LESSON_3.1.pptxasfadadsafawfasdasdwadadwd

4.1.

Notice disorder in an environment
PPT11/12-Ii-4.1
4.2.

Notice things that are not in their proper placeand organize them in an aesthetic way
PPT11/12-Ii-4.2
4.3.

Show that care for the environment contributesto health, well-being and sustainabledevelopment
PPT11/12-Ij-4.3
4.4.

Demonstrate the virtues of prudence andfrugality towards environments
PPT11/12-Ij-4.4

1. METHODS OF PHILOSOPHIZING

2. Is there an absolute truth ?

3. INTRODUCTION: THIS CHAPTER SHALL DEMONSTRATE THE VARIOUS WAYS OF DOING PHILOSOPHY. IN SEARCH FOR WISDOM, THE LEARNER MUST EVALUATE ARGUMENTS AND WAYS OF EXPRESSING ONE`S BELIEFS, EMOTIONS, AND OPINIONS. THIS SECTION SHAL INTRODUCE METHODS OR WAYS OF LOOKING AT TRUTH AND WHAT WILL BE CONSIDERED AS MERE “OPINIONS.”

4. Philosophizing means to think or express oneself in a philosophical manner. It considers or discusses a matter from a philosophical standpoint. In phenomenology, truth is based on the person`s consciousness ; while in existensialism , truth is based in exercising choices and personal freedom ; in postmodernism, it is accepted that truth is not absolute ; and in logic, truth is based on reasoning and critical thinking .

5. PHENOMENOLOGY: ON CONSCIOUSNESS

6. Edmund Husserl founded phenomenology , which is essentially a philosophical method. This focuses on careful inspection and description of phenomena or appearances, defined as any object of conscious experience, that is, that which we are conscious of. (Johnston 2006)

7. The word “Phenomenon” comes directly from the Greek word φαινόμενον, ( Phainomenon ) meaning “appearance.”

8. Conscious?

9. The condition of being conscious

10. the normal state of being awake and able to understand what is happening around you.

11. Logical investigations Against psychologism Psychology - biological and cognitive matters of the mind

12. Phenomenology is the scientific study of the essential structures of consciousness. By describing those structures, Husserl believes that we can find certainty, which philosophy has always sought.

13. His continuing effort was dedicated to developing a method for finding and guaranteeing the truth in… – that method was phenomenology .

14. EXISTENTIALISM: ON FREEDOM – One`s search for truth might be based on one`s attitude or outlook. Unlike phenomenology, existensialism is not primarily a philosophical method. Neither is it exactly a set of doctrines but more of an outlook or attitude supported by diverse doctrines centered on certain common themes.

15. These themes include: 1. The human condition or the relation of the individual to the world; 2. The human response to that condition; 3. Being, especially the difference the being of person and the being of other kinds of things; 4. Human freedom;

16. 5. The significance of choice and decision in the absence of certainty and; 6. The concreteness and subjectivity of life as lived, against abstraction and false objectifications.

17. If we may generalize for just a moment, we might suggest that the existensialists share a concern for the individual and personal responsibility (chambers 2001) Existentialism is often thought to be antireligious ; nevertheless, there has been a strong current of Christian existentialism.

18. Beginning with the 9 th century Danish philosopher Soren Kierkegaard . As the first existentialist, he insisted that the authentic self was the personally chosen self, as opposed to public or “herd” identity.

19. Existentialism, with jean- paul Sartre , a French Philosopher, emphasizes the importance of free individual choice, regardless of the power of other people to influence and coerce our desires, beliefs, and decisions.

20. Satre argued that consciousness is such (being-for-itself) is such that it is always free to choose and free to negate the given features of the world.

21. One is never free of one`s situation, Sartre tells us, but one is always free to negate that situation and to change it. To be human, to be conscious, is to be free to imagine, free to choose, and responsible for one`s life. (Solomon & Higgins 2010).

22. One may be shy or assertive, but such behavior is always a choice and one can always resolve to change. One can be Asian or American, but it is an open question how one will make oneself, how these will be made into handicaps or an advantage, become challenges to be overcome, or excuses doing nothing.

23. The notion of authenticity is not new. Socrates already concerned himself with the authenticity of the self – the genuineness of his thoughts and actions, “the good of his soul.” He sought not mere opinions but knowledge , self-knowledge in particular, and prescribed not just right action but virtue, being “true to oneself.”

24. St. Augustine was concerned with the spiritual nature of the “true” self as opposed to the inauthentic demands of desire and the body.

25. Jean-Jacques Rousseau was adamant about the essential goodness of the “natural” self in contrast to the “corruption” imposed by society. (Baird & Kaufmann 1997)

26. POSTMODERNISM: ON CULTURES - They believe that humanity should come at truth beyond the rational to the non-rational elements of human nature, including the spiritual. Postmodernists consider that to arrive at truth, humanity should realize the limits of reason and objectivism .

27. Beyond exalting individual analysis of truth, postmodernists adhere to a relational, holistic approach. Moreover, it values our existence in the world and in relation to it.

28. In google, Postmodern philosophy is a philosophical direction which is critical of certain foundational assumptions of western philosophy and especially of the 18 th-century enlightenment. It emphasize the importance of power relationships, personalization and discourse in construction of truth and world views.

29. ANALYSIS TRADITION - “can language objectively describe truth?” for the philosophers of this tradition, language cannot objectively describe truth.

30. For Ludwig Wittgenstein , an analytic philosopher, language is socially conditioned.

31. We understand the world solely in terms of our language games – that is our linguistic, social constructs. Truth, as we perceive it, is itself socially constructed.

