Leucopoiesis

lectures series in basic hematology

1. Developed by: Abdelwahab Khalid Ibrahim
HONOR DEGREE IN HEMATOLOGY
Lecture 5

3. Def: Formationand maturationof whiteblood
cells.
Granulocytopoiesis
Agranulocytopoiesis
–Monocytopoiesis
–Lymphoctyematuration

4. There are 3 different areas in our body
where different WBCs reside:
1.Marrow pool: 90% neutrophils
2.Blood pool: 3%
3.Tissue pool: 7%

5. In bone marrow→PHSC(Pluripotential
hemopoieticstem cells)differentiates→
committedstemcells→CFU-GM
Granulocytes& monocytesareformedonly in
bonemarrow.
lymphocytes& plasmacells are producedin
variouslymphogenoustissues

7. Granulocytes and monocytesareformed from bone
marrow, which is derived from CFU-GM(colony forming
units of granuloctyesandmonocytes)
The progenitor cells [CFU-GM] forming different cells
are further namedas;
-CFU-G= neutrophilformingunits
-CFU-E= eosinophilformingunits
-CFU-B= basophilforming units
-CFU-M= monocyteformingunits

8. Development of granulocytes-includes various
stagescalled
Myeloid series
Development of monocytes–includes various stages
called
Monocytes-macrophagesseries

10. Process of granulopoiesis-12days
Granulocytes are formed and stored in thebone
marrow –when needed it is released in the circulation
Regulated by growth factors, CSF& Interleukins
Granulocyte maturation divide into six stages.
All of the granulocyte derive from myeloblast

11. StructuralChanges during differentiation &
maturation:
A.A decreased in cell size
B.Condensation of nuclear chromatin
C.Changes in nuclear shape
D.An accumulation of cytoplasmicgranule

13. 6
5
4
3
2
1

14. It is the earliest recognizable cell ofthe granulocyte
series:
Size:16-20um
Cytoplasm:basophilic
Present as thin rim aroundthe Nucleus
Devoid of granules

15. Nucleus: Large nearly filling the cells round tooval,
Fine chromatin, 2-5 well defined palenucleoli
Mitosis: marked[+++].

16. Size:14-18um
Cytoplasm : increased inamount
Presence of azurophilgranules [primary
Non specificgranules]
Gives +vereaction with theperoxidase
Staining

17. Nucleus: round oroval
Slightly smaller than myeloblastnucleus
condensed finechromatin
Nucleoli present-less prominent
Mitosis: characteristicfeature{+++}

19. Size:12-16um
Cytoplasm : specific secondary granules present identified
at this stageas;
-Neutrophilmyelocyte
-Eosinophilmyelocyte
-Basophilmyelocyte
Primary granules are also presentat this stage but their
formation isstopped

20. Nucleus:eccentric, round-oval
Coarse nuclear
chromatin .
No, nucleolipresent
Mitosis: continues up to thisstage
Multiplication of these cells aremaximum

21. Size:10-14um
Cytoplasm: increased inamount
-Moreliquid
-Primary and secondary granules are present according to
secondary granules it is distinguishedas;
•Neutrophilmetamyelocyte
•Eosinophilmetamyelocyte
•Basophilmetamyelocyte

22. Nucleus: decrease insize
Lobed (horse shoeshaped)
Nuclear chromatin is dense and
clumped nucleoli areabsent
Mitosis: stopped at thisstage.

23. Also called juvenile granulocytes
Size: smaller thanmetmyelocytes
Cytoplasm: pink and fine evenlydistributed
granules
Nucleus: further condensation of
chromatin
-Shape: band configuration [v shaped] of
uniform thickness which may betwisted.

25. -Diameter =10-12 m
-Cytoplasmicgranules stain pale lavender
-Lobed nuclei (3-5 lobes)
-% of total leukocytes: 50-70%
-Drumstick: inactive X-chromosome
Granules contain lysosomalenzymes and
defensins
Neutrophilsare quick acting phagocytes (1
st
responders)
They are quick but weak!
Typical Neutrophil
1. NEUTROPHIL (POLYMORPHONUCLEAR CELL)

26. Diameter = 10-14 m
Large granules which stain red (major basic protein)
Bilobednucleus
Represent 2-4% of the total WBC count
Granules contains and functions:
Granules contain digestive enzymes
Are antiparasitic
Phagocytizeimmune complexes
Anti-allergy
2. EOSINOPHIL

