lesson 2- volcanic hazards different hazards.pptx

volcanoes

1. Volcano Hazards by Jamaica RIcamara

2. Introduction Volcanic eruptions in the Philippines have been recorded for centuries. Some were recorded for its catastrophic events while others were recorded for its mild activities. Take the case of  Mt. Pinatubo eruption of 1991 for instance. Its eruption was one of the largest volcanic eruptions in recent history. Mt. Pinatubo spewed an unquantifiable amount of volcanic material that affected the Philippines socially, economically, and environmentally. Its effects  were felt before the main eruption event and even years after that.  

3. TRIVIA – After the Mount Pinatubo eruption in the Philippines (1991), volcanic ash circled the Earth and caused global temperatures to drop by 0.5°C for two years!

4. ESSENTIAL QUESTIONS Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and 5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption. What are the different types of volcanic hazards?  How do we recognize the different volcanic hazards?  What are the negative effects of volcanic hazards?  How do we prevent disasters brought about by volcanic hazards?  How do we prepare for impending volcanic eruptions?

5. LEARNING COMPETENCIES Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and 5. Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption. Explain various volcano-related hazards; Differentiate among different volcano hazards; Recognize signs of an impending volcanic eruption; Interpret different volcano hazard maps; and Apply appropriate measures/interventions before, during, and after a volcanic eruption.

6. Introduction A volcano is a mountain or hill, typically conical, having a crater or vent through which lava, rock fragments, hot vapor , and gas are being or have been erupted from the earth’s crust.

7. Volcano hazards

8. LAVA Lava ​is a molten rock or magma that has reached the surface of the earth Lava flows can be ​fluid ​or ​viscous depending on its composition, temperature, and gas content. Lava with low silica content, high temperature, and low gas content is considered more ​fluid​. While lava with high silica content, low temperature, and has a high gas content is more ​viscous​. L ava flows are the most common volcanic feature on Earth. They cover roughly 70% of the Earth and are also very common on other terrestrial planets, covering 90% of Venus and 50% of Mars 5 .

9. Negative Impacts of Lava Flows Lava flows seldom threaten human life as most lava flows as fast as a human’s normal walking pace. They can also be monitored quite easily compared to other volcanic hazards. Lava flows are still hazardous because they can crush and bury structures and livelihoods. They solidify  over time making the areas buried by the lava useless. The solidification of lava also blocks  roads and other pathways normally used by people. Lava flows also burn surroundings   because of its intense heat. Flammable resources such as wood, plants, and houses can get caught on fire as lava flows along their path. 

10. Mitigating the Negative Effects of Lava Flows Like other volcanic hazards, lava flow cannot be stopped. Some can be controlled, however, to minimize its effects on people’s lives. Artificial barriers can be constructed to prevent and divert lava from flowing over a particular area. Water jets can also be used to cool and slow it down, eventually stopping its movement. Use of explosives can also alter the pathway and source of the lava flow.

11. Examples of Volcanic Eruption with Lava Flows and Response of Communities 1. Mayon Volcano: ​ Mount Mayon , located in the Bicol Region, is one of the most active  volcanoes in the Philippines. It has erupted several times on different occasions, spewing  different types of material including lava. Lava flows from Mayon Volcano have been recorded since the early 17​ th century. Since then, no casualties caused by lava flow has been  recorded.

12. This is due to the ease of monitoring of the lava flow, and the fast information  dissemination to the communities about the impending lava flow arriving on their area.   Damages on properties and livelihoods, however, were imminent as lava flowed through the  different towns surrounding the volcano. Early warning systems have been put in place by the  Philippine government’s volcano observatory agency, the Philippine Institute of Volcanology   and Seismology (PHIVOLCS), to minimize casualties and lessen the effects of these lava flows  to the community. 

13. 2. Kilauea Volcano Mount Kilauea in Hawaii is one of the most recognizable volcanoes in the world that produces lava flow. Hawaii is one of the known areas where lava flows constantly occur. Because the island of Hawaii is made out of active volcanoes, volcanic hazards have become part of their lives.

14. FORMATIVE ASSESSMENT The image shows the lava flow hazard map of Hawaii island and its volcanoes. The map is also divided into different hazard zones (1-9). Based on this data, which zone is the safest place to live in and why? How can the lava flow hazard map help communities prepare for potential volcanic eruptions, and what challenges might they still face? If you were living in a high-risk zone, what precautions would you take to ensure your safety and that of your community? What can other volcanic regions learn from Hawaii’s use of hazard maps in disaster preparedness and urban planning?

15. Fig. 5​ A lava flow hazard map with labels of the five volcanoes around the island of Hawaii. The hazard map shows areas at risk of hazards and areas relatively safe from hazards.

16. END

17. Rift volcanoes It occur where tectonic plates diverge, effusive especially when they occur on the deep, ocean floor.

18. Hot spot volcanoes It exist in the middle of tectonic plates where a crustal weakness allows molten material to penetrate from the earth’s interior.

