Liên từ although, even though, though, in fact that

CONJUNCTIONS

1. CONJUNCTIONS – Liên từ
1. ALTHOUGH/ EVEN THOUGH/ THOUGH : mặc dù … nhưng
ALTHOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/THOUGH + S + V, S + V
Note: không được dùng “but”
Although/Even though/Though + S + V, S + V
=
In spite of/ Despite + Cụm N/ Ving, S + V
In spite of/ Despite + the fact that + S + V, S + V
Cụm danh từ: a/ an/ the/ my/ his/ her/ your/ our/ their/ its + (ADV) + (ADJ) + N
In spite of/ Despite + Cụm danh từ: 2 MĐ không cùng S
In spite of/ Despite + Ving: 2 MĐ cùng S
Ex 1: Although the weather was awful, we decided to go camping.
→ In spite of the awful weather, we decided to go camping.
Ex 2: Although he got up early, he was late for the first train.
→ Despite getting up early, he was late for the first train.
2. BECAUSE: bởi vì
Because / For / As / Since / In that/ Now that / Seeing that + S + V, S + V
=
Because of / Owing to / Due to / On account of / As a result of + Cụm N / Ving, S + V
Ex: Because the road was icy, many accidents happened.
→ Because of the icy road, many accidents happened.

2. 3. SO ... THAT/ SUCH ... THAT: … đến mức (đến nỗi) …
S+ V + so + Adj/ Adv + that + S + V
=
S + V + so + Adj + a/ an + N + that + S + V
=
S + V + such + (a/ an) + Adj + N + that + S + V
Note: MĐ "such... that": N số nhiều hoặc N không đếm được → KHÔNG sử dụng "a/ an" sau "such... that".
MĐ "such... that": N số ít (đếm đc) → PHẢI dùng “a/ an”
Ex 1: She is so beautiful that many boys run after her.
→ She is so beautiful a girl that many boys run after her.
→ She is such a beautiful girl that many boys run after her.
N số nhiều hoặc N không đếm được sử dụng cấu trúc:
S + V + so + many /much + N + that + S + V
=
S + V + such + a lot of + N + that + S + V
Many (nhiều): được dùng cho N đếm được
Much (nhiều): được dùng cho N không đếm được
Ex 2: I have so much homework that I can't go out with you tonight.
→ I have such a lot of homework that I can't go out with you tonight.
4. CẤU TRÚC TOO/ ENOUGH
Cấu trúc “ENOUGH”: đủ để cho ai đó làm gì
S + V + Adj/ Adv + enough + to V (cùng S)
S + V + Adj/ Adv + enough + (for SB/ ST) + to V (≠ S)
S + V + enough + N (for SB) + to V
Ex 1: Nam is very tall. He can reach the top of the bookshelf.
→ Nam is tall enough to reach the top of the bookshelf.
Ex 2: This exercise is not difficult. He can do it.

3. → This exercise is not difficult enough for him to do.
Ex 3: I don’t have much money. I can’t buy this dress.
→ I don’t have enough money to buy this dress.
CẤU TRÚC TOO … TO: … quá … đến nỗi không thể.
S + V + too + Adj/ Adv + (for SB) + to V
Ex: This soup is very hot. We can’t eat it.
→ This soup is too hot for us to eat.
 Biến đổi câu TOO ↔ ENOUGH:
- V: Đảo ngược về thể của V.
KĐ → PĐ
PĐ → KĐ
- Adj: 2 câu (đề - câu trả lời) phải trái ngược nhau (easy → difficult)
Ex: The sea is too dirty for us to swim in.
→ The sea isn’t clean enough for us to swim in.
 Biến đổi câu TOO ↔ SO … THAT:
S + V + too + Adj/Adv + (for SB) + to V
=
S + V + so + Adj/Adv + that + S + can't/ couldn't + V + O
Ex 1: He is too intelligent to solve all the problems.
→ He is so intelligent that he can solve all the problems.
Ex 2: The weather was too awful (tệ) for us to go on a picnic.
→ The weather was so awful that we couldn't go on a picnic.
5. EITHER... OR/ NEITHER... NOR:
Either ... or (hoặc... hoặc): diễn tả sự lựa chọn khi nó đi với câu khẳng định.
Ex: You can come either today or tomorrow.
Either ... or (không ... không): diễn tả sự phủ định kép khi nó đi với câu phủ định
= Neither ... nor (không... cũng... không): diễn tả sự phủ định kép.
Neither ... nor: chỉ đi với câu khẳng định.

