leptospirosis; epidemiology, prevention and control

leptospirosis is a zoonosis.
important public health problem

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2. PRE - EVALUATION Zoonoses ? Examples? Types of zoonoses ? 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 2

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4. Epidemiology & Control of Leptospirosis 202040007

5. LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe the epidemiological determinants of leptospirosis Enumerate the clinical features and management Discuss the prevention and control strategies of leptospirosis 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 5

6. OVERVIEW Epidemiology Clinical features Lab Diagnosis Management Prevention and control 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 6

7. INTRODUCTION Most widespread zoonosis Contagious disease of animals Occasionally infects humans 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 7

8. Epidemiological triad 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 8

9. AGENT Leptospira interrogans Source: Urine of infected animals/Reservoirs Survives for weeks in soil and water Animal reservoir: Rats and small rodents 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 9

10. MODE OF TRANSMISSION 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 10 Direct Indirect Droplet Direct man to man transmission rare

11. HOST FACTORS Males, 20 – 45 years of age group Occupations Leisure activities – Swimming and fishing Immunity – Serovar specific 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 11

12. ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 12

13. ???... 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 13

14. 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 14 CLINICAL FEATURES Incubation period = 7-12 days CFR  0-15%

15. LAB DIAGNOSIS IgM ELISA(Enzyme Linked Immuno- Sorbent Assay) Gold standard = MAT (Microscopic Agglutination Test) PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 15

16. MANAGEMENT Tab . Doxycycline 100 mg twice daily for 7 days. Severe- IV/ IM Crystalline Penicillin 7-10 days Children – Amoxicillin Avoid over the counter drugs 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 16

17. PREVENTION AND CONTROL Health education & specific protection Early detection & prompt management Prevention of complications and rehabilitation 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 17

18. PRIMARY PREVENTION Behaviour change communication Personal hygiene Control local reservoir – rodents Proper waste disposal 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 18

19. SPECIFIC PROTECTION 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 19

20. SPECIFIC PROTECTION 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 20

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22. SUMMARY Zoonotic infection caused by leptospira Source of infection: Urine of infected animals Animal reservoirs: Rats, mice Clinical types: Anicteric & Icteric leptospirosis Diagnosis: IgM ELISA, MAT Prevention & Control - levels Chemoprophylaxis 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 22

23. Lets Revise.. Weil's disease is a severe form of leptospirosis that can lead to: a) Liver and kidney failure b) Neurological complications c) Respiratory distress d) All of the above 18-07-2024 23

24. Lets Revise … 2. The following statements are true regarding leptospirosis, except: a) It is a zoonosis b) Man is the accidental host c) Drug of choice for chemoprophylaxis is penicillin d) Mice act as reservoirs of infection 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 24

25. ASSIGNMENT Group 1: During the PHC visit; Note down the prevention and control activities of leptospirosis undertaken in the PHC area during this rainy season. Prepare a report on this and submit on 26.07.2024. Group 2: Visit General medicine wards and find out leptospirosis cases admitted in the past 1 week. Identify the epidemiology and risk factors for developing the infection in those patients and submit this assignment on 26.07.2024. 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 25

26. Reference K. Park Textbook of Preventive and Community Medicine ; 27 th edition Further Reading National Guidelines for diagnosis, Case Management, Prevention and Control of Leptospirosis; by National Centre for Disease Control. 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 26

27. THANK YOU 18-07-2024 Epidemiology and Control of Leptospirosis 27