27. Diameter = 8-10m
Large granules which stain blue
U or S shaped nucleus
0.5 –1% of total WBC
Granules contain:
histaminewhich induces inflammation and vasodilatation
heparin an anticoagulant
3. BASOPHIL

29. Allofthe granulocytederive from myeloblast
Myelocyteisthestagewhenthree typesof granulocyte
can be recognized
The maturationprocessofgranulocytecharacterizedby :
–synthesisofazurophilicandspecificgranules
–Condensationof nucleus
Maturegranulocyteleavethe bonemarrowthenenter the
circulation connectivetissue

30. 1
2
3
4

31. It is the larger cell, similar tomyeloblast

32. 1

33. It is an youngmonocyte
Size:20um
Nucleus: larger
-Kidneyshaped onenucleoli
-Nuclear chromatin: arranged in aloose
network
Cytoplasm:basophilic
-No azurophilicgranules
-They have fine granules which is larger than mature
monocytes

34. 2

35. Are phagocytes –slow but strong
Develop intomacrophages when they migrate into
connective tissue
3. MONOCYTES
Diameter = 18 m
Nucleus is U shaped or kidneyshaped
Abundant pale blue cytoplasm
3 –8 % of the total WBC

36. Once the monocyteenters
the tissues, it becomes a
macrophage
Size:15-80µm
Cytoplasm
▪Gray-blue and abundant
▪Ragged edges
▪Vacuoles common
Nucleus
Round with netlike
appearance
Purplish with finer
clumped chromatin
Nucleoli appear

40. 2
1
3
4
B. lymphocyte

41. Cell size: 10-20µm
Cytoplasm
▪Blue/scanty
▪No granules, Auer rods are neverpresent
Nucleus
▪Purple, smooth chromatin
▪Round, central or eccentric
▪1-2 nucleoli
N:C ratio = 4:1

42. Size:9-18µm
Cytoplasm
▪Blue, scanty
▪Usually granules are absent, but a few azurophilicgranules may be
present
Nucleus
▪Purple, condensed chromatin
▪Round or indented, eccentric
▪0-1 nucleoli
N:C ratio = 4:1

43. LYMPHOCYTES T-LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES B-LYMPHOCYTES
LYMPHOCYTES B-LYMPHOCYTES
Thymus
Liver
Bone

44. Diameter 5-8 m (small), 10-12 m (medium) or 14-17 m (large)
20-25 % of the total WBC count
Large, deep blue or slightly indented nucleus
Thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm
1.T lymphocyte(T cells) fight antigens directly
2.B lymphocytes(B cells)divide to produce plasma cells that
secrete antibodies
LYMPHOCYTES

45. Function is the synthesis and excretion of
antibodies (immunoglobulins)
Normally not present in the peripheral blood;
comprise 2% of bone marrow cells.
May be seen in the peripheral blood in the disease
called multiple myeloma,a disease of uncontrolled
production of immunoglobulins.
End stage of the B lymphocyte

46. ▪Size: 10-18µm
▪Cytoplasmis dark blue with perinuclearhalo and
may contain vacuoles indicating antibody
synthesis
▪Nucleusis round, eccentric, dark purple with
dense clumped chromatin

47. 1. Grape or Mott cell-
cytoplasm completely filled
with red, pink or colorless
globules called Russell
bodies
2. Flame cell-cytoplasm stains
bright red-staining
proteinaceousmaterial
Flame cell

48. CFU-Lydividesform theCFU-LyBand CFU-LyT
CFU-LyBmigrate to “bursa-equivalent location”,
divided Blymphocytes
CFU-LyTundergomitosismigrateto theThymusT
lymphocytes

49. Monocytes:
72 hrsinblood.
Once intissuethey swell upto muchlargersize to
becometissuemacrophage→in this formthey can live
for months.
Lymphocytes:
Lifespan for week or monthsdependingon body’s need.
They continuallycirculatein blood&movefrombloodto
tissues& from tissuesto bloodandagainbloodto tissues.

51. The cytokines which control the formation of different
typesof granulocytes are called colony stimulatingfactor
[CSF]
CSFisaglycoproteinformedbyTandBlymphocytes
Alsoforms:
G-CSF: stimulate granulocyte precursors
M-CSF: stimulate monocyticprecursors
GM-CSF: both granulocytes and monocyticprecursors

52. The cytokines that control lymphocyte formation
arecalled interleukins.
-E.g.; IL-1, IL-3etc….
The interleukins are formedby MONOCYTES,
MACROPHAGES & ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.