libro de ingles preparatoria abierta parte 1

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1. Inglés VI

PREPARATORIA ABIERTA

2. ‘Acknowledgement .
Preface
Methodology. .
‘Assumed Knowledge .

Unit XLI
General Objectives
Module 1

Particular Objectives

41.1.1, What About Exporting .

41.1.3. Structures
41.1.4, Special Difficulties

3. 95

«07 45.9.2. Vocabulary
. 103
104
105
A
1 Obectves , ¿so 10
stes! Train in the Word : er: 5.10.11. Steel Past, Present and Future. (Part
; oe an . ee io 45.10.2. Vocabulary $
4353 Structures + P 45.103 Structures
ul ‘ N 2 u 5.104. increasing your Vocabulary.
A 121 45.10.5. Translation »
uot > 121 Answers to exercises .
Particular Objectives... seed
rei i Train in the World. (Part Two) 1 FI Amin
4362 Vocabulary... À oe 3 General Objectives .
% A Module 11 wee
43.63. Structures ..-
1 mee QU Particular Objectives .
nn ee an 46.11.1. Comets (Part One)
Anse tomers coo Bel. a Ae ce
141 48 46.114. Special Difficulties:
Uni ie ee Bos i & 46.1.5. Translation
a General Öbjectives .... N : 12 are
Module7 ...... » . ° oe À Particular Objectives.
Particular Objectives . 1 46.12.1. Comets (Part Two) .
44.7.1. American's most Popular Pastime: Moving... . 145. 46.122 Vocabulary.
44.72. Vocabulary . + tu . 6.12.3. Structures
4473, Structures i À x + 151 i 46.124. Increasing your
447.4, Special Ditfic en e 4 . 155 à 46.12.5. Special Difficulties
44.7.5. Translation Bean. : 150, 00 46.126. Translation
+ FRS . 161 * Answers to exercises .
anil: Objectives 161 fi
a Anata mos Popular Pastime: Moving (Part Two), or Unit XLVI na
44 lay... 167 ae General Objectives.
Structures ..... ä 169 Module 13.
3 cw aa E ech E
2 Baier New Tendencies diet ee
177 f 47.132. Vocabulary
47.133, Structures
Pe 47.134 Special Difficulties

186 | ‘47.135. Translation +
187 À Module 14. x
Particular Objectives.

4. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

5. ing

PREFACE

understanding, speaking, reading

re obliged

d writ

METHODOLOGY

the general objectives. They
ce | have

6. : ssage for a complete
section, reread the pas

doing the vocabulary 5

“understanding.

special difficulties sections. Do not
designed to give

ir ion to do later. This text Is
jump ahead leaving a section

in ec in each unit-if you y
Pod preso what is needed to understand later sections of the unit,

2 ‘Continue with the structure en

10 the workbook and do all the work

© B After each unit is completed, go t
ES onen Kbook without first having done the

in that unit. Do not use the worl
‘work in the text.

9. Time: this text is designed to be used in one semester (16 weeks) and
fora minimum of 15 minutes each day, in the following manner:

‘ALA. (two reedings) 15 min. on Ist day
A.1.1. vocabulary exercises. 15 min. on 2nd day
ALZA. vocabulary exercises 15 min. on 3rd day
31. structure exercises 15 mín. on 4th day
ALT. special difficulties 15 min. on 5th day
AS... translation exercises

on 6th day
on 7th day
on 8th day
15 min. on 9th day
15 min, on 10th day

questions.
821.11. vocabulary exercises

ff. translation exercises

of answers for unit 16 min. on 11th day

15 min. on 12th day
15 min. on 13th day
15 min. on 14th day

it in both text and

e, if at ail

possible, and not after. Viewing of programs with :
well as programs for previous units will give you
trying to obtain, A

Evening radio talk shows, drama and news programs on stations
KTRH (710), KRLA (800) can be heard very clearly in the
Republic; Radio VIP in central Mexico and on the west
(640) can give you substantial listening practice. Cable TV
can be an invaluable tool. And lastly, English-spoken
(without reading the subtitles) will be a great aid if:

the “cowboy” film and the “gangster” film are usuall
non-standard English and are of little help to the stud
thehistorical or biographical movie is usually written

dard English-the English spoken by commentators on
and television as well as the majority of English speak
have your equivalent level of education.

