lesson 1Philosopy perspective aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa.pptx

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1. UNDERSTANDING THE SELF GNED08

2. Learning Outcomes: Discuss the different representations and conceptualizations of the self from various disciplinary perspective Compare and contrast how the self has been represented across different disciplines and perspectives Examine the different influences, factors, and forces that shape the self. Demonstrate critical and reflective thought in analyzing the development of one’s self and identity by developing a theory of the self. PART 1: THE SELF FROM VARIOUS PERSPECTIVES

3. LESSON 1: From the Perspective of Philosophy

4. From the Greek words “Philos” which means love “Sophia” which means wisdom In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other.  PHILOSOPHY

5. Way of thinking about everything around us; about the nature, the world, and the society. Seeking to know the truth It is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge PHILOSOPHY

6. Socrates Plato St. Augustine of Hippo Rene Descartes John Locke David Hume Immanuel Kant Sigmund Freud Gilbert Ryle Patricia and Paul Churchland Maurice Merleau-Ponty PHILOSOPHERS

7. An ancient Greek, Philosopher, Scholar, Teacher One of the ‘big three’ Considered to be the main source of Western Thought His works were only known through Plato’s writing (The Dialogues). SOCRATES Aristotle Plato Socrates

8. A stonemason with a sharp mind, a brilliant debater and was idolized by many Athenians In the 5 th century BCE, Athens is a city state and democratic. Athenians settle arguments by discussions and debate. SOCRATES

9. “the unexamined life is not worth living” The touching of the soul, may mean helping the person to get in touch with his true self. The true self is not the body but the soul. Virtue is inner goodness, and real beauty is that of the soul (Price, 2000). SOCRATES’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

10. Also called The Dialectic Method This method involves asking a series of questions seeking to find consistency and point out contradiction The search for the correct/proper definition of a thing This allowed him to question people’s belief and ideas, exposing their misconceptions and get them to touch their souls. THE SOCRATIC METHOD

11. To make people think, seek, and ask again and again To make them realize that they do not know everything Learn to accept ignorance and continue to learn and seek for answers THE GOAL OF SOCRATIC METHOD

12. Scenario: Discussing Friendship Socrates: Imagine you have a friend, and you've known them for a long time. You've always thought they were a good friend. But one day, they borrowed your favorite book and didn't return it. Is that still a good friend? You: Well, a good friend should return borrowed things, so I guess not. Socrates: What if your friend had a really good reason, like they were sick and couldn't return the book? You: Oh, I didn't think about that. In that case, they're still a good friend. Socrates: So, it seems that being a good friend might depend on the situation. What if your friend didn't return the book and didn't have a good reason? You: That wouldn't be fair. They should return the book . Example:

13. Socrates: Right. So, it looks like there are different aspects to being a good friend. What do you think makes someone a good friend in general ? You: Well, a good friend should be there for you, be kind, and help when you need it. Socrates: That's a great point. So, it seems like we need to consider different qualities to decide if someone is a good friend. What if someone is kind but doesn't help you when you need it? Are they still a good friend? You: I think a good friend should do both - be kind and help when needed. Socrates: You're really thinking this through. So, being a good friend involves multiple qualities, and it's not just one thing, right? You: Yeah, being a good friend is more complicated than I thought.

14. Plato’s real name is Aristocles (428-348 BCE) He established a school known as ‘The Academy’ He wrote more than 20 Dialogues with Socrates as protagonist in most of them. Plato’s metaphysics is known as the ‘Theory of Forms’ PLATO

15. ‘ Allegory of the cave ’ PLATOS THEORY OF LOVE AND BECOMING

16. ‘Allegory of the Cave’ “Love is the force that paves the way for all beings to ascend to higher stages of self-realization and perfection.” “Love is the way of knowing and realizing the truth. Love is a process of seeking higher stages of being. The greater the love, the more intellectual component it will contain.” PLATO’S THEORY OF LOVE AND BECOMING