19. Hot spot volcanoes An example of a active hotspot in Hawaii. This hotspot has been around for millions of years and created the islands Hawaii, Maui, Oahu and Kauai.

20. Signs of an Impending Volcanic Eruption Increase of seismic activity. Deformation of volcano. Gases that come out of fumaroles . If plants nearby die suddenly, if the colour of any lakes or ponds nearby changes. Changes in thermal images of volcanic areas.

21. Volcano Hazard Maps

22. Volcano Hazard Maps

23. Appropriate Measures/ Interventions Before, During and After a Volcanic Eruption

24. Before a Volcanic Eruption Each one should be aware of the dangers that volcanic eruptions pose to lives and be prepared to face whatever circumstances the eruption may bring. Prepare all necessary things such as food, water, light sources, masks, and batteries to bring once evacuation is needed. Prioritize the safety of kids before other things.

25. During a Volcanic Eruption Avoid all low-lying place Seek cover in case of ash falls and rocks falls. Use masks and cover your mouth. Close all doors and windows. Always stays indoors/ evacuation center . Keep watchful eye on the kids

26. After a Volcanic Eruption Go back to your house but leave the kids. Clean everything around and check all the damages incurred. Use masks while cleaning ash and other debris. Wait for the further announcements. Make sure that your house is still safe for all of you.

27. Online references https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=volcano&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj1vtPxv4ffAhXaZCsKHZKoBRIQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=qSMYbDN3wgxBNM : https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lahar&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9Ont3YffAhUabysKHfmqDVUQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=ljfVBNHl2FxLiM : https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=lahar&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjU9Ont3YffAhUabysKHfmqDVUQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=Ou95skPHEDQRrM : https://www.google.com.ph/ search?biw =1366&bih=657&tbm= isch&sa =1&ei=C1IHXPKOB4u-9QPu0b-ABg&q= ash+fall&oq = ash+fall&gs_l =img.3..0l7j0i10j0l2.500688.503138..503799...0.0..0.235.1437.0j5j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i67.7bnWcpQ-T-o#imgrc=QcogF2SatXexMM: https://www.google.com.ph/ search?biw =1366&bih=657&tbm= isch&sa =1&ei=C1IHXPKOB4u-9QPu0b-ABg&q= ash+fall&oq = ash+fall&gs_l =img.3..0l7j0i10j0l2.500688.503138..503799...0.0..0.235.1437.0j5j3......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i67.7bnWcpQ-T-o#imgrc= XvZzGkZBNbRfGM : https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=pyroclastic+flow&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiT6Lrw74ffAhXOfisKHc6qA0YQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=g1pGBvsuu8eEtM : https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=ballistic+projectiles+of+volcano&hl=en-PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj6hOCU9IffAhUHdXAKHVjBBS0Q_AUICSgA&biw=1366&bih=608&dpr=1 https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=volcanic+gases&hl=en-PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&sqi=2&ved=0ahUKEwjZ1_L99IffAhWCjJAKHdOBAl4Q_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=_vKQaNE9IDmenM : https://www.google.com.ph/ search?hl = en-PH&authuser =0&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm= isch&sa =1&ei=91wHXOXrE5L8wQP-l4KADQ&q= lava+flow&oq =lava+& gs_l =img.1.0.0i67j0l2j0i67l2j0l2j0i67j0j0i67.460806.461641..462957...0.0..0.242.841.0j4j1......0....1..gws-wiz-img.MHG-10RMDpk#imgrc=8kQLAtIWWXlzKM:

28. https://volcanoes-in-aus.weebly.com/hotspots--volcanic-eruption-australia.html http://morbidstreak.blogspot.com/2016/01/vancouver-vancouver-this-is-it-eruption.html https://www.google.com.ph/search?q=fumaroles&hl=en-PH&authuser=0&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj_iOqPjIrfAhVYeysKHc4_BtQQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=608#imgrc=FCj8CCZdI9PsrM : https://www.google.com.ph/ search?hl = en-PH&authuser =0&biw=1366&bih=608&tbm= isch&sa =1&ei=54IIXO7VN9WhyAPAuYrQDA&q= changing+color+of+lakes+by+volcano&oq = changing+color+of+lakes+by+volcano&gs_l =img.3...144805.149550..150618...0.0..0.292.4170.0j18j5......0....1..gws-wiz-img.......0i7i30j0i7i5i30j0i8i7i30.-QcT581hHO4#imgrc= QpmzsESxXLfoLM : https://www.google.com/search?q=Volcano+Hazard+map&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiu2NWU6tLfAhVFtI8KHfTgApAQ_AUIDigB&biw=1366&bih=657#imgrc=SdlmAUipM9tVqM:

29. Book Reference Bagolong , S.P. et al (2016). Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction for Senior High School. Mutya Publishing House , Inc.