Lesson II.3The spanish structural _(non traditional) model _of diplomacy..pptx

Model of international diplomacy

1. The spanish structural (non traditional) model of diplomacy. Prof. Adrián Fernández Sabido

2. INDEX 1. Introduction 2. Concepts and definition 3. Spanish strategy towards a non-traditional model of diplomacy 4. The (new) public diplomacy: between soft power and national branding 5. Spanish commitment to international multilateralism: the role of Spanish diplomats 6. Spain’s commitment to multilateralism 7. The reform of the Spanish Diplomatic Service 8. Conclusions

3. INTRODUCTION REFORMATION PROCESS -Politically: Spain adopted a democratic system grounded in well-organized political parties, civil society and a responsible citizenship -Economically: Spanish economy may me deemed modern and is comparable to the most developed economies in the world DIPLOMACY MODERNIZATION Spanish diplomacy has been the main vehicle of change abroad. This change has been motivated by two main factors: first, the evolution of the diplomatic institution itself and, second, the transformation of Spain into a modern and competitive country EVOLUTION OF DIPLOMATIC INSTITUTIONS Cold War; altered the nature of diplomacy: -A broader diplomatic agenda -The involvement of new actors in the diplomatic process -The emergence of new international forums to develop diplomacy.

4. INTRODUCTION MODERNIZATION OF SPAIN Since Franco’s death, Spain has carried out a modernization project that culminated with the integration into important international treaties, organizations: NATO, EU In spite of this international recognition, Spain still carried a heavy heritage of authoritarianism, isolation and backwardness that seriously affected its image; although there are other scholar s that thi nk that the Franco Regime was itself a period of periodic modernization that set the foundations of democracy . Top companies required the government to improve Spain’s image and facilitate Spanish soft power and its structural (non-traditional) model their business and investment projects abroad: NEW SPAIN To this end, Spain started to use soft power through its diplomacy to be more effective to achieve its goals. For this reason, at the beginning of the 1980s Spain addressed a deep transformation of its diplomacy, passing from a traditional model to a nontraditional one.

5. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION Diplomacy & Foreign policy - not synonymous or not antonymous,complementary concepts. Ministry of Foreign Affairs - foreign policy is implemented through diplomats. Juergen Kleiner: “diplomacy should manage to achieve the goals established by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs” Diplomacy is an essential tool for the implementation of foreign policy. It is a very fluid concept and therefore there is no consensus about what diplomacy exactly is.

6. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION Sir Peter Marsall’s works - at least six different meanings for diplomacy 1-diplomacy can be understood as the content of foreign affairs - 2- A second connotation of diplomacy depends on the conduct or behaviour of foreign policy - Henry Kissinger = diplomacy and statecraft are the same tenet / relation between war and diplomacy 3- Negotiation, peaceful conception - Martin Wight, Harold Nicholson, pre-negotiation and negotiation -two different phases of important aspect of diplomacy 4- corps of officials working for their state- Sir Peter Marshal 5- ‘diplomatic’ =This is the adjective used to refer to a peaceful and wellmannered mode of action-Sir Peter Marshal 6- skill of being a professional diplomat.

7. CONCEPTS AND DEFINITION Cultural diplomacy, national branding or public diplomacy - certain similarities with diplomacy Edmund Gullion - former Dean of Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy = Public diplomacy- one of the key elements of soft power Geoffrey Berridge - one of the most prestigious experts on diplomatic studies = public diplomacy is a soft euphemism for propaganda Cultural diplomacy- Milton Cumming= ‘the exchange of ideas, information, art and other aspects of culture among nations and their peoples to foster mutual understanding’ Political information - carried out by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Cultural communication - implemented by some agencies specializing in cultural issues.

