Lesson3_Elements of Computerrrrrrrrr.pptx

computer

1. Elements of Computer

2. Elements of Computer Computers are deeply ingrained in every part of our lives. It has been used at different sectors in our society. With this, there is a need to understand the elements of computers and how it works. This lesson will cover all necessary things you need to know about elements of a computer.

3. ELEMENTS HARDWARE SOFTWARE DATA PEOPLEWARE

4. Hardware It includes all physical devices and materials in a computer system.

5. Hardware Computer systems Computer peripherals Telecommunications networks

6. Hardware Components Input devices Output devices Storage devices The Central Processing Unit

7. Input devices These are designed for data entry operations. Translate data into a form that the computer can process. They read and transmit data to the main memory of the computer. It allows direct human or machine communications while other require data to be recorded on an input medium.

8. Keyboard versus Direct Entry Keyboard entry devices ~ input comes by typing a “source document” into the computer. Direct entry devices ~ input comes in directly in machine-readable form, no keyboard.

9. Keyboard The most widely used device for entering data and text into computer systems. It is a peripheral modelled after the typewriter keyboard. Keyboards are designed for the input of text and characters, and also to control the operation of the computer.

10. Keyboard

11. Electronic Mouse A mouse is an input device used to move cursor on the screen, as well as to issue commands and make icon and menu selections. It is called a mouse primarily because the cord on early models resembled the rodent's tail, and also because the motion of the pointer on the screen can be mouse like…

12. Computer Mouse

13. Trackball A trackball is a pointing device consisting of a ball housed in a socket containing sensors to detect rotation of the ball about two axes—like an upside-down mouse, but with the ball sticking out more. The user rolls the ball with their thumb, fingers, or the palm of their hand to move a cursor.

14. trackball

15. Joystick These are often used to control games, and usually have one or more push-buttons whose state can also be read by the computer. They look like a small gear shift level set in a box.

16. joystick

17. Touch Sensitive Screen Are devices that allow you to use a computer by touching the surface of its video display screen. Such screen emit a grid of infrared beams, sound waves, or a slight electric current, which is broken when the screen is touched.

18. Touch Sensitive Screen

19. Light pen A light pen is a device similar to a touch screen, but is facilitated by use of a special light sensitive pen instead of the finger. The advantage of using a pen is that more accurate screen input is possible than with a touch screen.

20. Light pen

21. Graphics tablet A graphics or digitizing tablet consists of a tablet connected by a wire to a stylus or puck. A stylus is a pen-like device with which the user "sketches" an image. Digitizing tablets are used primarily in design and engineering.

22. Digitizing Tablet

23. Voice Recognition It converts a person's speech into digital code by comparing the electrical patterns produced by the speaker's voice with a set of prerecorded patterns stored in the computer. Operators train the system to recognize their voices by repeating each word in the vocabulary about ten times.

24. Voice-Recognition Technology

25. Scanner Converts text, drawings, and photographs into digital form that can be stored in a computer system and then manipulated, output, or sent via modem to another computer. The system scans each image--color or black and white--with light and breaks the image into light and dark dots or color dots, which are then converted to digital code.

26. Image Scanners

27. Bar-code reader Photoelectric scanners that translate the bar-code symbols into digital code. Another scanning device reads bar codes, the vertical zebra-striped marks you see on most manufactured retail products.

28. Bar-code Readers

29. Optical Character Recognition Uses a device that reads preprinted characters in a particular font (typeface design) and converts them to digital code. Examples of the use of OCR characters are utility bills and price tags on department-store merchandise, billing operations of credit card companies, banks and oil.

30. Optical Character Recognition

31. Mark-Recognition & Character-Recognition Devices Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR ) It reads the strange-looking numbers printed at the bottom of checks. Optical Mark Recognition (OMR) It uses a device that reads pencil marks and converts them into computer-usable form.

32. Magnetic Stripe A form of magnetic data entry that helps computer reads credit cards. The dark magnetic stripe on the back of the credit and debit cards is the same iron oxide coating as on magnetic tape.

33. Other Input devices Digital camera, PC camera, Web cam Sensor Human Biology systems

34. Output devices The component of computer system that gives out to the user the results of the processed data. The Information is transmitted from the CPU to this output device, where is then printed or recorded.

35. Softcopy versus Hardcopy Softcopy ~ data that is shown on a display screen or is in audio or voice form. This kind of output is not tangible; it cannot be touched. Hardcopy ~ Printed output. The principal examples are printouts, whether text or graphics, from printers.

36. Display Screens also variously called monitors , CRTs , or simply screens --are output devices that show programming instructions and data as they are being input and information after it is processed.

37. Types of Display Screen A CRT or cathode-ray tube Flat-panel displays

38. Types of Display Screen A CRT for cathode-ray tube , is a vacuum tube used as a display screen in a computer or video display terminal.

39. Types of Display Screen Flat-panel displays are made up of two plates of glass with a substance in between them, which is activated in different ways.

40. Flat Panel Display Technology Liquid crystal display (LCD) . Plasma display Electroluminescent Gas-plasma display

41. Flat-panel displays

42. Screen Clarity Whether CRT or flat-panel display, screen clarity depends on three qualities: resolution , dot pitch , and refresh rate.