4. Neither + S1 Nor + S2
→ V chia theo S2
Either + S1 or + S2
Ex: She doesn't want to talk to either me or you. = She wants to talk to neither me nor you.
6. NOT ONLY... BUT ALSO: không những …. mà còn ...
S + V + not only + Adj + but also + Adj
S + V + not only + Adv + but also + Adv
S + V + not only + N + but also + N
S + not only + V + but also + V
Not only ... But also = Not only... But … as well
Ex: She is not only beautiful but also intelligent.
7. BOTH... AND: cả ... và / vừa … vừa
Both + S1 + and + S2 + V (số nhiều) (V1)
=
S1 + together with/ along with/ as well as/ accompanied by + S2 + V(S1)
Ex: Both my sister and my brother like playing chess.
= My sister as well as my brother likes playing chess.
S + V + both + Adj/ Adv + and + Adj/ Adv
Ex: Paul is both talented and handsome.

5. 8. SO: vì vậy
S1 + V1, SO + S2 + V2 = BECAUSE S1 + V1, S2 + V2
So: chỉ kết quả
Because: chỉ nguyên nhân
Ex: The weather was lovely, so we stayed in the garden.
= Because the weather was lovely, we stayed in the garden.
9. THEREFORE + S + V: do đó (chỉ kết quả)
Đứng sau dấu chấm phẩy [;] dấu chấm [.]
Đứng trước dấu phẩy [,]
Ex: He failed his driving test the first time. Therefore, he took it again.
= He failed his driving test the first time; he, therefore, took it again.
= He failed his driving test the first time and therefore he took it again.
AS A RESULT + S + V: kết quả là = Therefore
Ex: There was thick fog. As a result, our flight was delayed.
= There was thick fog, and as a result our flight was delayed.
10. BUT: nhưng (chỉ sự tương phản)
Ex: He was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the examination.
By the end of the day we were tired but happy
CÓ “but” ↔ KHÔNG CÓ “although, though, even though”.
Ex: Although he was intelligent, but he didn’t pass the examination. (SAI)
→ Although he was intelligent, he didn’t pass the examination. (ĐÚNG)
11. HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS (Nonetheless): tuy nhiên (chỉ sự tương phản)
 Được dùng sau dấu chấm [.] dấu chấm phẩy [;]
Ex: She was feeling bad. However, she went to school and tried to concentrate.
= She was feeling bad; however, she went to school and tried to concentrate.

6. However + Adj / Adv = No matter how … (cho dù đến thế nào đi nữa)
Ex: However hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion.
= No matter how hard he tried, he couldn’t get a promotion.
12. AS: trong khi (tương tự như “While”)
Ex: As he was driving home, he was stopped by the traffic police.
“As”, “Since” có thể dùng với ý nghĩa “Because”
Ex: As he lives near his office, he always walks to work. = Because he lives near his office…
Since she was tired, she refused to go out with us. = Because she was tired…
Adj / Adv + As / Though + S + V = Although….
Ex: Tired as we were, we tried to finish work before going home.
= Although we were tired, we tried to finish work before going home.
= Tired though we were, we tried to finish work before going home.
13. BESIDES, IN ADDITION (TO): ngoài ra, hơn nữa = “MOROVER”, “FURTHERMORE”
Ex: This job is interesting. In addition, it provides me with opportunities to go abroad.
Có thể dùng “besides”, “in addition to” như 1 giới từ
Ex: My wife and I have a lot of things in common besides music.
Besides / In addition to working as a teacher, she also plays violin in an orchestra.
14. LINKING WORDS (từ nối)
a. Otherwise / or else + S + V: trái lại, ngược lại
b. In case: trong trường hợp, phòng khi
Sau “in case” KHÔNG DÙNG “will” → THÌ HIỆN TẠI (với ý nghĩa tương lai)
Ex: I don’t want to go out in case my friend phones. (ĐÚNG)
I don’t want to go out in case my friend will phone. (SAI)
c. As long as, provided/ providing (that) …: miễn là

7. Khi nói về TL → KHÔNG ĐƯỢC DÙNG “will” sau “As long as, provided/ providing” → THÌ
HIỆN TẠI ĐƠN
d. “hardly…when…” = “no sooner…than…”: vừa mới … thì đã…
NO SOONER + had + S + V3-ed + THAN + S + Vqk
=
HARDLY / SCARCELY + had + S + V-3d + WHEN + S + Vqk
15. Purpose clause (mệnh đề chỉ mục đích): để
So that + S + V (can/ could + V1; will/ would +V1)
In order that + S + V (can/ could + V1; will/ would +V1)
Ex: I study hard so that I can pass the exam.
So as (not) (for SB) + to V1
In order (not) (for SB) + to V1
Ex: I study hard in order to pass the exam.
I study hard in order not to pass the exam.
Tommy spent some money in order to for his parents buy a new house.
For + N/ Ving: có thể dùng để chỉ mục đích
Ex: I went to a restaurant for dinner = I went to a restaurant to eat dinner.