Leukoplakia

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1. Leukoplakia

2. Introduction Known as smoker's keratosis . Leukoplakia is a predominatly white lesion of the oral mucosa. Characterised by thickened white patches. The term leukoplakia is a clinical descriptor only and should not be used once the histological information is available.

3. Incidence Incidence and prevalance of leukoplakia vary in different parts of the world. It is more frequent in middle aged and older man . Men are more affected in some countries while this is not a case in western india .

4. Types of leukoplakia homogeneous leukoplakia Non -homogeneous Leukoplakia

5. Homogeneous leukoplakia Defined as predominantly white lesion of uniform flat and thin appearance that may exhibit shallow cracks and has a smooth ,wrinkled surface. This type is usually asymptomatic

6. Non -homogeneous leukoplakia It is white or white and red lesion ( erythroleukoplakia ). They may be either irregular flat and nodular. This may be associated wild mild complaints of localised pain and dis comfort.

7. Proligerative verucous leukoplakia is an aggresive leukoplakia which is invariably malignant . This is characterised by widespread and multifocal apperance often in patient without known risk factor. Oral carcinoma may develop from any type of leukoplakia .

8. Signs and symptoms White or gray colour patches . Thick hard raised surface . Hairy appearance ..only in hairy leukoplakia . Red spots rare _may be a sign of cancer . Some women may develope leukoplakia outside their genitals in the vulvar region .

9. Causes ! And risk factor! The exact cause is not known . Risk factor It is primarily linked to tobacco use . Smoking is the most common cause. Chewing tobacco. injury to the inside of the cheek such as from biting. By rough uneven teeth. Long term alcohol use . Inflamatory condition of the body .

10. Hairy leukoplakia The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) is the main cause of hairy leukoplakia . Once you get this virus, it remains in your body permanently. EBV is usually dormant. However, it can cause hairy leukoplakia patches to develop at any time. Outbreaks are more common in people with HIV or other immune problems .

11. Diagnosis Leukoplakia is usually diagnosed with an oral exam. During an oral exam, your dentist or primary care doctor can confirm if the patches are leukoplakia . You might mistake the condition for oral thrush. Thrush is a yeast infection of the mouth. The patches it causes are usually softer than leukoplakia patches. They may bleed more easily. Leukoplakia patches, unlike oral thrush, cannot be wiped away. Your dentist or doctor may need to do other tests to confirm the cause of your spots. This helps them suggest a treatment that may prevent future patches from developing.

12. If a patch looks suspicious, your dentist or doctor will do a biopsy. To do a biopsy, they remove a small piece of tissue from one or more of your spots. They then send that tissue sample to a pathologist for diagnosis to check for precancerous or cancerous cells.

13. Treatment Most patches improve on their own and don’t require any treatment. It’s important to avoid any trigger that may have caused your leukoplakia , such as tobacco use. If it’s related to irritation from a dental problem, your dentist may be able to address this.

14. ■ If a biopsy comes back positive for oral cancer, the patch must be removed immediately. This can help prevent the spread of the cancer. ■ Patches can be removed by using laser therapy, a scalpel, or a freezing procedure

15. ■ Hairy leukoplakia is not likely to result in mouth cancer and usually does not require removal. Your dentist or doctor might prescribe antiviral medications to help stop the patches from growing. Topical ointments containing retinoic acid can also be used to reduce patch size.

16. Prevention Many cases of leukoplakia can be prevented with lifestyle changes: Stop smoking or chewing tobacco. Reduce alcohol use . Eat antioxidant-rich foods such as spinach and carrots. Antioxidants may help deactivate irritants that cause patches.

17. * Contact your dentist or doctor immediately if you suspect leukoplakia . This can help keep the patches from getting worse. * Follow-up appointments are crucial. Once you develop leukoplakia , you have an increased risk of developing it again in the future.

18. Long term of this leads to : In most cases, leukoplakia isn’t life threatening. The patches don’t cause permanent damage to your mouth. Lesions usually clear on their own within a few weeks after the source of irritation is removed. However, if your patch is particularly painful or looks suspicious, your dentist may order tests to rule out: # oral cancer # HIV # AIDS