Lesson-1 concept of politics and governance.pptx

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1. Lesson 1 Concept of Politics and Governance

2. What is Politics? According to Heywood (2002), Politics is exciting because people disagree. Some reasons why politicians disagree with each other are as follows: They disagree about how they should live. How should power and other resources be distributed? How should collective decisions be made? How much influence should each person have?

3. For Aristotle, this made politics the ‘master science’: that is, nothing less than the activity through which human beings attempt to improve their lives and create the GOOD SOCIETY. Politics is, above all, a social activity. Politics also emerges only with the arrival of a Man. Nevertheless, the disagreement that lies at the heart of politics also extends to the nature of the subject and how it should be studied. People disagree about what it is that makes social interaction ‘politic’, and how political activity can best be analyzed and explained.

4. Defining Politics Politics, in its broadest sense, is the activity through which people make, preserve, and amend the general rules under which they live. Thus inextricably linked to the phenomena of CONFLICT and COOPERATION. Hence Hannah Arendt defined political power as ‘acting in concert’. This is why the heart of politics is often portrayed as a process of conflict resolution, in which rival views or competing interests are reconciled with one another.

5. The different views of politics The art of government Power and the distribution of resources Compromise and consensus Public affair

6. Politics as The art of government Politics concerns the state. It focuses on the personnel and machinery of the government. Politics as a Public affair Politics is the conduct and management of public interest. It is also a broader conception of politics that moves it beyond the narrow realm of government to what is thought of as ‘public life’ or ‘public affairs’. In other words, the distinction between ‘the political’ and ‘the nonpolitical’ coincides with the division between an essentially public sphere of life and what can be thought of as a private sphere.

7. Compromise and consensus Politics attempts to resolve conflict through discussion: that is, by compromise, conciliation, and negotiation. This is what is implied when politics is portrayed as ‘the art of the possible’. Power and the distribution of resources. Politics involves the exercise of authority in the production, distribution, and use of resources. This describes who gets what and under what circumstances.

8. Politics can also be studied through EMPIRICAL TRADITION. It is a descriptive or empirical tradition that can be traced back to the earliest days of political thought. It can be seen in Aristotle’s attempt to classify constitutions, in Machiavelli’s realistic account of statecraft, and in Montesquieu’s sociological theory of government and law. Theoretical approaches contribute to widening the perspective of studying political science. Among these include rational choice theory, new institutionalism, and critical theory, which includes feminism, Marxism, and other post-positivist and postmodernist approaches.

9. Governance Governance is a broader term than government. It refers, in its widest sense, to the various ways through which social life is coordinated. Government can therefore be seen as one of the institutions involved in governance; it is possible to have governance without government according to Rhodes (1996). The principal modes of governance are markets; hierarchies and networks. The wider use of the term reflects a blurring of the state/society distinction, resulting from changes such as the development of new forms of public management, the growth of public-private partnerships, the increasing importance of policy networks, and the greater impact of both supranational subnational organizations (multi-governance). While some associate governance with a shift away from command and control mechanisms to a reliance on consultation and bargaining, others argue that it implies a preference for ‘less government’ and the free market.

10. Civil society It meant a ‘political community’, a society governed by law, under the authority of a state. More commonly, it is distinguished from the state, and the term is used to describe institutions that are ‘private’ in that they are independent of government and organized by individuals in pursuit of their own ends. Therefore refers to a realm of autonomous groups and associations: businesses, interest groups, clubs, families, and so on. according to Hegel.

11. Form of Government Presidential system Parliamentary system

12. Presidential System The separation of the executive branch from other aspects of government. The head of government is elected to work alongside, but not as a part of, the legislature. Under a presidential system, the president may have the power to challenge legislation through a veto, power to pardon crimes, authority over foreign policy, authority to command the military as the Commander-in-chief, and authority over advisors and employees of the executive branch.

13. Parliamentary system A democratic form of government in which the party (or a coalition of parties) with the greatest representation in the parliament (legislature) forms the government, its leader becoming prime minister or chancellor. Executive functions are exercised by members of the parliament appointed by the prime minister to the cabinet. The parties in the minority serve in opposition to the majority and have the duty to challenge it regularly

14. In 1 whole sheet of paper give your insight regarding of what you have learned so far in the lesson 1 topic. Guided questions: In what way do politics and governance become important in our life? Did the politician do their roles according to Aristotle’s and Plato’s theories? In what way do the politicians portray the 4 different views of politics by Heywood? As citizens of the Republic of the Philippines can you be considered a good politician?