LEVELS OF BIO-DIVERSITY 52,53,54 final (1).pptx

about biodiversity it is very useful for assignment

1. LEVELS OF BIO-DIVERSITY Genetics, Species & Ecosystem Diversity P r e s e n t e d B Y : ADITYA CHIDRAWAR (10852) MANSI WADKAR(10853 ) HITESH(10854 )

2. CONTENT I nt r o d u c t i o n Genetics Species Ecosystem Diversity Importance of Biodiversity Threats to Biodiversity Conservation of Biodiversity Biodiversity in India Questions and Answers Conclusion

3. “Biodiversity is the variation among living organisms from different sources including terrestrial, marine and desert ecosystems, and the ecological complexes of which they are a part.” Introduction

4. So BIODIVERSITY MEANS “ VARIETY OF LIFE ”

5. WHAT IS BIO-DIVERSITY ? Biodiversity is the range of variation found in plant and animal kingdom, including all microscopic world Biodiversity found on Earth today consists of many millions of distinct biological species, the product of four billion years of evolution. Biodiversity shows the richness of different species Biodiversity includes the various ecosystems in which different species live Biodiversity also includes and explains the variation in their genetic makeup Biodiversity also includes the complex assemblages of species and their communities

6. G enetic Diversity: - Diversity in species due to variations in genetic makeup Species Diversity: - Species variation is the basic unit of standard measurement of biodiversity Ecosystem/Ecological Diversity: - includes all the different habitats, biological communities and ecological processes, as well as variation within individu al ecosystems. LEVELS OF BIO-DIVERSITY

7. GENETIC DIVERSITY Different genes and combinations of genes within population. Allows population of species to adopt to environmental changes. It is the variety present at the level of the genes .

8. Genetic diversity   is the total number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species, it ranges widely from the number of species to differences within species and can be attributed to the span of survival for a species.  It is distinguished from  genetic variability which describes the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary .

9. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations to adapt to changing environments. With more variation, it is more likely that some individuals in a population will possess variations of ALLELES that are suited for the environment. Those individuals are more likely to survive to produce offspring bearing that allele. The population will continue for more generations because of the success of these individuals .

10. The academic field of  population genetics  includes several hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The  neutral theory of evolution  proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions.  Diversifying selection  is the hypothesis that two subpopulations of a species live in different environments that select for different alleles at a particular locus .

11. How is Genetic Diversity Created? Mutations are alterations that occur in an individual's DNA. 02. Mutations can occur when errors are created while cells are copying DNA, similar to when a word is copied and the spelling is incorrect 03. The genetic diversity of a species is made up of these mutations. More and more errors are made throughout several generations, which increases the number of mutations. 04. However, occasionally these mutations might result in changes that are advantageous for a species. 01.

12. IMPORTaNCE OF GENETIC DIvERSITY As a result of genetic diversity, the sensitive kinds perish while the ones that can adapt to changes thrive, which guarantees that a species will continue to exist in some form. G e n e t i c d i ve r s i t y r e s u lt s i n a p e r s o n ' s a b i l i t y t o a d a p t t o s t r e ss , i ll n e ss e s , a n d u n f a v o r a b l e e n v ir o n m e n t a l s i t u a t i o n s a s w e l l a s v a ri e d p h ys i c a l c h a r a c t e ri s t i c s . N a t u r a l e n v ir o n m e n t a l c h a n g e s o r t h o s e b r o u g h t o n b y h u m a n a c t i v i t y t ri gg e r t h e s u r v i v a l o f t h e f i tt e s t a n d n a t u r a l s e l e c t i o n . C r o ss - b r ee d i n g v a r i o u s g e n e t i c v a r i a n t s c a n r e s u lt i n n e w p l a n t v a r i e t i es t h a t h a v e d e s i r a b l e f e a t u r es l i k e g r e a t e r s t r e s s t o l e r a n c e a n d d i s e a s e resistance. Genetic diversity guarantees t h a t a s p e c i es w i l l c o n t i n ue t o e x i s t i n s o m e f o r m .

13. Wild creatures now have less habitat and resources due to the growing human population and increased exploitation of natural resources. Numerous communities of wild animals and plants have shrunk or become more s e c l u d e d t h r o u g h o u t t i m e . Numerous species have also experienced regional extinctions . Genetic diversity h a s d e c r e a s e d g l o b a ll y a s a r e s u l t o f t h i s . According to scientists, the genetic diversity of animals may have decreased globally during the Industrial Revolution by as much as 6% . Because of this, many species have a harder time adapting to new problems like pollution, climate change, and emerging diseases . More species may become unhealthy and require conservation measures if too much genetic diversity is lost. T H R E A T s T O G E N E T I C D I V E R s I T Y

14. GLOBaL INITIaTIvES CONCERNING GENETIC DIvERSITY In order for the post-2020 global biodiversity framework to be established at the UN Biodiversity Conference (COP 15) in October 2021, Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) are creating goals, targets, and indicators for genetic diversity. The Sustainable Development Goals and the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture are two other international agreements that address genetic diversity. The preservation of biological knowledge for the future is made possible by gene banks that save millions of seeds from throughout the world, botanical gardens that display stunning plant collections, and pastoralists who preserve old cattle breeds.

