Lesson 10 Biodiversity and the Healthy Society.pdf

Science, Technology and Society

1. BIODIVERSITY
AND THE
HEALTHY
SOCIETY
LESSON 10

2. Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Speciesreferstoagroupoforganism,whichhave
common genetic,ecologicalandevolutionary
characteristics,thatcaninterbreedandproduce
viableandfertileoffspring.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

3. Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Population,inbiology,isdefinedasallthe
organismsofthesamegrouporspecies
thatliveinaspecificareaandarecapable
ofbreedingamongthemselves.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

4. Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Acommunityisadiversegroupof
organismsthatinteractina
commonlocation.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

5. Ecosystemreferstotheinteractionof
biologicalcommunities withanother
andwiththephysicalenvironment.
Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

6. Endemicspeciesrefertospeciesthatarenativeor
restrictedinaparticulararea.Forinstance,the
PhilippineEagle,thePhilippinetarsierandRafflesia
speciosaareendemicspeciesofthePhilippines.
Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

7. BiodiversityHotspotareregionsorareasintheworld
withrichbiodiversitybutarecurrentlyfacingthreats
ofdepletionandloss.Examplesofbiodiversityhotspot
arethewholeofMadagascarandthePhilippine
Archipelago.
Some Terms Related to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

8. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversityreferstothevarietyoflifeformson
Earth.Itrangesfromthesmallestmicroorganism,
themycoplasmas,uptothelargestanimals,the
bluewhales.Biodiversityistheshorttermfor
‘biologicaldiversity’.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

9. Therearethreelevelsofbiodiversity.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

10. •Geneticdiversity-itreferstothevariations
inthedifferentgenespresentinindividual
organism.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

11. HowisGeneticDiversityGenerated?
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
•Mutation–changes to an individual’s DNA
•Arises when mistakes are madewhile cells are
copying DNA
•Make up a species’ genetic diversity
•Most mutations are either harmful or have no
impact but sometimes can cause changes that
are helpful for a species

12. ExamplesofGeneticDiversity
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
•Among humans, there
are differences in terms of
genetic sequences.

13. ExamplesofGeneticDiversity
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
•Different breeds of dogs as a result of selective
breeding

14. •Speciesdiversityisdefinedasthenumberof
differentspeciespresentinanecosystemand
relativeabundanceofeachofthosespecies.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

15. Species diversity
In Galapagos Islands, there are
different species of finches. This
shows the species diversity of
finches in the islands
Variety of mushroom species found in
a particular forest. There are a
number of species in the area.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

16. Ecosystemdiversityreferstoallecosystems,
ecological processes and biological
communities.
What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

17. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
FOREST
It is a functional unit or a
system which comprises of soil,
trees, insects, animals, birds,
and man as its interacting units.

18. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
GRASSLAND
If there isn’t enough rain to grow
trees, grasslands can grow in
both tropical and temperate
climates.
It is known as the “true kingdom”
of animals.

19. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
TUNDRA
characterized by harsh
environmental conditions usually
windswept, snow-covered and
treeless

20. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
DESERT
Deserts arebarren areas of land
characterized by extremely high or
low temperatures, with low rainfall
and scarce or no vegetation

21. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
MARINE
Marine ecosystems are aquatic
environments with high levels of
dissolved salt.

22. What is Biodiversity?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Types of Ecosystem
FRESHWATER
Freshwater ecosystems occur in
in-land bodies of water and may
either be flowing, standing, or
man-made. Distinguished by low-
salinity water that flow from the
natural rainwater catch basins
created by forests.

23. Patterns of Biodiversity
AccordingtotheGlobalBiodiversityOutlook1
(2001),therearearound14millionspeciesinthe
worldwithnearly2millionspeciesdiscoveredand
described.
AsianPalmCivetGoldenToad
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

24. Philippineshasatleast53,000species
discoveredanddescribed.Itisoneof
themega-diversecountries.
Philippineshashighendemismwithat
least49%ofitsterrestrialwildlife
beingendemictothecountry.
However,itisalsooneoftheworld’s
biodiversityhotspotwithmorethan
900threatenedspecies.
Patterns of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

25. Class Discussion
Question:
Why is biodiversity important?
How is it relevant to us as individuals, to
our community, or to our country?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