7. ‘This text assumes the following knowledge and ability:

a)
b)
o

d)

e)

9)

Use of all tenses and moods,
Use of all major structures in English. —

Writing ability in the above points.
Ability to read passages from 300 10 700
lating into Spanish for comprehension. |

Ability to reproduce in speech all of

ably slower pace than native speakers. and with
À passive vocabulary (ability 10 recognize
words. $

8. À … Any text is only as good as the results it gives. Students, teachers,
~ tutors and those who wish to use this text but are not part of the Open
“Preparatory are invited to direct any suggestion to the Didactic Material.
jent of the Open Preparatory in order to improve its structure OF
Finally, we wish you, good luck!

9. General Objectives

studying tis unit, he student will be able 10

“Understand the readings included in 41. tend 41.21

“Use correctly in oral and written forms, the words included in 41.1,2,

41.22. and 41.2.4

10. Use the structures included in 41.1.3, and 41.2.3.

AO, Use tfcienty in oral and writen forms, the words and expressions
mn. included in 41.1.4

O Translate the sentences and paragraphs included in 41.1.5, and 41.2.5,

10. 4111. WHAT ABOUT EXPORTING? À o

AS re

domestic market and is certain his product is of good quality, it is
Jor him to start considering becoming an exporter. It is time to enl
market.

Certainly, as a beginner, the exporter needs the help of a com
_ advisor. It wil foe the first experience easier and more
Phonupionesicwee

have paid attention to some points about the market and the go
has tobe, sure his product is of top quality, easily available

priced. "Also,

Trade Section of the Commerce Department in each

* reports from almost every country in the world,

11. nit oF mo
jvised to make a VI

x wold ee oa hens of an agent

who could work for the exporter

er this, the exporter
‘country he has choser
h the Foreign Trade Section, who
iy in that country.

oy about who and how powerful

= information

“tariffs, demand and quotas in different countries

Now comes the mlöst Important part: sli
This stage requires great effort. It is necessary
competition.

ing the product successfully.
to work very hard to beat

The quality of the product must be tested constantly. Together with
“this, prices must be kept lower than those of competitors. Also, an export
ler should never forget the importance of filling orders on time, as well as
spare parts, if necessary. These points have to be watched most carefully.

‘After a general understanding of market conditions, it is necessary to
‘observe some other details.

‘As one can imagine, the difference in language might become an

"obstacle if not considered properly. It is important to offer all the instruc
“ions or description of the product in the foreign, country's language a8,

well es all the information related to labeling, marking, advertising and
import requirements.

re
These aspects might seem like secondary elements but a well directed
“advertising campaign can be more convincing than just a low price,

7 Of the other hand, it will be convenient 1 have a person or a Group.
avallabla who will be well related and informed about the
documentation and the import regulations established by the
every foreign country,
| Still some 1
‘ ‘other persons will be in charge of the shipping and packing
Y from country to country.

Thus, to become an exporter itis not
Product to start working. The exporter has to.
Specialized persons who will help him in checki

exporting,

Particular Objective 1.0. ?
‘COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

411.11. Answer the following questions, based on the
complete statements, Sat

What are some of the points an exporter has to |
before he star qe

2)

4. What can be considered essentially
successfully?

12. To send (commodities) to other
sale, exchange or gift, Bt x00
evrercta eternal, |
foreign trade Buying and ads
moe ert Comer ©
Coaching 100 pura a pod

labeling The mo of oh 1

sites oan

=a)
Dre 9

Now, study the same

Periopo= Stame
Cl punto en abte
Doseph Ere iad

13. ping PY ON erything related to

sh
big companies do tei PP 1

in touch with the Croswel

are very efficient

Particular Objective 2.0.
the word that best completes. each

1. Choose from the |

shipping
advertising

goods y:
commercial advisor
market

for plastic products,

= 1. I've heard there is à good

"understand people use them very much.

Now that my product is. NN start exporting it

“The sales were low because of a deficient_— method:

| They'll do the by air.

This department is in Chäfge of all the. They will

mark the information in English, French, German and Spanish.

To have the capital and the product is not enough to.

