liberalism in international relations for punjab university

Free to use

1. Liberalism
In International Relations Theory
Dmitry Pobedash
Ural State University

2. Outline
Major figures
The first IR paradigm
It takes all sorts to make the liberalism
Key concepts
A success story?

3. Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679)
“Leviathan” created to avoid war of all
against all
Individual sovereignty
surrendered to preserve
individual rights
The best solution –
monarchy!

4. John Locke (1632-1704)
All men are born free and equal
in rights to life, liberty, estate.
In civil society everyone surrenders
its sovereignty to community ruled
by separate executive and
legislative powers.
If the ruler breaks the social contract –
down with him!

5. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832)
Utilitarianism
“between the interests of nations
there is nowhere a real conflict”
“establish a common tribunal and the
necessity for war no longer follows
from the difference of opinion”
American Confederation,
Swiss League, German Diet

6. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Contemporary IR –“Lawless state of
savagery”
Transformation of individual consciousness
Republican constitutionalism
A federal contract between states to
abolish war –a permanent
peace treaty rather than a
superstate actor or world
government

7. Richard Cobden (1804-65)
The Apostle of Free Trade
Improve education, decrease military
spending, lower taxes
National hero for Corn Law, 1846
Traitor for campaign against the
Crimean War
Anglo-French Commercial Treaty,
1860

8. Herbert Spenser, (1820-1903)
Social Darwinism
The Organic Analogy, but
Differences between Society and
Body
Social Evolution
Military society –compulsory cooperation of
members
Industrial society –voluntary
Ethical state –common resources to perfect
human character

9. The Happy Gang
John Atkinson Hobson
Norman Angell
Alfred Eckhardt Zimmern
James Thomson Shotwell
Pitman Potter

10. The Birth of a Discipline
justice to all peoples and
nationalities, and their right
to live on equal terms of
liberty and safely with one
another, whether they be
strong or weak.
The day of conquest and aggrandizement is gone by...
The first Chair of International Relations,
in University of Wales, Aberystwyth

11. Woodrow Wilson
The only President with a Ph.D.
President of Princeton University,
1902-10
The 14 points –address to Congress,
January 1918
The first sitting President to visit
Europe
Women and blacks are excluded

12. 14 points
1.Open covenants openly arrived at
2.Freedom of the seas in peace and war
3.Remove all economic barriers to trade
4.Reduction of national armaments
5.A readjustment of all colonial claims
6.Leave Russia alone
7.Evacuate and restore Belgium
8.Restore France, return Alsace-Lorraine

13. 14 points
9. Readjust Italian frontiers along national
lines
10. Self-determination for peoples of
Austria-Hungary
11. Redraw boundaries of Balkan states
along historically established lines of
nationality
12. Self-determination for peoples under
Turkish rule

14. 14 points
13. Independence for Poland with free
access to the sea guaranteed by
international covenant
14. Form a general association of nations
under specific covenants to afford mutual
guarantees of political independence and
territorial integrity to great and small
states alike.

15. Three Images
Individual
State
System

16. The Three Images
Images Who, whenCauses of war How to make
peace
Human
nature
R. Cobden
mid-19
th
c.
Govts intervene at
home and abroad,
disturb natural
order
Indiv. liberty, free
trade, prosperity,
interdependence
The stateW. Wilson
early 20
th
c.
Undemocratic
nature of intntl.
politics, esp. foreign
policy and balance
of power
National self-
determination,
open govts
respond to public
opinion, collective
security
Structure
of system
J. Hobson
early 20
th
c.
Balance of power
system
World govt. with
powers to mediate
and enforce
decisions

17. Liberalism in
•Economics
•Domestic politics
•International relations:
–Liberal internationalism
–Idealism
–Liberal institutionalism

18. Liberal Internationalism
A law-governed international society
can emerge without a world govt.
The progress of freedom depends on
maintenance of peace, spread of
commerce and diffusion of education
Human society can be based on natural
order

19. Liberal Internationalism
Natural harmony in relations by ‘the
invisible hand’ of laissez faireeconomic
principles
By pursuing self-interest actors
inadvertently promote public good
Capitalism is natural and inherently
pacific
Economic interdependence fosters peace

20. Idealism
Peace is not natural but must be
constructed
Domestic analogy –international
governance must use the same
procedures
Collective security rather than alliance
system (collective defence)
Teaching what ought to beand not
just what is –Wilson Chair

21. Liberal Institutionalism
Transnational cooperation needed to
resolve common problems
Cooperation in one sector would
extend range of collaboration
Growing integration increases the
‘cost’ of withdrawal from cooperative
ventures
Pluralism of actors

22. Key Concepts of Liberalism
Collective security
Democratic peace and democracy
promotion
Integration and interdependence
Rule of law, human rights
Normative element in theory
Pluralism of actors
World government

23. Liberal Successes
The League of Nations
•The ILO, the Health Organization, the
Mandates Commission
•Political disputes resolved
Finland-Sweden, Germany-Poland, Greece-
Bulgaria, Turkey-Iraq, Bolivia-Paraguay,
Peru-Colombia
Apprenticeship for the UN
The English School of IR

24. The First Great Debate
Reinhold Niebuhr. Moral Man and
Immoral Society, 1932
Edward Carr. The Twenty Years’
Crisis, 1939
Frederick Schuman
Georg Schwarzenberger