15. a Species Diversity

16. Species Diversity “ S p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y i s d e f i n e d a s t h e n u m b e r o f d i ff e r e n t s p e c i e s p r e s e n t i n a n e c o s y s t e m a n d relative abundance of each of those species .” In nature, species do not interbreed because they differ genetically from one another. H o w e v e r , c l o s e l y r e l a t e d s p e c i e s s h a r e a l o t o f t h e i r i n h e r i t e d t r a i t s .

17. F o r e x a m p l e , 9 8 . 4 % o f t h e g e n e s i n h u m a n s a n d c h i m p s a r e s i m i l a r . I t i s t h e p r o p o r t i o n o f a s p e c i e s ' t o t a l p o p u l a t i o n t o a l l t h e s p e c i e s ' c o m b i n e d t o t a l n u m b e r o f o r g a n i s m s i n a g i v e n b i o m e . " O n e " d e n o t e s t h e p r e s e n c e o f j u s t o n e s p e c i e s , w h i l e " z e r o " w o u l d i n d i c a t e i n f i n i t e d i v e r s i t y .

18. T h e r e a r e t w o c o ns t i t u e n t s o f s p e c i e s d i v e r s i t y : Species richness: Number of different species present in an ecosystem. Tropical areas have greater species richness as the environment is conducive for a large number of species Species evenness: Relative abundance of individuals of each of those species. If the number of individuals within a species is fairly constant across communities, it is said to have a high evenness and if the number of individuals varies from species to species, it is said to have low evenness. High evenness leads to greater specific diversity

19. Generally, greater the species richness greater is the species diversity . Alpha diversity  refers to the average species diversity within a particular area, habitat, community or ecosystem. It is measured by counting the number of taxa (distinct groups of animals) within the ecosystem. Beta diversity   is species diversity between ecosystems refers to the ratio between alpha diversity and regional diversity or comparison of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystem. Gamma diversity is the overall diversity for different ecosystems within a region or total diversity over a large area or region . 21

20. Importance of Species Diversity In a healthy ecosystem, diverse and balanced number of species exist to maintain the balance of an ecosystem. In an ecosystem, all the species depend on each other directly or indirectly. So to make a more efficient, productive and sustainable ecosystem, it is important to maintain high species diversity. More diverse ecosystem tend to be more productive. E.g. the ecosystem with a great variety of producer species will produce large biomass to support a greater variety of consumer species Greater species richness and productivity makes an ecosystem more sustainable and stable

21. In Species-rich communities, each species can use a different portion of resources available as per their requirement. E.g. plants with smaller roots can absorb water and minerals from shallow soil and plants with deeper roots can tap deeper soil Healthy biodiversity has innumerable benefits like nutrients storage and recycling, soil formation and protection from erosion, absorption of harmful gases, climate stability Humans get lots of product from nature like fruits, cereals, meat, wood, fibre, raisin, dyes, medicine, antibiotics, etc. Amazon forest is estimated to produce 20 percent of total oxygen in the earth’s atmosphere through photosynthesis

22. Extinction : Extinction is the global loss of a species. Five mass extinctions have occurred in geological history, and extinction rates were particular high during these events. Earth is currently experiencing a sixth mass extinction, which is driven by human activities. Habita t Los s : Habitat loss includes habitat destruction, altering the physical environment such that a species can no longer live there, and habitat fragmentation, which involves dividing a habitat into discontinuous patches. T H R E A T S T O S P E C I E S DIVERSITY

23. Pollution : Pollution is the release of harmful chemicals or other materials into the environment. Some types of air pollution results in acid deposition and climate change. Nutrient pollution of water bodies due to fertilizer overuse results in eutrophication. Measure s o f Biodiversit y Loss : A common means of assessing biodiversity loss involves classifying species based on extinction risk. The Red List includes nine such categories. The species at greatest risk of extinction are called critically endangered, followed by endangered, vulnerable, and near threatened species.