7, We have to consider. expenses when we think of the:

cost of the product. guetos

j, He got a masters in foreign trade. Now he works as a.
for the government

influences the econom

10. I need the market reports for these.

y of a country

41.13. STRUCTURES

END PUNCTUATION: THE PERIOD, THE QUESTI
THE EXCLAMATION POINT. ’

End punctuation signals the end of a sentence. There

of signals at the end of a statement: The Period, the
the Exclamation Point,

NOTICE the use of the period in the following paragraph: —

"This agent will find information about who and
competition is. He can also get information about
tan, tri, demand and quotas n feet coun

# THE PERIOD (pe

den fs rect
The period Aisually marks the end of a statement or

wish or cc

Observe the examples:

|__| WORD OR GROUP OF WORDS: Good. Certainly.
2 000 STATEMENT: Mr. Knight will visit Sri Lanka |
baie WISH: / would like to work as a comr

Mars

COMMAND: Do not forget to pay all your

# 4 o
2. A period is generally used «
B.C., eg. and so forth. Example:

Dr. Chimbel performed an excellent operation.

In general, abbreviations of govermental and
not take periods: FBI, UNESCO, NATO, and other

14. {you only have one or a few words ‘added in parenthesis

ee
lod to designate a decimal, to separate dollars and cents in a

d to precede cents written alone.

‘My books cost $45.80 altogether. b) $ i

$ 1.80

‘Objective 3.0.

FAN. Mark the necessary periods in the following paragraph.
Fr, Joseph E Tyndale, Ph D, glanced at the sign which said “Fourth
Aye"! and wondered how he had lost his way The siren sounded
= ouder and louder

=. “Stop” he vaguely heard someone shout “You are headed wrong on a
one-way street What's wrong with you? Are you deaf or drunk?

Er

41.1.4, SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES,

41.1.4, Idiomatic Expressions, —

Observe the following idiomatic expressions
meaning. Do not try to understand each
unit of meaning,

Ce >
all in all = sto Considers,

0122 to be about to pie
allset Nine e

all at once —

all over the place — Dispersad, widely

Ss Voce nl ie VE

15. vt have any money at all.
Mis. Reed didn't pay any attention to the import reas
“Later, her company was in trouble.
They haven't had any communication with the plane, as yet.
How is he bearing up after his son's death?
| You have to bear the grief. That's all
All at once Jennifer left. | couldn't see her
Everybody was taking notes, all at once, the teac her fainted.
‘There were credit applications al/ over the place.
We just couldn't enter the building. The police were all over the

place. '

ulations at all

Particular Objective 4.0.

411.41. Complete the following sentences with the correct idiomatic
expression. Observe the meaning in parenthesis.

1. 1 just couldn't sit down. There was dust (12 ||. (everywhere)

2. One of my friends DXi 10 and the plans failed. (didn’t keep
his promise)

3. It was impossible to ship the goods_ [|| 2 - Un any manner)

4, She was 2 || fall from the tree. (almost fell down)

5. Mr. Sanders is@'°\ Uy after his company went bankrupt. (enduring)

6, LLL. the advertising was successful. (considering everything)

702 there was a crash. (suddenly)

‘a Your agent's information has to be. limmediately available)
|. Although everything was he didn’t i c

y 22222 he didn't sign the contract. (prepared)
10. EEES haven't found a commercial advisor. (up to now)

41.15, TRANSLATION

guage.

translation. First, there will be some sentences to be translated using the
dictionary and keeping, to a certain extent, the same structure given.
Later, in the second section of the unit, there will be a paragraph to |
translated, but giving its general idea and having more freedom of st

Particular Objective 5.0.

41.15.1. Now, translate the following sentences giving the special meaning

At this stage, you will practice two types of comprehension throu

‘of the idiomatic expression used. Use your dictionary.

All in all | am not able to understand his reasons for quitting (his
job). Pes:

The tolophone rang, all at once the baby woke UP.

John backed out and refused to go with us. TE
The accident was terrible. There were dead people all over the places

Everything was all set for shipping the goods when they let us kn

about the strike,

His elderly mother couldn't bear this.

Jaa vet, Mr. Simpson hasn't been told about the fie.

16. ‘Answer with complete statements, the q
reading: “Financing Exports”.

Choose from a given list the word that
and change what is required.

Put the necessary punctuation marks, ac
sentences, with:

a. period
b. question mark.

Change the wt
suffixes -INCE and -ANCE.

17. 41.21. FINANCING EXPORTS

Le
Many times when exporting, it is necessary to sell on open account. This
is safer to do in the domestic market, but if the customer's credit is good,
there is nothing to worry abo

The customers bank will send the bank a letter of credit. As 4
the terms of the sales contract have been fulfilled and the customer has —
received the goods, the exporter can get paid.