8. SPANISH STRATEGY TOWARDS A NON-TRADITIONAL MODEL OF DIPLOMACY Spain trying to adapt its diplomacy to the current international system order -> more attractive image BUT-> the main guidelines are inspired in two aspects highlighted by the structural diplomacy model Ministry of Foreign Affairs’ efforts: aimed to exert substantial influence in the core of international system Trying to shape: basic principles, essential rules and accepted customs of international society Recent years: SPAIN has proposed, created and led to important initiatives to remodel relations among different international actors This vocation is understood as a long-term approach. Spain is an actor looking after the stability of the international system. Spanish diplomacy based legitime and sustainable actions. AIM: Spanish’ partners can perceive its willingness to strengthen bilateral relations the sustainability of the international system

9. RELATIONSHIP MOROCCO-SPAIN DAVID J-WELLMAN ALLUDED TO THIS RELATIONSHIP TO DEFINE SUSTAINABLE DIPLOMACY ITS RELATIONSHIP IS BASED ON MUTUAL RESPECT AND EQUALITY SPAIN : SEEKS TO UNDERSTAND THE MOROCCAN POINT OF VIEW TRIES TO SOLVE COMMON PROBLEMS (MIGRATION/DRUG TRAFFICKING) MOROCCO : UNDERSTANDS THE SPANISH POINT OF VIEW RECOGNIZING ITS CONTRIBUTION TO THE STRENGTHENING OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM -> MULTILATERAL INITIATIVES (ALLIANCE OF CIVILIZATIONS/NATO MEDITERRANEAN DIALOGUE) SPAIN SEEKS TO ADAPT THE NEW CHALLENGES OF THE INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM AND IMPROVE ITS IMAGE THROUGH THE MODEL OF STRUCTURAL DIPLOMACY

10. THE (NEW) PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: BETWEEN SOFT POWER AND NATIONAL BRANDING - Public diplomacy: aspect of the structural diplomacy model and an element of soft power. - It is a government’s process of communicating with foreign publics to achieve an understanding for its nation’s ideas, ideals, institutions, culture, national goals and policies. - The Spanish model of public diplomacy is the combination of the French and the British one . - The French model of public diplomacy: · managed by the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs · cultural diplomacy is a main point of their model · the most important independent actor: The Institut Français (monopolizes the cultural activities abroad) - The British model of public diplomacy: · the main body responsible is The Foreign and Commonwealth office (FCO) · FCO relies on three departments: Press and digital, Internal communication and Communication and engagement (responsible for public diplomacy through The Public Diplomacy Unit) · major actors: BBC World Service and the British Council

11. The Spanish model of public diplomacy - Combination of the French (has the same importance of cultural diplomacy) and the British one (involves Non-governmental organizations, regional governments and private companies). - The Spanish Ministry of Foreign Affairs – creation of an institutional framework with 6 main agencies : · The “Casas” Consortium / The Casas Network · “Fundación Carolina” · Council Foundations (“Consejos”) · Instituto Cervantes · The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development · España Global

12. The “Casas” Consortium / The Casas network (1992): - The aim: to strengthen the ties with regions especially important for Spanish foreign policy. - Consortium comprises six “Casas” in Spain’s cities: Casa América (Madrid), Casa África (Canary Islands), Casa Árabe (Madrid), Casa Asia (Barcelona and Madrid), Casa Mediterráneo (Alicante) and Casa Sefarad Israel (Madrid). Fundación Carolina (2000): - The aim: to promote cultural relations and educational and scientific cooperation, between Spain and Latin American countries and other countries with special historical, cultural or geographic ties to Spain. - Participation of public and private stakeholders for its funding, governance bodies and activities. Council foundations / Fundación Consejos: - The aim: to promote and strengthen bilateral networks between Spain and other important powers. - A set of private, non-profit organizations. - There are 7 Council Foundations: Spain-United States, Spain-Japan, Spain-Russia, Spain-India, Spain-China, Spain-Mexico, Spain-Australia.