24. Each species has an important role to play in an ecosystem. It is important to conserve diversity because once extinct, we can not get it back. There are many ways to conserve biodiversity: Biodiversity rich regions are protected as biosphere reserves, national parks and sanctuaries i.e. called in-situ conservation. Protecting Sunderbans for many endangered species like the royal Bengal tiger, olive ridley sea turtles, mangrove species etc. Biodiversity hotspots have been identified, which have high species richness. Total of 34 hotspots are identified globally e.g. Western ghats and Sri Lanka, Indo-Burma and Himalaya are rich biodiversity regions of our country Conservation of Species Diversity

25. India has a tradition of protecting nature. In many cultures, trees and wildlife are given full protection e.g. sacred groves Ex-situ conversation, where threatened and endangered species are identified, taken out and given full protection and kept in special reserves like botanical gardens, wildlife safari, etc. Gametes of threatened species are preserved by cryopreservation techniques Seeds of commercially important plants are kept in the seed bank

26. 1.An Ecosystem consists of organisms from different species L iving together in a region and their connections through the flow of energy, nutrients and matter. 2.Ecosystem Diversity is the intricate network of different species present in different local ecosystems and the dynamic interplay between them. 3.Plants use energy from sun and nutrients from surrounding to grow. Herbivorous animals eath these plants and grow, carnivorous animals eat other animals and grow. When these animals die, the fungi and microbes decompose them and return the nutrients back to the environment. 4.Thus every such environment is unique, with unique sets of animals, plants nutrients, and sun or other weather and climatic conditions. 5.A same ecosystem goes through different phases, cycles during the year when the weather and climatic cycle changes play important role in maintaining the state of an ecosystem for a definite period of time which seasonal . Ecosystem Diversity

27. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY a

28. ECOSYSTEMS MACRO Macro Ecosystems – Examples of ecosystems rich in diversity – Deserts Hot and Dry Deserts (Sahara Desert) Semi-Arid Deserts Coastal Deserts (Gulf regions) Cold Deserts (Polar regions) Forests Tropical Forests (between Tropics of Cancer and a capricon Evergreen Rainforest Tropical Moist Forest Tropical Dry Forest Mangroves (Coastal Tropical Forests) Temperate Forests (usually at mid latitudes) Deciduous Forests (loose their leaves during cold winter) Coniferous Forests (Conical shaped trees) Boreal Forests

29. ECOSYSTEMS Large Marine Ecosystems Open Marine Ecosystem (Open Seas near surfaces a few metres depth) Deep Sea Marine Ecosystem (upto 1000 meters of depth) Coral Reef Marine Ecosystem Saltwater Wetland Marine Ecosystem (migratory birds, grass, swamp places) Estuary Marine Ecosystem (where river meets the sea) Sandy Beach Ecosystem Kelp Forest Marine Ecosystem (cooler waters) Polar Marine Ecosystem Rocky Marine Ecosystem (rock shores, rock cliffs, boulders , tide pools) MACRO

30. IMPORTANCE OF ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY Ecosystem diversity is important for maintaining the balance of an ecosystem. Different ecosystems have different roles and functions, and a diverse range of ecosystems helps to ensure that an ecosystem can survive and thrive. Ecosystem diversity is also important for providing us with a variety of resources, such as food, medicine, and shelter. A diverse range of ecosystems means that we have a greater variety of resources to choose from.

31. Importance of Biodiversit y Ecological Role of Biodiversity Economical Role of Biodiversity Scientific Role of Biodiversity Ethical Importance 1. 2. 3. 4 .

32. Each species of biodiversity has an important role in the ecosystem, in addition to maintaining the ecological balance in the surrounding area. They have a significant impact on the creation and breakdown of organic wastes, the removal of atmospheric gases, and the control of water and nutrients across the ecosystem. With greater species diversity, the environment is more stable. They produce and decompose organic matter as well as capture and store energy. The ecosystem provides services that humans cannot live without. A diverse ecosystem is more productive and more resilient to environmental stress. Ecological Role Of Biodiversity

33. Biodiversity is a resource reservoir for the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. In addition to serving as a source of energy, biodiversity plays a significant role in providing the raw materials for industrial goods like paper, rubber, wax, oils, lubricants, fragrances, and dyes. Crops, livestock, fishery, and forests are all excellent food sources. For medicinal purposes, wild plants such as Cinchona and Foxglove plant are used. Plant species provide wood, fibres, perfumes, lubricants, rubber, resins, poison, and cork. Tourism is generated by national parks and sanctuaries. Since ancient times, several plant species have been valued for their therapeutic properties. More than 70% of anti-cancer medications, it has been said, come from plants found in tropical rainforests. Economical Role of biodiversity

34. Scientific Role of Biodiversity Biodiversity has scientific relevance because it enables scientists to undertake experiments and studies on the DNA of plants and animals in order to generate new crops and therapies. Additionally, it permits scientists to deduce facts regarding the evolution of certain species of life. Humans expand their knowledge through scientific research on a variety of animals and plants.