17. Forms in the mind is the reality and the object we sense is just a manifestation of the “Forms” Forms refers to what are real, they are not objects that are encountered with the senses but can only be grasped intellectually. THEORY OF FORMS

18. The Forms are ageless and therefore are eternal. The Forms are unchanging and therefore permanent. The Forms are unmoving and indivisible. CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATO’S FORMS

19. The Realm of the Shadows – composed of changing, sensible things which are lesser entities and therefore imperfect and flawed The Realm of Forms – composed of eternal things which are permanent and perfect. It is the source of all reality and true knowledge. PLATO’S DUALISM

20. Example: The Realm of the Shadows The Realm of Forms

21. Concept: Justice Realm of Shadows: Think about your everyday experiences with justice. You might notice that what seems fair or just can change from one situation to another. For instance, you might think it's fair for everyone to get the same amount of dessert, but in a different context, you may think it's fair for people to receive different portions based on their needs. Example:

22. Realm of Forms: There’s an ideal, unchanging concept of justice that doesn't depend on specific situations. This is like the perfect, timeless form of justice. It's the idea that justice should be about treating people fairly and equally.

23. Plato made use of Socrates’ dialectic method and considered it an important tool in discovering knowledge. Plato also believed that knowledge lies within the person’s soul. He believed that humans have the immortal, rational soul which is created in the image of the divine. PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

24. Plato described the soul as having three components: The Reason – rational and is the motivation for goodness and truth The Spirited – non-rational and is the will or the thrive toward action The Appetites – irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasures of the body PLATO’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

25. A Christian Philosopher Concerns mainly focuses with God and man’s relationship with God ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO

26. Greek Philosophy believe that man is innately good and becomes evil through ignorance of what is good. Christian Philosophy rely on God’s commands and His judgement determines what is good and what is evil. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CHRISTIAN PHILOSOPHY AND GREEK PHILOSOPHY

27. His thoughts focused on two realms: God as the source of all reality and truth – According to St. Augustine without God as the source of all truth, man could never understand eternal truths. The sinfulness of man – according to St. Augustine, the causes of sin or evil is an act of man’s free will. Moral goodness can only be achieved through the grace of God. ST. AUGUSTINE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

28. St. Augustine is in agreement with the Greeks that man searches for happiness. However, he stated that real happiness can only be found in God. Love of physical objects - sin of greed Love for other people - sin of jealousy Love for the self - sin of pride Love for God - real happiness THE ROLE OF LOVE

29. Known as the “Father of Modern Philosophy” Introduced the Cartesian Method Invented Analytic Geometry “Cogito ergo sum” RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650)

30. He discovered that the human mind has two powers: Intuition – the ability to apprehend direction of certain truths. Deduction – the power to discover what is not know by progressing to an orderly way from what is already known. Truth are arrived at using a step by step process. DESCARTES’ SYSTEM

31. Intuition: You met someone new and instantly felt like you were going to become a good friend. Your mind isn't going through a lot of thinking and reasoning, but you have this strong feeling that you can trust this person. Example

32. Deduction: In your quest to discover your true interests, you begin with what you know: your love for the outdoors and animals. Using deduction, you follow a process. You start with your current knowledge, observe your excitement when visiting the zoo or watching nature documentaries, and recognize your joy in hiking and camping. A pattern emerges as you consistently find happiness in these activities, unlike in others. Upon reflection, you connect this passion to your childhood experiences, like when your parents took you on a nature hike, which became a source of profound happiness and forged your enduring fascination with nature and animals.

33. Descartes also believe that philosophy should progress from simple ideas to complex ideas. This world make possible the formation of new insights.