13. 4. Instituto Cervantes (1991): - The aim: to promote the teaching, learning and the use of Spanish language and it’s also important to spread Spanish culture abroad. - The headquarters: Madrid and Alcalá de Henares. - Located in 86 cities in 45 countries. 5. The Spanish Agency for International Cooperation and Development (1998): - The aim: to fight global poverty and inequality. - Agency’s priorities are: Latin America, the Maghreb, Sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. 6. España Global (former Marca España: 2012-2018): - The aim: to improve the image of Spain not only abroad, but also within Spain itself. - The improvement of Spain’s image abroad, is important because of the 40 years of isolation under Franco’s Regime. - Spain is trying to improve international credibility with combining history and modernity by using sports, food and culture among other elements. - The most important project of Spanish public diplomacy - Royal Decree 1276/2018 established the new State Secretariat for España Global that appointed Ms. Irene Lozano as State Secretary for España Global.

14. Within the framework of national branding: The Leading Brands Forum / “Foro de Marcas Renombradas Españolas” (1999) : - A partnership between some of the most important Spanish companies. - Public and private institutions try to cooperate and promote the importance of the country’s brands. - 3 ministries, 2 government agencies and 100 companies participating. - Accreditation of Honorary ambassadors of the Spain Brand go to prestigious sportsmen, businessmen and artists who improve the image of Spain. The Friends of Spain Brand / “Amigos de la Marca España”: - Program connected with The Leading Brands Forum - This programme recognizes outstanding foreign personalities with remarkable links to Spain.

15. SPANISH COMMITMENT TO INTERNATIONAL MULTILATERALISM: THE ROLE OF SPANISH DIPLOMATS Over the last 40 years, SPAIN has witnessed a significant increase in the number of Spanish diplomats with international responsibilities SPANISH DIPLOMATS: During Franco’s regime-> could not aim for international positions TODAY-> it is becoming common to find them working for NATO, the UN or the European Union

16. DIPLOMATS AND FORMER POLITICIANS OF INTERNATIONAL FRAME: JAVIER RUPÉREZ (SPANISH DIPLOMAT) As a Spanish diplomat, he has achieved the widest range of experience at the international level. 1982: Spanish Ambassador to NATO 2000: Spanish Ambassador to the United States JAVIER SOLANA (POLITICIAN) Minister of Foreign Affairs during the 1990s 1995: first Spaniard becoming NATO Secretary General 1999: EU High Representative for the Common Foreign and Security Policy MIGUEL ÁNGEL MORATINOS (SPANISH DIPLOMAT) 1996: EU Special Envoy for the Middle East Process Minister of Foreign Affairs (2004-10) One of the candidates for the Presidency of FAO CARLOS WESTENDORF (SPANISH DIPLOMAT) Linked to International Organizations Secretary of State for the EU (1991-95) Minister of Foreign Affairs (1995-96) 1997: UN High Representative for B-H 2004: Ambassador to the United States

17. SPAIN’S COMMITMENT TO MULTILATERALISM IBERO-AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY. State of foreign policy between America and Spain since the Discovery of America in 1492. Main cause of this excellent relationship between Latin American-Spain → Ibero-American Summit. First summit held in Guadalajara ( Mexico ) in 1991. Last one in 2018 in La Antigua (Guadalajara). Next Summit (XXVII) 2020 will be held in Andorra. Who are the members and how useful is this summit? Creation of the position of Ambassador on Special mission of the Ibero-American Summit.

