lesions and abrasions of skin.pptx

SKIN CARE

1. lesions and abrasions of skin PRESENTED BY-: MANREET KAUR

2. ABRASION

3. ABRASION A n Abrasion is a wound caused by superficial damage to the skin, no deeper than the epidermis. It is less severe than a laceration, and bleeding, if present, is minimal. Mild abrasions, also known as grazes or scrapes, do not scar or bleed, but deep abrasions may lead to the formation of scar tissue. A more traumatic abrasion that removes all layers of skin is called an avulsion.

4. Abrasion injuries most commonly occur when exposed skin comes into moving contact with a rough surface, causing a grinding or rubbing away of the upper layers of the epidermis.

5. ABRASION BY DEGREE A first-degree abrasion involves only epidermal injury. A second-degree abrasion involves the epidermis as well as the dermis and may bleed slightly. A third-degree abrasion involves damage to the subcutaneous layer and the skin and is often called an avulsion.

6. TREATMENT The abrasion should be cleaned and any debris removed. A topical antibiotic (such as Neosporin or bacitracin) should be applied to prevent infection and to keep the wound moist. Dressing the wound is optional but helps to keep the wound from drying out which interferes with healing. If the abrasion is painful, a topical analgesic (such as lidocaine or benzocaine) can be applied, but for large abrasions. a systemic analgesic may be necessary. Avoid exposing abraded skin to the sun as permanent hyperpigmentation can develop.

7. HEALING PROCESS OF PALM 1. 32 minutes after injury 2. 17 hours after injury

8. 3. 1 day 19 hours after injury 4. 3 days after injury

9. 5. 13 days after injury 6. 14 days after injury

10. 7. 17 days after injury 8. 18 days after injury

11. 9. 22 days after injury 10. 30 days after injury

12. LESION

13. LESION A lesion is any abnormality in the tissue of an organism (in layman's terms, "damage"), usually caused by disease or trauma. Lesion is derived from the Latin word laesio meaning injury.

14. HISTORY DuVerney was the first to use experimental ablation method on animals in 1679. Flourens first published the method in 1824, describing the method and behavioral effect of brain damage. Lesions done by knife cuts and suction techniques, called mechanical lesions, were tried by Veyssiere and Nothnagel in 1874 . In 1895, Golsinger was the first to make electrolytic lesions in animals. In 1898, Sellier and Verger destroyed discrete areas in the caudate and anterior segment of internal capsule. In 1908, Horsley and Clark developed the stereotaxic method and combined it with electrolytic lesions. In the 1940s to 1950s, Lobotomy was a popular procedure for curing various psychological conditions which relied on lesioning the frontal lobes.

15. TYPES Lesions can occur anywhere in the body that consists of soft tissue or osseous matter, though most frequently found in the mouth, skin, and the brain, or anywhere where a tumour may occur. They are subsequently classified by their features. If a lesion is caused by a tumor it will be classified as malignant or benign. Lesions may be classified by the shape they form, as is the case with many ulcers, which can have a bullseye or 'target' appearance. Some lesions have specialized names, such as Ghon lesions in the lungs of tuberculosis victims. The characteristic skin lesions of a varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection are called chickenpox. Lesions of the teeth are usually called dental caries .

16. TYPES Another type of lesion is excitotoxic lesions that can be caused by excitatory amino acid like kainic acid that kills neuron by stimulating to death. Sham lesions are the process of putting stereotaxic apparatus and insert it inside the skull to produce a lesion to see if behavior correlates with the brain lesion. Finally, lesions are often classified by their location. For example, a 'skin lesion' or a 'brain lesion'.

17. RESERCH USING LESIONS Research with humans Humans with brain lesions are often the subjects of research with the goal of establishing the function of the area where their lesion occurred. A drawback to the use of human subjects is the difficulty in finding subjects who have a lesion to the area which the researcher wishes to study. Research with animals Using animal subjects gives researchers the ability to lesion specific areas in the subjects, allowing them to quickly acquire a large group of subjects. An example of such a study is the lesioning of rat hippocampi to establish the role of the hippocampus in object recognition and object recency .

18. PRIMARY LESIONS 1. Macule – A macule is a change in surface color , without elevation or depression and, therefore, nonpalpable , well or ill-defined, variously sized, but generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . 2. Patch – A patch is a large macule equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm , across depending on one's definition of a macule . 3. Papule – A papule is a circumscribed, solid elevation of skin with no visible fluid, varying in size from a pinhead to less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . 4. Plaque – A plaque has been described as a broad papule, or confluence of papules equal to or greater than 1 cm , or alternatively as an elevated, plateau-like lesion that is greater in its diameter than in its depth .

