Levels of disease prevention

Epidemiology

1. Levels of disease prevention

2. Outline Introduction Determinants of disease prevention Types of levels of disease prevention Summary of levels of disease prevention Reference 03-Jun-21 2

3. Objective Understand concept of disease prevention Understand determinants of disease prevention Understand different levels of disease prevention 03-Jun-21 3

4. I ntroduction Disease prevention means to interrupt or slow the progression of disease. Fluctuation in patterns of morbidity and mortality over time in countries and the observation that migrants slowly develop the patterns of disease of host populations indicate that causes of disease are preventable. 03-Jun-21 4

5. Determinants of disease Prevention Successful prevention depends upon: Knowledge of causation, Dynamics of transmission, Identification of risk factors and risk groups, Availability of prophylactic or early detection and treatment measures. 03-Jun-21 5

6. Types of levels of disease preventions There are three level of preventions . 1. Primordial prevention 2. Primary prevention 3. Secondary prevention 4. Tertiary prevention 03-Jun-21 6

7. Primordial prevention It consists of actions to minimize future hazards to health. Focuses on inhibiting the establishment factors ( environmental ,economic, social, behavioral and cultural ) known to increase the risk of disease . 03-Jun-21 7

8. It addresses broad health determinants rather than preventing specific disease. Example : Government policy: Increasing taxes on cigarettes Physical activity 03-Jun-21 8

9. Primary prevention I s the action taken prior to the onset of disease, which removes the possibility that the disease will ever occur. Primary prevention keeps the disease process from becoming established by eliminating causes of disease or increasing resistance to disease. 03-Jun-21 9

10. Primary prevention has three components. Health promotion Prevention of exposure Prevention of disease 03-Jun-21 10

11. Health promotion C onsists of general non-specific interventions that enhance health and the body's ability to resist disease. Examples of health promotion are improvement of socio economic status, provision of adequate food, housing, clothing, and education. 03-Jun-21 11

12. Prevention of exposure I s the avoidance of factors which may cause disease if an individual is exposed to them. Examples can be provision of safe and adequate water, proper excreta disposal, and vector control. 03-Jun-21 12

13. Prevention of disease I s the prevention of disease development after the individual has become exposed to the disease causing factors. Immunization is an example of prevention of disease . Immunization does not prevent an infectious organism from invading the immunized host, but does prevent it from establishing an infection. 03-Jun-21 13

14. Secondary prevention Is the action which halts the progress of a disease at its incipient stage and prevents complications. Secondary prevention can be achieved through detecting people who already have the disease as early as possible and treat them. 03-Jun-21 14

15. The specific interventions are: early diagnosis (e.g. screening tests, and case finding programs….) and adequate treatment. It is carried out before the person is permanently damaged. Example: Prevention of blindness from Trachoma 03-Jun-21 15

16. Tertiary prevention All the measures available to reduce or limit impairments and disabilities, and to promote the patients’ adjustment to irremediable conditions. Needed in some diseases because primary and secondary preventions have failed, are not effective. T argeted towards people with permanent damage or disability. 03-Jun-21 16

17. It has two objectives: Treatment to prevent further disability or death. To limit the physical, psychological, social, and financial impact of disability. This can be done through rehabilitation , which is the retraining of the remaining functions for maximal effectiveness. 03-Jun-21 17

18. Example: When a person becomes blind due to vitamin A deficiency, tertiary prevention (rehabilitation) can help the blind or partly blind person learn to do gainful work and be economically self supporting. 03-Jun-21 18

19. S ummary of Levels of Prevention Stage of disease Level of prevention Type of response Pre-disease Primary Prevention Health promotion and Specific protection Latent Disease Secondary prevention Pre-symptomatic Diagnosis and treatment Symptomatic Disease Tertiary prevention Disability limitation for early symptomatic disease Rehabilitation for late Symptomatic disease 03-Jun-21 19