26. Importance of Biodiversity
Provisioningservices:
a.Foodsource–fruitsoftrees
b.Herbalmedicines–leaves,rootsorflowersofplants
c.Forestproducts–trunkoftreesorvines
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

27. RegulatingandSupporting
service:
a.Mangroveforests–regulatethe
impactofwaves
b.CoralsReefs–providehabitatfor
fishesintheseas
Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

28. Culturalservices:
a.Orchids–usedfordecoration
b.Whaleshark–forecotourism
c.Citrusthorns–usedintattooingprocess
Importance of Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

29. Class Discussion
Question:
How is biodiversity related to a healthy
society?
What is its impact to human health?
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

30. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Importance of Biodiversity
PHYSICAL
ENVIRONMENT
BIODIVERSITY
CLEAN AIR, CLEAN WATER
FOOD, MEDICINE
CULTURAL SERVICES
OTHER ECOSYSTEM SERVICES

31. Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity loss
refers to the depletion
or reduction of
biological diversity
due to extinction of
species.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

32. Biodiversitylosswillresult
tothedeathofecosystems
worldwide,resultingto
endingandchangingof
ecosystemservicesmostof
theselosseshappenin
biodiversityhotspots.
Itispredictedthathalfoftheworldspecieswillbe
extinctby2050.
Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

33. TheInternationalUnionfortheConservationof
NatureorIUCNcategorizespeciesbasedontheir
conservationstatus.
Theworld’smostcomprehensiveinformationsourceon
theglobalconservationstatusofanimal,fungiand
plantspecies.
Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

34. TheIUCNRedListCategoriesandCriteriaare
intendedtobeaneasilyandwidelyunderstood
systemforclassifyingspeciesathighriskofglobal
extinction.Itdividesspeciesintoninecategories:Not
Evaluated,DataDeficient,LeastConcern,Near
Threatened,Vulnerable,Endangered,Critically
Endangered,ExtinctintheWildandExtinct.
Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

35. Not Evaluated (NE) –species that
has not yet been assessed under the
IUCN criteria. Currently, this applies
to most of the world’s described
species. We don’t know whether these
species are at a high or a low risk of
extinction, or if they are already
extinct.
Biodiversity Loss
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

36. Data Deficient –species that
lack adequate information on their
abundance, diversity or
distribution, hence, there is no
assessment of rick for extinction.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

37. Examplesofspeciesthat
areunder‘DataDeficient’
categoryareVicente’s
poisonfrogofPanamaand
thecherryplum
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

38. LeastConcern –species
thathavebeenevaluatedand
werenotconsideredtobe
threatened.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

39. Examplesofspeciesthatareunder
‘LeastConcern’categoryarethesea
snails,Conusbarbieri,andConus
textileandgiantreed(Arundodonax).
TheyarenativetothePhilippines.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

40. Near Threatened –species that
are evaluated but do not qualify as
vulnerable, endangered, and
critically endangered.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

41. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Examples of these species that are near
threatened are the bull shark and
smooth cauliflower coral.
Biodiversity Loss

42. Vulnerable–speciesthatare
likelytobeendangeredinthe
nearfuture.Theywereableto
meetthefivecriteriasetby
IUCN.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

43. Examples ofthesearethemolavetree,
Philippineeagle-owlanddugong.Themolave
treeanddugongarebothnativetothePhilippines
whilethePhilippineeagle-owlisendemicinthe
country.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

44. Endangered–speciesthatare
likelytobecomeextinct.They
meetthefivecriteriasetbyIUCN
forthecategory.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

45. ExamplesofEndangered speciesarethe
Calamiandeer,Visayashornbill,andtherare
orchid,shorthairedpaphiopedilum.Allofthem
areendemictothePhilippines.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

46. Critically Endangered–
species that face high risk of
extinction. They meet the five
criteria set by the IUCN.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

47. ExamplesofthesearethePhilippineeagle,the
Philippinecrocodile,andthetamaraw.Allof
themareendemictothePhilippines.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

48. Extinct in the Wild –species
that are only present in captivity,
in cultivation or in naturalized
populations.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

49. ExamplesofthesearetheAlagoas
CurassowinBrazil,HawaiianCrow,and
PereDavidDearofChina.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

50. Extinct –species that are
already gone; the last
individuals have died.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

51. Examplesofthesearethegoldentoadof
CostaRica,TheJapanesesealion,and
thegreatauk.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Biodiversity Loss

52. “The process we use to declare an
animal extinct, isn’t in exact science ”
-Forrest Galante
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Declaring an Species Extinct

53. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Declaring an Species Extinct
•In the 1980s, it was suggested that an extinction
should be declared if a species was not observed for
50 years.
•International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN): “A taxon is Extinct when there is no
reasonable doubt that the last individual has
died.”

54. Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Rediscovered Species
•The Coelacanth believed to have been extinct
for 70 million years. rediscovered by Marjorie
Courtenay-Latimer on22 December 1938.
•Fernandina Giant Tortoise (Chelonoidis
phantasticus), last reported 112 years ago
and long considered lost forever until its
rediscovery in 2019.

55. H
I
P
P
O
HabitatAlteration/Destruction
InvasiveSpecies
Pollution
PopulationGrowth
Overharvesting/Overexploitation
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

56. Threats to Biodiversity
1.Habitatalterationanddestruction
Thedestructionofhabitatslikecoralreefsandforestlead
tobiodiversityloss.Forinstance,oneofthecausesofthe
declineinPhilippineEaglepopulationinvariouspartsof
thecountryisdeforestation.Philippineeaglesarehighly
territorial,hence,theyrequirethewideareofforests.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

57. 1.Habitatalterationanddestruction
Anotherexampleisthecaseofseacowsordugongs.
Dugongsliveinseagrassbeds.However,seagrass
bedsarefacingthreatofdestructionandalterationdue
tocoastaldevelopmentandindustrialactivities.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

58. 2.Invasivespecies
Whennon-nativespecieswhicharewell-accustomed
inanotherecosystemareintroducedthroughnatural
andartificialmeansinanotherecosystem,theyare
calledexoticspecies.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

59. 2.Invasivespecies
Whenexoticspeciesbecameharmfulanddangerous
tothenewecosystems,theybecomeinvasivespecies.
ExamplesofinvasivespeciesinthePhilippinesarethe
coral-eatingseastar,andthegoldenapplesnail.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

60. 3.Pollution
Manyspeciesaredyingbecauseofpollutionfrom
industrialandhouseholdsources.Oilspillscause
lossesinbiodiversity.Airpollutionaffectsbirds,winged
insectsandotherspecies.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

61. 3.Pollution
Lichensareorganismsusuallyfoundintreesandrocks.
Theyarevulnerabletoairpollution,causingabnormality
ordeath.Whalesandothermarineorganismsarealso
dyingbecauseofplasticpollutionoftheseas.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

62. 4. Population Growth
According to the United Nations, the
current global population is
approximately 7.6 billion people, and
is predicted to reach 9.8 billion by
2050. As the global human population
increases, without new ways and
behaviors, other threats to biodiversity
such as habitat loss, pollution, and
overexploitation will intensify.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

63. 5.Over-exploitation
The unstable consumption or
exploitationofbiodiversityleadto
theendangermentofmanyspecies.For
example,illegalandtoomuchlogging
causedthedeclineofhardwoodspecies
suchasthePhilippinedipterocarps.In
TaalLake,theoverfishingofthelocal
sardinescalledtawillisledtoits
declineandendangerment.
Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

64. 6.GlobalWarmingandClimateChange
Globalwarmingandclimatechangeaffectedmany
species.Forexample,polarbearsarestarvingbecause
ofglobalwarming.Theirhabitatsarealsomeltingaway.
Other Threats to Biodiversity
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society

65. 7.IllegalPoachingandWildlifeTrade
Manyspeciesarebeingpoachedillegallyandsoldto
illegalwildlifetraders.Forinstance,elephantstusksand
rhinoceroshornsarebeingcollectedarebeingcollected
illegallycausingthedecileofthetwospeciespopulations.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Other Threats to Biodiversity

66. 8.Diseases
Manyspeciesaredyingbecauseofdiseasesbroughtby
changing,andotheradverseconditionsbroughtabout
byhumanactivities.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Other Threats to Biodiversity

67. 8.Diseases
Oneexampleisthecaseofamphibians.Worldwide
manyamphibiansareunderthreatbecauseofafungal
disease.Thegoldentoadwentextinctbecauseofthe
disease.OtherfrogssuchastheToadMountain
Harlequinfrogarecurrentlyendangeredbecauseofit.
Biodiversity and the Healthy Society
Other Threats to Biodiversity

68. -end-