43. Resolution The image sharpness of a display screen is called its resolution ; the more pixels there are per square inch, the finer the level of detail attained.

44. Dot Pitch Is the amount of space between the centers of adjacent pixels; the closer the dots, the crisper the image.

45. Refresh rate is the number of times per second that the pixels are recharged so that their glow remains bright.

46. Printer An output device that prints characters, symbols, and perhaps graphics on paper or another hardcopy medium .

47. Classification According to the amount of information printed at a time. Character serial printer Line printer Page printer According to operation Impact Non-impact According to style

48. Examples of Printer Impact printers can produce a page, a line, or a character at a time. Large computers use line printers. The main drawback to line printers is that they can produce only text--no graphics. A dot-matrix printer contains a print head of small pins, which strike an inked ribbon against paper, forming characters or images.

49. Dot Matrix Printer

50. Examples of Printer Non-impact printers form characters and images without making direct physical contact between printing mechanism and paper. Two types of non-impact printers often used with microcomputers are laser printers and ink-jet printers.

51. Types of Non-Impact Laser printer uses the principle of dot-matrix printers of creating images with dots. These images are created on a drum, treated with a magnetically charged ink-like toner (powder), and then transferred from drum to paper.

52. Types of Non-Impact Ink-jet printers spray small, electrically charged droplets of ink from four nozzles through holes in a matrix at high speed onto paper. Thermal printers use colored waxes and heat to produce images by burning dots onto special paper.

53. Examples of Printers

54. Plotter Is like a printer, produces hard-copy output. Plotters, which produce high-quality color graphics, are usually categorized by whether they use pens or electrostatic charges to create images. They are used in applications such as architecture and engineering.

55. Plotter

56. Audio Speaker Audio speaker is a second type of soft copy. New computer systems have such good audio systems that it is possible to listen to music while you work, have the computer tell you when the printer needs paper, play games that include sound, or compose music on the computer.

57. Audio Output/Speaker

58. Storage Devices Computer systems have two main types of storage devices – primary and secondary.

59. Primary Storage memory, main memory, internal memory, or RAM. working storage that holds (1) data for processing, (2) instructions for processing the data, (3) processed data that is waiting to be sent to an output or secondary storage device. temporary and volatile (contents are lost when power is turned off).

60. Capacity The amount of information that can be stored on the medium. Unit Description Approximate Size 1 bit 1 binary digit 1 nibble 4 bits 1 byte 8 bits 1 character 1 kilobyte 1,024 bytes ≈1/2 page, double spaced 1 megabyte 1,048,576 bytes ≈500,000 pages 1 million bytes 1 gigabyte 1,073,741,824 bytes ≈5 million pages 1 billion bytes 1 terabyte 1 trillion bytes ≈5 billion pages

61. Primary Storage Types of Primary Storage RAM (non-permanent) Programs and data can be stored here for the computer’s use. Volatile: All information will be lost once the computer shuts down. ROM (permanent) Contents do not change. CMOS (Complimentary MetalOxide Semiconductor) Special type of RAM, which uses less power than normal.

62. Secondary Storage Is use when there is a need to keep information for later use. It can store large amounts of data and retain even when the computer is turned off. Hard disk, Diskette, CD-ROM, Magnetic tape

63. The CPU Central Processing Unit ( CPU ) Often referred to as the “brain” of the computer. Responsible for controlling all activities of the computer system. Motherboard ~ The place where most of the electronics including the CPU are mounted.

64. Major Components 1. Arithmetic and Logic Unit (Computations performed) Accumulator (Results of computations kept here) 2. Control Unit (Has two locations where numbers are kept) Instruction Register (Instruction placed here for analysis) Program Counter (Which instruction will be performed next?) 3. Instruction Decoding Unit (Decodes the instruction)

65. SOFTWARE It includes all sets of information processing instructions. This generic concept of software includes not only the sets of operating instructions called programs , which direct and control computer hardware, but also the sets of information processing instructions needed by people, called procedures . So even information systems that don’t use computers have a software resource component.

66. SOFTWARE RESOURCES Systems Software - enables the applications to interact with the computer and manage its internal resources. It consists of several programs, the most important of which is the operating system or OS. The OS is the master control program, which gives the user an interactive control over the computer. Application Software - used to perform a general or specific task, such as word processing. Procedures – which are operating instructions for the people who will use an information system. Examples are instructions on using a software package or user’s manual.

67. DATA Data is more than the raw material of information systems. The concept of data resources has been broadened by managers and information systems professionals. They realized that data constitute a valuable organizational resource.

68. FORMS OF DATA Alphanumeric data - composed of numbers and alphabetical and other characters that describe business transactions and other events and entities. Text Data , consisting of sentences and paragraphs used in written communications, I mage data such as graphic shapes and figures, and A udio data , the human voice and other sounds, are also important forms of data.

69. PEOPLEWARE - are required for the operation of all information systems. These people resources include end users and Information system specialists .

70. DATA PROCESSING   Input   Process   Output   Storage

71. Have a nice day! From Mam Kat