرد عﺎﻔﺗرا ﻊﻣ ﻲﻟﺰﻌﻟا راﺮﻘﺘﺳﻻﺎﺑ ﺰﻴﻤﺘﻳ

3- ﻦﻴﻠﻔﻟاCork: ﻪﻳرﺎﺠﺘﻟا ﻪﻴﺣﺎﻨﻟا ﻦﻣ رﺎﺸﺘﻧﻻا ﺔﻌﺳاو ﻩدﺎﻣ ) ﻦﻤ?gﻟا ﺔﺼgﻴﺧر ( ﻦgﻜﻟو
ﻪﺌﻃاو ﻩراﺮﺣ تﺎﺟرد ﻲﻓ ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﻻا ةدوﺪﺤﻣ . ﺐgﻴﺑﺎﻧﻻ ﻪgﻟزﺎ?و ﻪg?ﻟﺎﻣ ﻩدﺎgﻤآ ?ﺪﺨﺘﺴgﻳو
ﺪﻳﺮﺒﺘﻟا ةﺰﻬﺟاو .ﻤﻟا ﻲﻓ حﻮﻄﺴﻟا لﺰﻌﻟ ﻞﻤﻌﺘﺴﻳ ﻚﻟﺬآوﻲﻧﺎﺒ.

4- دﺎﺒﻠﻟاFell: ﻒﻠﻐﻣ دﺎﺒﻠﻟا ﺐﻠﻏاو ،ﻪﻔﻠﺘﺨﻣ كﺎﻤﺳﺎﺑو ﻪﻠﻳﻮﻃ ﻒﺋﺎﻔﻟ ﻞﻜﺷ ﻰﻠﻋ ﺪﺟﻮﻳ
نا ﻦggﻜﻤﻳ? ،ﺐggﻧاﻮﺠﻟا ?ﺴggﻤﻟ ﺐggﻧاﻮﺠﻟا ﻦggﻣ رﺎggﻃﺎﺑ ﻩدوﺰggﻣ ﻪggﻴﻧﺪﻌﻣ ?ﺋﺎgg?ﺮﺑ وا ?رﻮﻟﺎggﺑ
ﺎgﻔﻠﻐﻣ ﻪgﺟوﻻا ﺪgﺣا نﻮgﻜﻳ ﺎgﻤآ ،ﻒﺋﺎﻔﻠﻟا ﻚﻠﺗ ﻦﻣ ﺪﺣاو ﻪﺟو ﻰﻠﻋ ﻪﻴﻧﺪﻌﻤﻟا ﻪﻘﻴﻗﺮﻟا نﻮﻜﺗ
(38)

39. (39)
جﺎgﺟﺰﻟا فﺎgﻴﻟا ﻰgﻠﻋ ﻞﻤﺘﺸgﺗ ﻪﻳﻮﻀgﻋ داﻮgﻣ ﻦﻣ دﺎﺒﻠﻟا ﻊﻨﺼﻳﺎﻣ ﺎﺒﻟﺎﻏو . ﻦgﻜﻤﻳ ﻚﻟﺬgآو
دﺎﺒﻠﻟا ﺔﺌﻴه ﻰﻠﻋ زﻮﻠﻴﻠﺴﻟا فﺎﻴﻟا ﺮﻓﻮﺗ.

