LESSON-2-TRUTH-OPINION-branches-of-philosophy.pptx

Truth-opinion

1. fact Is something that is true, real information. It can be proven. You can find facts in legal records, scientific findings, encyclopedias, atlases etc. In other words, facts are the truth and are accepted as such. YOU CANNOT CHANGE THE FACT

2. OPINION Is something that you think. An opinion is how a person or thing feels about something. Is less concrete. It’s a view formed in the mind of a person about a particular issue. In other words it is what someone believes or thinks, and is not necessarily the truth. YOU CAN CHANGE AN OPINION

3. FALLACIES- are arguments based on faulty reasoning. BIAS- is disproportionate weight in favor of or against an idea or thing, usually in a way that is closed-minded, prejudicial or unfair.

4. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY

5. 1. AESTHETICS - is a branch of philosophy with deals with beauty and what makes things beautiful. (cinema, stage, production, play) (physical aspect) Sensible criteria of a person/thing- senses- Aesthetics is concerned with the nature and appreciation of art, beauty and good taste. It has also been defined as "critical reflection on art, culture and nature". The word "aesthetics" derives from the Greek " aisthetikos ", meaning "of sense perception".

6. 2. LOGIC -deals w/ correct reasoning. It studies the systematic thinking and argumentation. A science of correct thinking DEDUCTIVE- universal/general-specific/particular (All men are mortal. Aristotle is a man. Therefore, Aristotle is mortal) & INDUCTIVE REASONING-specific/particular- general

7. 1. Ad hominem

8. 2. Appeal to force

9. 3. Appeal to emotion

10. 4. Appeal to popular Appeal to popularity happens when someone makes a claim based on popular opinion or on a common belief among a specific group of people.

11. 5. Appeal to tradition

12. 6. Begging the question

13. 7. Cause and effect

14. 8. Fallacy of composition Assuming that what is true of a part is true for the whole

15. 9. Fallacy of division- Assuming that what is true for the whole is true for its parts.

16. Correspondence bias or attribution effect - Tendency to judge a person’s personality by his/her actions, without regard for the external factors or influence. Example: You are driving in heavy rain, and you notice another driver in your rearview window speeding and overtaking other cars. Because of correspondence bias, you are more likely to assume that they are a reckless driver, when perhaps it's the case that they are rushing to the hospital.

17. Confirmation bias Confirmation bias happens when a person gives more weight to evidence that confirms their beliefs and undervalues evidence that could disprove it. For example, imagine that a person believes left-handed people are more creative than right-handed people. Whenever this person encounters a person that is both left-handed and creative, they place greater importance on this "evidence" that supports what they already believe.

18. Framing- Occurs when people make a decision based on the way the information is presented, as opposed to just on the facts themselves.  For example, if you were to sell a car for “$2999 – which is 50% off!” or “$2999 full price”, the people who thought it was 50% off may feel better about the purchase, even though the discount is fake.

19. Hindsight- ( pagbabalik tanaw ) The tendency to see past events as predictable, or to ascribe a pattern to historical events. Example A spectator claiming, “I knew they were going to win!” after the game was over. A person stating, “I knew that relationship wasn't going to work out!” after a couple breaks up.

20. Conflict of interest- A conflict of interest occurs when an individual's personal interests – family, friendships, financial, or social factors – could compromise his or her judgment, decisions, or actions in the workplace. Hiring an unqualified relative to provide services your company needs Failing to investigate a subordinate or coworker’s wrongdoing because they are a friend

21. Cultural bias- Analyzing an event or issue based on one’s cultural standards. For example, students whose first language is not English may feel they have no chance of getting a high score on a test written in English and are proven correct. This self-critical belief decreases their chances of success. Examples of cultural bias within the recruitment and hiring processes include: Gender bias – This can stem from beliefs about gender roles and stereotypes (generally culturally reinforced) an example of this is nursing, that tends to be seen as a female profession, whereas construction is typically viewed as male.

22. 3. EPISTEMOLOGY -study of knowledge Greek word: Episteme- (knowledge) logos (reason)

23. 4. ETHICS Derived from the Greek word “ethos”, which means “way of living”, ethics is a branch of philosophy that is concerned with human conduct, more specifically the behaviour of individuals in society.

24. METAPHYSICS- Beyond physical- meta(beyond) physics(sensible) metaphysics is the study of reality. Seeks to understand the nature of reality and existence. Origin of being or everthing .

25. 6. POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY Political philosophy can be defined as philosophical reflection on how best to arrange our collective life - our political institutions and our social practices, such as our economic system and our pattern of family life. -human social organization -rights, freedom and responsibility as a citizen of our country, as a student, as a child Political philosophy is a very important subdivision of philosophy that studies the concepts related to politics such as justice, freedom, equality, rights, duties, etc.

26. 7. PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON Philosophy of Human Person can be interpreted as a philosophical investigation into the fundamental structure and nature of human in the light of metaphysical principles. It aims at understanding the transcendent nature of human, above and beyond all appearances and environmental aspects that affect a human person.