Also, the exporter has to show the bank an invoice, an insurance
certificate and a set of on-board bills of lading or air waybills, so they can
know the goods have been delivered. If an irrevocable letter of credit can M
be obtained from the customer it will be still better. One can say that itis 77
just like paying in cash y

‘world, Wall Street con be seen atthe unper Weft The M
‘be aren at the Bottom.

New York: The financial capital of the
docks hich receive millons of impor can

18. different types of payment, maybe the
nt draft, that means he can ask for
ds, although his customer has not

D On the other hand, as to the
‘can agree 10 be paid by a sid
(payment as soon as he forwards the
feceived the merchandise

3
|

er asks to pay with time drafts. In this
m but payment is put off for 30,

Some other times, the custo’
case, he can get the goods and u
(60, or 90 days as agreed in advanı

Seen from another point of view, the financing of exports can be
Gore by going to these three organizations in our country: the national
tional banks with offices in our country and the govern:
Instituto Mexicano de Comercio Exterior.

ments exporting office: IMCE,

The national banks usually have, in large cities, offices for aiding
prospective exporters. These offices are generally found at the main offices
and not at local branches.

International banks often have exporting offices located in the capi-
tals of mast countries. The financing of exports is generally easier when
dealing with a bank from the country to which you are going to export. It
is obvious that, a Canadian bank would know Canadian commerce much
better than an American bank would,

Our country, like all other countries who export, maintains a special
office to help exporters finance their shipments. Information is collected
by the embassies of the government in all foreign countries on a regular
basis and the government's exporting office has, therefore, current in-
formation on market conditions, import regulations

import regulations and transportation
problems.

Which to choose from will depend upon the
upon the product, a
needed information p market and

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Particular Objective 1.0.

. Can an exporter sell his products abroad on open

"Brazilian bank than with a Canadian one?

why there is nothing to worry about in doing so-

Explain how a sight draft works.
Explain how a time draft works.

Explain the necessity and usefulness of credit
according to your own criteria.

FF you were exporting to Brazil, why would yOu re

In our country, what is the

What are some factors an exporter should cons
financing office for his shipments?

19. 41.22. VOCABULARY

lo enos
open account A ore di selling

20. Merian is out of dato already. Call the insurance

rat oncas Y yi ++

sec called saying the merchandise was late

ping company will give me a set of on-board bills of lading

forward the goods to my customer,

Yo peat e

the are sent by
g sent.

air. air waybills are issued as a proof of their

M À letter of reat a written promise to pay, but with an irrevocable
> letter of Credit the promise can't be cancelled without the agreement
“of everyone concerned. Therefore it is a better way of assuring pay:

ee

4 0) aa!

“The Signoret Company asked to pay with a sight draft

'agreed to pay in 60 days, so we signed a time draft. |, ALAN

lao

air waybill
letter of credit

sight draft

irrevocable letter of credit
time draft

aetna Said ere could be nothing to do if the

eo ht, MST will protect your sale.

LOG

\ RE

arróndo |, panes

Amar depa

The seller has to present a description of +
present an.
4, He said the.
a different size.
Mr. Spikes wants to pay in
u contract.
6, It's always useful to sell on ——
7. The credit manager said Mr. Harrison only

‘but our company asked for an
cancelled. y
To pay with a is a popular method.
9. An. informs the ‘customer the ha

21. Donn HMS ale
Where were you at 12:30 on the

BUT:

NOTE: In English there is no question mark :
E:

22. necessary question marks in the following sentences,

what he wants 10 Sella

cer's birth and death are probably 13464400

if Alice is coming Y x,
are Jackie, Bob and the children?

THE EXCLAMATION POINT

Stop the bus! That's terrible!

1 exclamation point after an expression imitative of a violent,

A shot was heard in the middle of the night.

use two end punctuation marks together

Fk the correct end punctuation in the following paragraph.

Grant usually feebHe was a romantic ñ
>: by nature But life in M
had Prevented hi from having adventure He had gone to

23. 41.24. INCREASING YOUR VOCABULARY -
y ) FA
i

y COUN Bh .
The ending -ENCE and -ANCE can change verbs
meaning of “an action or state resulting from

Particular Objective 4.0.

41.2.4.1. Write the noun form of the
-ance.

24. O == fromstheneng

34 neg of the work.

us toward a special room to give

They caused by

lus secret information about the —
‘the bomb.

41.25. TRANSLATION,

Particular Objective 5.0.