32. LOGIC AND CRITICAL THINKING: TOOLS IN REASONING – logic is centered in the analysis and construction of arguments. In the first chapter, logic is discussed as one of its main branches. Logic and critical thinking serve as paths to freedom from half-truths and deceptions.

33. Critical thinking Is distinguishing facts and opinions or personal feelings. In making rational choices, first, we suspend beliefs and judgement until all facts have been gathered and considered.

34. Though facts are important, critical thinking also takes into consideration cultural systems, values, and beliefs. Critical thinking helps us uncover bias and prejudice and open to new ideas not necessarily in agreement with previous thought.

35. In general, there are two basic types of reasoning: deductive and inductive. Inductive reasoning is based from observations in order to make generalizations. This reasoning is often applied in prediction, forecasting, or behavior. Deductive reasoning draws conclusion from usually one broad judgement or definition and one more specific assertion, often an inference.

36. VALIDITY AND SOUNDNESS OF AN ARGUMENT – based on the previous example, if the two premises are constructed logically, then the conclusion must follow logically, the deductive argument is valid. This does not necessarily mean that the conclusion is true or false. Validity comes from a logical conclusion based on logically constructed premises. (Reed 2010)

37. STRENGTH OF AN ARGUMENT –On the other hand, inductive arguments cannot prove if the premises are true which will also determine the truth of the conclusion. Inductive reasoning proves only probable support to the conclusion. An inductive argument that succeeds in providing such probable support is a strong argument.

38. FALLACIES

39. On the other hand, a fallacy is a defect in an argument other than its having false premises. To detect fallacies, it is required to examine the argument`s content. Here are some of the usually committed errors in reasoning and thus, coming up with false conclusion and worse, distorting the truth.

40. A. APPEAL TO PITY (argumentum ad misercordiam ) A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent`s feelings of pity or guilt.

41. B. APPEAL TO IGNORANCE (argumentum ad ignorantiam) whatever has not been proved false must be true, and vice versa.

42. C. EQUIVOCATION – This is a logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular word a different meaning each time. Example: human beings have hands ; the clock has hands . He is drinking from the pitcher of water; he is a baseball pitcher .

43. D. COMPOSTION – This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some part of the whole. The reverse of this fallacy is division. E. DIVISION – one reasons logically that something true of a thing must also be true of all or some of its parts.

44. F. AGAINST THE PERSON ( argumentu , ad hominem) This fallacy attempts to link the validity of a premises to a characteristic or belief of the person advocating the premise. However, in some instances, questions of personal conduct, character, motives, etc ,. Are legitimate if relevant to the issue.

45. G. APPEAL TO FORCE (argumentum ad baculum ) An argument where force, , or the threat of force, is given as a justification for a conclusion. H. APPEAL TO THE PEOPLE (argumentum ad populum ) An argument that appeals or exploits people`s vanities, desire for esteem, and anchoring on popularity.

46. I. FALSE CAUSE (post hoc) – since that event followed this one, that event must have been caused by this one. This fallacy is also referred to as coincidental correlation, or correlation not causation.

47. K. BEGGING THE QUESTION (petition principii ) this is a type of fallacy which the proposition to be proven is assumed implicitly or explicitly in the premise.

48. APPLYING LOGIC AND FALLACIES IN DETERMINING TRUTH FROM OPINION.

49. Distinguishing Between TRUTH AND OPINION What are the differences?

50. WHY TRUTH MATTERS? WHY CARE FOR THE TRUTH? HOW IMPORTANT IS IT?

51. Need to distinguish right from wrong, true from false. The idea of fundamental right or human right is undermined by they presuppose some idea of truth. Truth is important for the integrity of democratic process

52. OPINIONS An opinion is a statement that cannot be proved or checked It tells what someone thinks, feels, or believes Clue words for opinion statements are: think, feel, believe, seem always, never, all, none, most, least, best, greatest, worst

53. TRUTH It is the conformity between the mind and the object . (Correspondence Theory)

54. FACTS Truth can be checked or proved We can check by conducting some sort of experiment, observation , or by verifying (checking) the fact with a source document.

55. Ways of looking at truth vs opinion ANALYSIS DISTINCTION SYNTHESIS

56. aNALYSIS It means to break something up into parts, pieces, reasons , or steps and look at how these pieces are related to each other.

57. Example Research title: Social Media and Study Habits of Senior High School Students You have to identify the keywords and separate them. Author Social Media Study Habits

58. Distinction A difference or contrast between similar things or ideas . (Oxford University)

59. When you make a distinction, you say that two things are different.

60. Synthesis It means to combine a number of different pieces into a whole. Synthesis is about concisely summarizing and linking different sources in order to review the literature on a topic, make recommendations, and connect your practice to the research.

61. HINTS FOR DECIDING IF A STATEMENT IS TRUTH OR OPINION To recognize a TRUTH : Read each answer choice and ask yourself: “Can this statement be proved?” Example : Which of these is a TRUTH? We live in the best apartment in the city. I believe that summer is the best season. I think that spaghetti is a delicious meal. The Philippine Star is a newspaper.

62. HINTS FOR DECIDING IF A STATEMENT IS A FACT OR OPINION To recognize an OPINION : Read each answer choice and ask yourself “Does this statement tell what someone thinks, feels, or believes ?” Look in the answer choice for clue words that signal an opinion

63. OPINION EXAMPLES: WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING IS NOT AN OPINION STATEMENT? I think that US is the best state in which to live. Chocolate cake is the most delicious kind of dessert. Nearly 65% of our teens are over-weight. Taylor Swift is the greatest singer ever!

64. When you’re writing…. Remember: Facts are often used to support opinions Good opinions are based on facts, but they are still opinions