18. SPAIN’S COMMITMENT TO MULTILATERALISM 2. RELATIONS IN MEDITERRANEAN REGION Importance of Mediterranean Region for Spain Initiatives to preserve relations and rights of countries → (NATO Mediterranean Dialogue) (OSCE mediterranean Partnership) - (Dialogue 5 plus 5) Most important Spanish Initiative → Euro-Mediterranean Conference “Process to foster cultural and economic unity in the Mediterranean Region” and consequences. Creation of the position of Ambassador on special mission for Mediterranean Affairs. UNAOC On 7 January 2019, Mr. Miguel Ángel Moratinos assumed the position of High Representative for the United Nations Alliance of Civilizations

19. THE REFORM OF THE SPANISH DIPLOMATIC SERVICE The Spanish Diplomatic Service was established in 1844 by the Minister of State, Bravo Gonzalez. During the 19th and 20th centuries the Spanish aristocracy occupied some of the most important positions in the Spanish Diplomatic Service. Spain opted for the French model of diplomacy and therefore, the prevailing language was French. English was not introduced as a working language until 1932. In 1942 the Minister of Foreign Affairs created ‘La Escuela Diplomática’. During Franco’s regime, the Spanish Diplomatic Service remained practically unchanged. It was necessary to wait until the democratic period to appreciate the first substantial effort to reform the Spanish Diplomatic Service.

20. The first attempt came with the integration of Spain into the European Union in 1986. Minister of Foreign Affairs Fernando Moran , intended to adapt the Spanish Diplomatic Service to EU standards. He made an assessment of the situation of Spanish diplomacy and published a report the conclusions of which were devastating, namely that there was an imbalance between the goals and the means. To solve this imbalance, two legislative acts were adopted: The ‘Royal Decree on the Organization of the State abroad’, adopted by Gonzalez’s government (1987). The ‘Organic law on the functioning of the General Administration of State Abroad’, adopted during Aznar’s first presidential (1997). Both the Decree and the Law did not account for a comprehensive reform of the Spanish Foreign Service. Therefore, Minister of Foreign Affairs Miguel Angel Moratinos undertook the second reform of the Spanish Diplomatic Service . He made a report to identify the main problems of the Spanish Foreign Service and divided it in three parts: Analysis of changes in international society and how these changes are affecting Spanish diplomacy. Assessment of the current situation of the Spanish Diplomatic Service. Measures that must be implemented to solve the problems of the Spanish Foreign Service.

21. Among the proposals we could mention an increase in resources; the elimination of political ambassadors; and a better coordination through the Council of Foreign Policy (Consejo de Política Exterior). This reform, which began in 2005, is an attempt to adapt the Spanish Foreign Service to the changes and challenges of international society. These facts prove the need to adapt Spanish diplomacy to an evolving international society. The different attempts to reform are examples of the willingness of governments to adapt Spanish diplomacy to the new international environment. Modern diplomatic corps, adapted to the needs of a middle power, are the best public diplomacy for a state with international aspirations. The first public images of a state are its embassies and diplomats. For this reason, we must promote the image of Spain as a democratic and modern state. Now, the Government has culminated this task that began in 1986, and Spain has not only improved its image, but also achieved a better position within international society. All these reformist efforts culminated with approval of the External Action Act, which should be understood within the theoretical framework of structural diplomacy.

22. CONCLUSIONS From 1975 until 2014 Spanish diplomacy has experienced a substantive change. In 1975, after Franco’s death, Spain came out of a non-democratic period and undertook a new venture. Despite the changes carried out by the different governments and civil society, there is still room to improve the image of Spain at international level. Important events such as the fall of the Berlin wall, the integration of Spain into the EU and the internationalization of Spanish companies such as Zara, Repsol and Santander made explicit the need to transform the traditional Spanish model of diplomacy into a non-traditional one. A non-traditional model of diplomacy gives greater importance to economic and business aspects. Thus, leading companies would find it easier to internationalize. Keukeleire , attributes two characteristics to the term ‘structural’: the first meaning refers to organizing principles, rules of the game and institutions; the second meaning should be understood as a long-term approach of this diplomatic influence.

23. All the changes in Spanish diplomacy are inspired by structural diplomacy. Some initiatives, such as the Ibero-American Summits or the Marca España programme, are aimed at improving the image of Spain at international level. Others, however, such as the reforms of the Spanish Diplomatic Service, seek to adapt Spanish diplomacy to a new international reality.