Read the following paragraphs several times. —

41.2.5.1. Make a free translation from the

Besides having a product in ane
requirements a busi a
successful exporter den
DIE gen agian be Can Je
RUE RO rN Unde are he Bl
which may influence his enterprise.

Ue sav

Second, he must be able luate
CRE

Third, he must know how.

25. Answers to exercises

MODULE 1

aa

1. What are some of the points an exporter has to pay attention to
before he starts selling his product abroad?
He must have observed some points about the market and the
product.

2. Having a good product and the necessary capital is not enough to
become an exporter. Explain.
The exporter has to check several different facts and information
about the market conditions and import regulations. He must work
with a group of trained persons who will help him.

3, How can an agent help the exporter in the foreign country?
He will find information about competition, selling conditions, tariffs,
demand and other aspects of exporting to that country.

4. What can be considered essentially necessary to sell the product suc:
cessfully?
The quality of the product must be tested constantly, the prices must
be kept lower than those of competition and the orders must be
filled promptly.

5, Do you consider it necessary to use the language. of the country the:
product is being exported to for all the instructions, labeling and
other information about the product? Why?

Yes, becouse the better the customer understands the information
‘about the product, the more frequently he buys it.

6. What are some of the “secondary elements” in exporting? Wny ata
they not secondary?

The difference in language, labeling and advertising methods. They a
Tor secondary because sometimes they can influence directly on the
successtul selling of the product, like doing a good advertising cam-
paign.

53

26. heard there is a good market. for plastic products. | understand
"people use them very much. : ;

22 Now that my product is in demand II start exporting Wes
The sales were low because of a deficient advertising me
They'll do the shipping by ai
“This department is in charge of all the /ab
information in English, French, German and Spanish.
Yo have the capital and the product is not enough 10 exper: BE
Wie have to consider packing expenses when we think of the cost of the
product.

8. He got a masters in foreign trade. Ni

advisor for the government

Foreign trade influences the economy of a country.

[need the market reports for these goods.

ling, They will mark the

low he works as a commercial

10.

411.31.

Dr. Joseph E. Tyndale, Ph. D., glanced at the sign which said “Fourth Ave.”
‘and wondered how he had lost his way. The siren sounded louder and
louder.

"Stop" he vaguely heard someone shout. “You are headed wrong on a
(Oneway street. What's wrong with you? Are you deaf or drunk? Why didn't
you stop when you heard the siren? ”

411.4.
1. | just couldn't sit down. There was dust all over the place.
2. One of my friends backed out and the plans failed
3. It was impossible to ship the goods at all
4, She was about to fall from the tree.
5. Mr. Sanders is bearing up after his company’s bankruptcy.

6. All in all the advertising was successful,

7. Allatonce there was a crash,
four agent's information has to be at your finger tips.

> ‘everything was all set he didn’t sign the contract.

As yet, haven't found a commercial advisor.

411.51.

De ninguna manera puedo entender sus razones,

41211
a

Dos

El teléfono sonó; inmediatamente el niño despertó.

ua e ego ro iit an pss 3
accidente fue terrible. Había muertos, partes.

Todo estaba Tito par er rear ee ido ne

la huelga,

‘Su anciana madre no pudo soportar esto.

Todavía no se le ha dicho al Sr. Simpson acerca del fuego.

Crei que lo tenía en mis manos, sin embargo lo perdí.

El acuerdo comercial está por firmarse. zo

(El) no tiene idea de lo que es exportar.

"> MODULE 2

Name some of the requirements to be fulfilled so the
paid by his bank as soon as his customer receives the goods.
To have a letter of credit, to fulfill the terms of the sales €
show an invoice, an insurance certificate and a set of ai

Can an exporter sell his products abroad on open

why there is nothing to worry about in doing so.

before.

Explain how a sight draft works.

Here, the exporter can ask for

goods. ;
Explain how a time draft works. + US
This is when the customer asks to pay in a period of
after he receives the goods. NA
Talk about the necessity and usefulness of credit
according to your own criteria.

27. 2
the exporting offices of the national banks

ties.
in the main offices of large ci
"if you were exporting to Brazil, why would you rather deal with a
Brazilian bank than with a Canadian one?
‘A bank from the country | am exporting to WOU
much better than another one.
'9. Inour country, what is the governma
The IMCE.
10. What are some factors an exporter
financing offices for his shipment?
The product, market and needed information.

do you usually find

‚Id know the market
ts exporting office called?

should consider when choosing the

41,221.