5- يﺮﺨﺼﻟا فﻮﺼﻟا: ﺎgﻤآ ﻪgﻴﻌﻴﺒﻄﻟا رﻮﺨﺼgﻟا ﻦgﻣ يﺮﺨﺼgﻟا فﻮﺼgﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨﺻ ﻢﺘﻳ
ﻦggﻜﻤﻳ ﻢﺘggﻳو ،صﺎggﺻﺮﻟا وا سﺎggﺤﻨﻟا وا ﺪggﻳﺪﺤﻟا ﺚggﺒﺧ ﻦggﻣ يﺮﺨﺼggﻟا فﻮﺼggﻟا ﺔﻋﺎﻨggﺻ
ﻲgﻓ ﻩﺮﻬﺼgﻨﻤﻟا ﻩدﺎgﻤﻟا ﺐﺼgﺑ فﺎgﻴﻟا ﻲgﻓ لﺰgﻐﻳو ،دﻮgﻗﻮآ ﻢgﺤﻔﻟا ماﺪﺨﺘﺳﺎﺑ ﺚﺒﺨﻟا ﺮﻬﺻ
راود ءﺎgﻋو . ﻪggﻓﺮﻐﻟا ةراﺮgﺣ ﺔggﺟرﺪﻟ ﻪﻋﺮﺴgﺑ دﺮgﺒﺗو رﺎggﺨﺒﻟا ﺔﻄgﺳاﻮﺑ فﺎggﻴﻟﻻا ﻒgﻔﺠﺗو .
يﺮﺨﺼgﻟا فﻮﺼgﻟا ﻦgﻣ ﻪﻋﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا ﻪﻟزﺎﻌﻟا داﻮﻤﻟاو) ﺚgﺒﺨﻟا ( gﻬﻟ ﺲﻴgﻟ ﻢﺴgﺠﻟا ﻪgﻧوﺮﻣ ﺎ
جﺎﺟﺰﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻨﺼﻤﻟا . ﻞﻤﻌﺗ ﻲﺘﻟا ﻞﻴﻨﻴﻨﻴﻔﻟا ﻦﻣ ﻪﻴﻐﻤﺻ ﻩدﺎﻣ ﻊﻣ فﺎﻴﻟﻻا ﻚﻠﺗ شر ﻢﺘﻳو
ﻪggﺠﺗﺎﻨﻟا ﺢﺋاﺮﺸggﻟا ﻊggﻴﻄﻘﺗ ﻢﺘggﻳو ،نﺮggﻓ ﻲggﻓ ﺎggهﺮﻳﺮﻤﺘﺑ ﺎggﻬﺘﺠﻟﺎﻌﻣ ﻢﺘggﻳ ﻢggﺛ ،ﻂggﻐﻈﺗو ﻂﺑاﺮggآ
ﺐﺳﺎﻨﻤﻟا ﻢﺠﺤﻟﺎﺑ.

6- ﺖﻳﻻﺮﺒﻟا: ﻪgﻴﻧﺎآﺮﺒﻟا رﻮﺨﺼﻟا ﻦﻣ عﻮﻧ ﻮهو ) ﻪﻴﻜﻴﻣاﺮﻴgﺳ ﻩدﺎgﻣ ( يﻮgﺘﺤﺗ ،ﻪﻓﺎﻔﺸgﻟا
ىﺮgﺧا ﺪﻴgﺳﺎآاو ﺎﻨﻴﻣﻮﻟﻻاو ﺎﻜﻴﻠﺴﻟا ﻰﻠﻋ . رﻮgﻠﺒﺘﻟا ءﺎgﻣ ﻰgﻠﻋ ﺖgﻳﻻﺮﺒﻟا تﺎgﻣﺎﺧ يﻮgﺘﺤﺗو
ﻒﻋﺎﻀgﺘﻳو ﺎgﻬﻠﺧاد رﻮgﻠﺒﺘﻟا ءﺎﻣ ﺮﺨﺒﺘﻴﻓ ﻪﻌﻳﺮﺳو ﻪﺌﺟﺎﻔﻣ ﻪﻳراﺮﺣ تﺎﺟرﺪﺑ قﺮﺤﺗ ﺚﻴﺣ
ﻦﻣ ﺎﻬﻤﺠﺣ4-20ﻲﻠﺻﻻا ﺎﻬﻤﺠﺣ رﺪﻗ ﻩﺮﻣ .
ﻪgﻣوﺎﻘﻤﻟاو ﻩﺎgﻴﻤﻠﻟ ﻩدرﺎgﻄﻟا داﻮgﻤﻟا ﻦgﻣو ﺪgﻴﺟ يراﺮgﺣ لﺰgﻋ صاﻮﺨﺑ ﺖﻳﻻﺮﺒﻟا زﺎﺘﻤﻳ
ﻪﺑﻮﻃﺮﻠﻟ .ﻪﻟزﺎﻋو ﻪﻔﻴﻔﺧ ﻪﻧﺎﺳﺮﺧ ﻲﻄﻌﻴﻟ ﺖﻨﻤﺴﻟا ﻊﻣ ﺖﻳﻻﺮﺒﻟا ﻂﻠﺧ ﻦﻜﻤﻳ.
تﺎgﺟرد ﺪgﻨﻋ ﻦﻴﺠﺴgآوﻻا ﻞgﺜﻣ ﻪﻠﺋﺎﺴgﻟا تازﺎgﻐﻟا ﻦﻳﺰﺨﺗو ﻆﻔﺣ ﻲﻓ ﻪﻣاﺪﺨﺘﺳا ﻦﻜﻤﻳو
ﻰﻟا ﻞﺼﺗ ﺪﻗ ﻪﻀﻔﺨﻨﻣ ﻩراﺮﺣ(-240ºC) ﻩزﺎgﺘﻤﻤﻟا ﻪﻴﺗﻮﺼgﻟا لزاﻮgﻌﻟا ﻦgﻣ ﺎﻀgﻳا ﻮهو
ﺔﻳﺎﻐﻟ ﻩراﺮﺣ تﺎﺟرد ﻞﻤﺤﺘﻳو(900ºC).