34. “I think, therefore I am ”. To doubt is to think. The cognitive aspect of human nature is his basis for existence of the self. DESCARTES’ VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

35. Soul/Mind (also the self) – a substance that is separate from the body. The body according to him, is like a machine that is controlled by the will and aided by the mind. THE MIND-BODY PROBLEM

36. Born in Wrington, England Son of a Puritan Lawyer His interest is the acquisition of knowledge Posteriori – knowledge results from ideas produced by experiences ‘tabula rasa’ – blank slate JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704)

37. “Nothing exists in the mind that was not first in the senses” Humans have no innate ideas, morals, religious and political values and they come from sense experiences. Morality has to do with choosing or willing to do good. LOCKE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

38. Moral good depends on conformity or non-conformity of a person’s behavior towards some law: Law of Opinion – where actions are praiseworthy are virtues and those that are not are called vice. Civil Law – where right actions are enforced by people in authority Divine Law – set by God on the actions of man. This is deemed to be the true law for human behavior. THREE LAWS ACCORDING TO LOCKE

39. Born in Edinburgh, Scotland At the time he was enrolled at the University of Edinburgh, he lost is faith. He discovered the limitations of the mind and his optimism turn into skepticism. DAVID HUME (1711-1776)

40. The mind receives materials from the senses and calls it perceptions. Two types of perceptions: Impressions – immediate sensations of external reality Ideas – recollections of impressions These two together make up the content of the human mind. THE HUMAN MIND

41. Understanding Personal Identity: Impressions: Imagine, y ou recall a vivid "impression" of a memorable moment from your childhood when you received a special gift from your grandparents. This impression includes the feeling of excitement, their smiling faces, and the warmth of their love . Ideas: As you continue your self-reflection, you consider how this childhood experience influenced you . Over time, you've developed a strong sense of gratitude , a deep appreciation for family, and a desire to create similar moments for others. Example

42. The Principle of Resemblance - sensing the likeness of current experience to previous experiences The Principle of Contiguity - associating an event to another event The Principle of Cause and Effect – principle that all events have sufficient causes. This idea arises only when people experience certain relation between objects thus it cannot be a basis for knowledge THREE PRINCIPLES ON HOW IDEAS RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER

43. The part of the human nature is what other philosophers called the soul; Hume termed it ‘the self’. The self is also a product of the imagination. He also stated that there is no such thing as ‘personal identity’ behind perceptions and feelings that come and go There is no permanent/unchanging self HUME’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

44. From Konisberg in East Prussia (presently Western Russia) The philosophy of David Hume awakened and motivated him to be the founder of German Idealism IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804)

45. Kant argued that the mind actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences Instead of the mind conforming to the world, it is the external world that conforms to the mind He combined Rationalism and Empiricism and defined knowledge as a result of human understanding applied to sense experience KANT’S VIEW OF THE MIND

46. When the self sees an object, it tends to remember its characteristics and applies on it, the forms of time and space A self must exist or else there could be no memory or knowledge ‘Transcendental apperception’ – the experience of the self and its unity with objects KANT’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELF

47. People do not experience the self directly but as a unity of all impressions that are organized by the mind through perceptions In the matter of God, Kant stated the kingdom of God is within man God is manifested in people’s lives therefore it is man’s duty to move towards perfection KANT’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE AND THE SELF

48. An Austrian neurologist Considered to be one of the pioneering figures in the field of Psychology Focuses on the working of the unconscious mind (Psychoanalysis) SIGMUND FREUD (1856-1939)

49. Psychodynamic theory of Freud tell that the workings of the mind or one’s mental life impacts strongly on the body resulting in either emotional stability or psychological dysfunctions Freud presented the topography of the mind STRUCTURES OF THE MIND

50. Three levels of the mind: Id – pleasure principle Ego – reality principle Superego – moral principle STRUCTURES OF THE MIND

51. ID: Imagine you're on a strict diet, and you're craving a big slice of chocolate cake. The id might drive you to grab the cake and eat it all in one go, disregarding your diet plan, potential weight gain, and health concerns . Superego: The superego represents your internalized moral and societal values. It might cause you to resist the temptation of the cake entirely, reminding you of your commitment to your diet and the need to make responsible choices for your health and well-being. Example:

