Level of managementTo know what are the level of management Definition of planning , strategic planning, intermediate planning, operational planning To know the planning process

There are many instances when managers are overwhelmed by various activities which at times becloud his judgement. To minimize mistakes in decision-making , planning is undertaken.

1. Level of management

2. Objectives To know what are the level of management Definition of planning , strategic planning, intermediate planning, operational planning To know the planning process

3. The nature of planning There are many instances when managers are overwhelmed by various activities which at times becloud his judgement. To minimize mistakes in decision-making , planning is undertaken. A PLAN , which is the output of planning , provides a methodical way of achieving desired results. In the implementation of activites , the plan serves as a useful guides. INTRODUCTION

4. PLANNING DEFINED According to Nickels and others, refers to “ the management function that involves anticipating future trends and determining the best strategies and tactics to achieve organizational objectives. This is useful because it relates the future to what could be decided now. Base to Aldag and Stearns, define planning as “the selection and sequential ordering of tasks required to achieve an organizational goal”

5. The definition of Cole and Hamilton provides a better guide on how to effectively perform this vital activity. Planning, according to them is “deciding what will be done, who will do it, where when and how it will be done, and the standards to which it will be done.”

6. Planning at various management level Since engineer managers could be occupying positions in any of the various management levels, it will be useful for them to know some aspects of planning undertaken at the different management levels. 1. Top management level — strategic planning 2. Middle management level — intermediate planning 3. Lower management level — operational planning

7. Strategic planning The term strategic planning refers to the process of determining the major goals of the organization and the policies and strategies for obtaining and using resources to achieve those goals. The top management of any firm is involved in this type of planning. The whole company is considered, specifically its objectives and current resources.

8. Intermediate planning Intermediate planning refers to “the process of determining the contributions that subunits can make with allocated resources.” this type of planning is undertaken by middle management. the goals of a subunit are determined, and a plan is prepared to provide a guide to the realization of the goals. The intermediate plan is designed to support the strategic plan.

9. Types of planning

10. The Organization and Types of Planning Undertaken

11. Operational planning The term operational planning refers to “the process of determining how specific tasks can best be accomplished on time with available resources.” This type of planning is a responsibility of lower management. It must be performed in support of the strategic plan and the intermediate plan.

12. The planning process The process of planning consists of various steps depending on the management level that performs the planning task. Generally, however, planning involves the following: setting organizational, divisional, or unit goals developing strategies or tactics to reach those Goals determining resources needed and setting standards.

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