19. 5. Nodule – A nodule is morphologically similar to a papule, but is greater than either 5 or 10 mm in both width and depth, and most frequently centered in the dermis or subcutaneous fat . The depth of involvement is what differentiates a nodule from a papule . 6. Vesicle – A vesicle is a circumscribed, fluid-containing, epidermal elevation generally considered less than either 5 or 10 mm in diameter at the widest point . 7. Bulla – A bulla is a large vesicle described as a rounded or irregularly shaped blister containing serous or seropurulent fluid, equal to or greater than either 5 or 10 mm , depending on one's definition of a vesicle .

20. 8. Pustule – A pustule is a small elevation of the skin containing cloudy or purulent material usually consisting of necrotic inflammatory cells . These can be either white or red. 9. Cyst – A cyst is an epithelial-lined cavity containing liquid, semi-solid, or solid material . 10. Erosion – An erosion is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting incomplete loss of the epidermis , a lesion that is moist, circumscribed, and usually depressed .

21. 11. Ulcer – An ulcer is a discontinuity of the skin exhibiting complete loss of the epidermis and often portions of the dermis and even subcutaneous fat . 12. Fissure – A fissure is a crack in the skin that is usually narrow but deep. 13. Wheal – A wheal is a rounded or flat-topped, pale red papule or plaque that is characteristically evanescent, disappearing within 24 to 48 hours. 14. Telangiectasia – A telangiectasia represents an enlargement of superficial blood vessels to the point of being visible . 15. Burrow – A burrow appears as a slightly elevated, grayish , tortuous line in the skin, and is caused by burrowing organisms .

22. SECONDARY LESIONS 1. Scale – D ry or greasy laminated masses of keratin that represent thickened stratum corneum . 2. Crust – D ried serum, pus, or blood usually mixed with epithelial and sometimes bacterial debris . 3. Lichenification – E pidermal thickening characterized by visible and palpable thickening of the skin with accentuated skin markings . 4. Excoriation – A punctate or linear abrasion produced by mechanical means (often scratching), usually involving only the epidermis, but commonly reaching the papillary dermis .

23. 5. Induration – dermal thickening causing the cutaneous surface to feel thicker and firmer . 6. Atrophy – refers to a loss of tissue, and can be epidermal, dermal, or subcutaneous . With epidermal atrophy, the skin appears thin, translucent, and wrinkled . Dermal or subcutaneous atrophy is represented by depression of the skin . 7. Maceration – softening and turning white of the skin due to being consistently wet. 8. Umbilication – formation of a depression at the top of a papule, vesicle, or pustule.

24. TREATMENT Unfortunately, available treatments only remove the lesions temporarily; there does not appear to be a treatment that works permanently. If you only have a few skin lesions, you may be able to have them removed successfully and repeatedly without noticeable scarring. If you have a larger number of lesions, this may be more difficult. You may want to start by treating a small area to see what results you get.

25. TREATMENTS INCLUDE:- 1. Surgical 2. Cautery and cold cautery 3. Radiofrequency 4. Cryoablation 5. Laser 6. Hyfrecation – electrosurgery 7. Curettage and Hyfrecation

26. REFERENCES en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesion 8. Kent, R.D. (1982). Prosodic Disturbance And Neurologic Lesion. Brain and Language, 15(2), 259-291. 9. Kertesz , A., Harlock , W., & Coates, R. (2004). Computer Tomographic Localization, Lesion Size, And Prognosis In Aphasia And Nonverbal Impairment. Brain and Language, 8(1), 34-50. 10. Schallert , T., & Wilcox, R.E. (1986). Neurotransimitter -Selective Brain Lesions. Biomedical and Life Sciences, 1, 343-387. 11. Vuilleumier , P., Richardson, M.P., Armony , J.L., Driver, J. & Dolan, R.J. (2004). Distant Influences Of Amygdala Lesion On Visual Cortical Activation During Emotional Face Processing. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 1271-1278 . http:// health.yahoo.net/galecontent/skin-lesions http:// www.medicinenet.com/script/main/art.asp?articlekey=9695 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion_(medical ) http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abrasion http:// www.webmd.com/allergies/itch-relief-11/cuts-scrapes http:// www.medicinenet.com/cuts_scrapes_and_puncture_wounds/article.htm