52. Ego: Your ego steps in to help you make a more balanced decision. It might lead you to negotiate with yourself, allowing you to have a small piece of cake as a treat while reminding you of the importance of maintaining your diet and health. Example:

53. Two kinds of instincts that drive individual behavior: Eros or life instinct – energy of eros is called ‘libido’ Thanatos or death instinct – behavior towards destruction in a form of aggression and violence STRUCTURES OF THE MIND

54. Repressed thought and memories have enough psychic energy to impose its control on the person’s consciousness Freud’s psychoanalysis sees a man as a product of his past that lies within his subconscious Man lives his life balancing the forces of life and death FREUD’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

55. An English Philosopher Contradicted the Cartesian Dualism In his book entitled, The Concept of the Mind, he argues that dualism ‘involves category mistakes and is a philosophical nonsense’ GILBERT RYLE (1900-1976)

56. Man is endowed with freewill He thought that freewill was invented to answer the question of whether an action deserves praise or blame Freewill involves a moral responsibility which further assumes that man’s action must be moral for it to be free RYLE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

57. Two types of knowledge: Knowing-that – an “empty intellectualism” as it refers to only knowing facts Knowing-how – using facts and perform it using skill or technical abilities ‘Knowing’ involves an ability and not just intellect. RYLE’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

58. A Canadian Philosopher Uses the application of neurology to problems such as the mind-body problem Man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as the ‘Self’ Coined the term ‘ Neurophilosophy ’ PATRICIA AND PAUL CHURCHLAND

59. It is the study of the philosophy of the mind, the philosophy of science, neuroscience and psychology Aims to explore the relevance of neuroscientific experiments/ studies to the philosophy of the mind Brain-mind issue is the center of this study NEUROPHILOSOPHY

60. Claims that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as the self The biochemical properties of the brain is really responsible for man’s thoughts, feelings and behavior. Individual’s deviant thoughts, feelings and actions comes from abnormalities in the brain’s anatomy and phyisiology CHURCHLAND’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

61. A person who experiences sudden and severe mood swings, which lead to impulsive and erratic behavior, could be seen through Churchland's lens as having these emotional and behavioral variations due to certain biochemical irregularities in their brain's structure and function. Churchland's view suggests that these mood swings and behaviors are rooted in the individual's brain chemistry, rather than solely in their conscious choices or personality. Example:

62. A French Phenomenological Philosopher He wrote books on perception, art and political thought His philosophy emphasized the human body as the primary site of knowing the world MAURICE MERLEAU-PONTY (1908-1961)

63. He has been known as a philosopher of the body The focus is on the relationship between self-experience and the experience of other people He developed the concept of body-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially MERLEAU-PONTY’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

64. The consciousness, the world and the human body are all interconnected as they mutually perceive the world The world is a field of perception and human consciousness assigns meaning to the world The meaning assigned for a particular object is subject to change depending on the perspective upon which it is seen It is possible that one subject may be perceived from various perspectives MERLEAU-PONTY’S VIEW OF HUMAN NATURE

65. Example 1 - Sculpture in an Art Gallery : Imagine you're in an art gallery looking at a sculpture. As you move around it, your perspective changes. From one angle, you might see it as a human figure, while from another angle, it might look like an abstract shape. The meaning of the sculpture shifts based on your perspective and the angle from which you view it . Example

66. Example 2 - A Person's Actions : Consider a situation where a person's actions are observed by different individuals. One person might see those actions as motivated by kindness and compassion, while another might interpret them as self-serving. The same actions are perceived differently depending on the perspective of the observer, leading to a change in the meaning assigned to the person's behavior. Example

67. Example 3- Imagine you've kept a journal for several years, documenting your thoughts, experiences, and personal growth. As you look back through your journal, you notice that your perceptions of your own life events and experiences have evolved over time. What you once viewed as a setback might now be seen as a valuable lesson that contributed to your personal growth. Your understanding of yourself has changed as you've gained new perspectives and experiences. Example

68. THANK YOU!