35. Every species has the right to exist Humans should not be responsible for their voluntary extinction. Biodiversity protects various cultures and spiritual heritage. Ethical Importance

36. "The Evil Quartet" is a term used to describe the four main reasons for diversity loss. Threats to Biodiversity Habitat Loss and Fragmentation: Habitat loss and fragmentation are key contributors to the loss of species diversity and the extinction of plants and animals. These factors include pollution, urbanization, and a variety of other human activities. For instance, the Amazon rainforest (the planet's lungs), which is home to millions of species, is being cut down and removed for a variety of reasons. Tropical rainforest, which once spanned 14% of the landmass, now only makes up about 6% of it. Overexploitation: Excessive use of natural resources causes many species to go extinct. For instance, the passenger pigeon, Steller's sea cow, and several marine fish are overfished.

37. Alien Species Invasions: Some alien species that are purposely or accidentally introduced can become invasive and wipe out native species. For instance, the extinction of cichlid fish in Lake Victoria because the Nile perch was introduced The indigenous catfish in rivers are in danger due to the illegal introduction of African catfish. Co-extinctions : Co-extinctions occur when two species that are related to one another go extinct at the same time. For instance, a parasite may become extinct along with its host fish.a When one species goes extinct, it also causes the extinction of other species, just like a plant-pollinator.

38. Conservation of Biodiversity Biodiversity c o ns e r v a t i o n i s t h e p r o t e ct i on a n d m a n a g e m e n t o f b i o d i v e r s i t y t o o b t a i n r e s o u r c e s f o r sustainable development.

39. IN-SITU EX-SITU Ex-situ conservation of biodiversity involves the breeding and maintenance of endangered species in artificial ecosystems such as zoos, nurseries, botanical gardens, gene banks, etc. There is less competition for food, water and space among the organisms. Ex-situ conservation has the following advantages: The animals are provided with a longer time and breeding activity. The species bred in captivity can be reintroduced in the wild. Genetic techniques can be used for the preservation of endangered species. In-situ conservation of biodiversity is the conservation of species within their natural habitat. In this method, the natural ecosystem is maintained and protected. The in-situ conservation has several advantages. Following are the important advantages of in-situ conservation: It is a cost-effective and convenient method of conserving biodiversity. A large number of living organisms can be conserved simultaneously. Since the organisms are in a natural ecosystem, they can evolve better and can easily adjust to different environmental conditions. Certain protected areas where in-situ conservation takes place include national parks, wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves.

40. All the varieties of food, timber plants, livestock, microbes and agricultural animals should be conserved. All the economically important organisms should be identified and conserved. Unique ecosystems should be preserved first. The resources should be utilized efficiently. Poaching and hunting of wild animals should be prevented. The reserves and protected areas should be developed carefully. The levels of pollutants should be reduced in the environment. Deforestation should be strictly prohibited. Environmental laws should be followed strictly. The useful and endangered species of plants and animals should be conserved in their nature as well as artificial habitats. Public awareness should be created regarding biodiversity conservation and its importance. S m a l l s t e p s t o w a r d s B i o d i v e r s i t y C o n s e r v a t i o n

41. 24.46% Biodiversity in India India is one of the most diverse nations in the world. It ranks ninth in terms of plant species richness. Two of the world’s 25 biodiversity hotspots are found in India. It is the origin of important crop species such as pigeon pea, eggplant, cucumber, cotton and sesame. India is also a centre of various domesticated species such as millets, cereals, legumes, vegetables, medicinal and aromatic crops, etc. Geographical area covered by f o r e s t s a n d t r ee s . 3 8 . 8 % A r i d a n d s e m i - a r i d regions 5 . 6 2 % C o l d a r i d z o n e l o c a t e d i n t h e T r a n s - H i m a l a y a n region

42. As we have seen, biodiversity identifies the richness of every type of life on our planet and its reference unit is constituted by the species, that is, a set of organisms capable of exchanging genetic material. Species live in relationship with each other and in constant balance to ensure optimal living conditions on Earth. It represents a fragile balance that is increasingly threatened by the presence and invasion of human activities. With this presentation of ours , We hope that the topic , "Levels Of Biodiversity-Genetics, Species & Ecosystem Diversity" has been u n d e r s t oo d p r o p e r l y . CONCLUSION

43. 1 .What are the 2 types of species diversity ? 2 . What is Biodiversity a ) It is environmental science c ) It is varieties of life on earth b ) It is subject in biology d ) is distinction in biology subject QUESTIOns

44. 3 . Biodiversity helps to maintain the food chain A) TRUE B) FALSE 4 . Q-5. ___________biodiversity   related to habitat in an area? a ) Genetic b) Ecosystem c ) Species d) All of above QUESTIOns

45. ANSWERS 1. Species richness AND Species evenness 2. c ) It is varieties of life on earth a)TRUE b ) Ecosystem

46. BIBLIOGRAPHY https://prepp.in/ https://byjus.com/ https://en.wikipedia.org/ https:// www.cbd.int/

47. THANK YOU