1. The transport company said there could be nothing to do if the sender
Jost his on-board bills of lading.

2 In case of loss, fire or theft, an insurance certificate will protect your
sale.

The seller has to present a description of the goods to the bank. He'll
present an invoice.

4. He said the merchandise was not right. All the products were of a
different size.

5. Mr. Spikes wants to pay in 90 days. We have agreed on a time draft

contract.

{t's always useful to sell on open account,

‚The credit manager said Mr. Harrison only accepted to give a letter of

‘credit, but our company asked for an irrevocable letter of credit, so his,

‘credit was cancelled,

8 To pay with a sight draft is a popular method.
9. Anair waybill informs the customer the merchandise was sent by air.

=>

41231

don't know what he wants to sell,
Do you really mean that?

Chaucer's birth and death are
probably 1340 (2
wonder if Alice is coming, gs

Where are Jackie, Bob and the children?

1400 (? )

“How did Grant usually feel? He was a romantic by
York had prevented him from having adventure. He had ¢
and known many things, but none of his wanderings had done any
knew just what he would find at the end of every street.
everything was! What was he to do now? He would like to |
there was no hope of even that in a city he knew so welll ”

41241.
insistence, reference, confidence preference, appearance, allow

ence, maintainance, avoidance, performance, difference,
ance, disturbance, aboundance, coincidence.

41242.

asking me to sing. His insistence was so strong that | had top

there. When she appeared on stage the first time, her confidence ha

insist on having their guidance from the very beginning of the work. Te
guided us toward a special room to give us the secret information about the
disturbance caused by the bomb.

412,
“Además de tener un producto con demanda, exkten
adicionales que el hombre de negocios debe observar en el
a ser un exportador.

Primero, debe entender las relaciones económicas.
influir en su empresa.

Segundo, debe saber evaluar los recursos de su industria Y
necesidades del mercado internacional.

rercero, debe saber hacer uso y aprovechar los medios y n
prit "racionales e internacionales de exportación
oferta a la demanda del mercado mundial.

(Nota: consulte con su asesor.)

29. General Objectives

jing this unit, the student will be able 10

à the readings included in 42.3.1. and 42.4 1

in oral and written forms, the words included in 42.3.2.

| Use the structures included in 42.3.3. and 42.4.3.

) Use efficiently in oral and written forms, the words and expressions

“included in 42.3.4. and 42.4.4.

O, Translate the sentences and paragraphs included in 423.5. and 42.4.5.

. Answer with complete statements, the

"Films".

1. Choose from a given list the wort
iven list the word t
‘and change what is required. bare

30. 423.1. FILMS,

Have you ever wondered, when yo:

see a good film, or one that you
don’t like

gles and efforts that wer led 10 produce

at all, the great stru

iv

Ever sinc

man began to know himself, he tried to represent figures in
movement and he produced drawings of animals in progressive movements,

of different positions, in mpt to suggest the

We can see these experiments in primitive paintings found in caves,
where man tried to synthesize the concept of movement represented. More
elaborate representations, with the same intention, can be seen in paintings
and bas-relief in Egypt, Syria and in the capitals of Romanesque columns.

sy Vatenino, seen here with Vilma Bank in 1926, was discovery Hollywood and ne

63

31. which could be considered

3 ee aorical facts +

Interesting points and NS of the cinema are the repetitive
preisen in te relator OG he Amen-ia Temple
movements, on the

i ‘rom a vehicle in action, give the
Egypt. These figures, seen

on of movement.

ed the theory of a
K Roger Bacon, announ

E za oe bis er na Da Viel invented a dark camera; but it

ea kanasius Kircher, who in 1645 constructed the first

en mething very similar to 2 projector. This lantern was great

D ine Frenchman Jacques Charles Final, in the year 1895, NB

‘Gama wes officially born when the Lumière brothers, Auguste and Loulss

cena in Paris the "cinematcgraphe”, and organized the fist projections
of their films

“The device constructed by them was used for printing, projecting and
making copies: a dream to which several scientists had devoted their time for
halt a century.

The first films portrayed family life; scenes from work done in a
factory, and everyday images. The projections were a success.

[At the beginning there were mostly documentaries, but little by little,
‘Stories began to be filmed and not only the French film industry became

popular, but also the Italian films which generally dealt with historical
themes,

3 ‘Soon the film industry in the United States became important and the

© Best European directors and actors were hired. In a few years they con
oo Hollywood was born and great actors like Charles
1, Douglas Fairbanks, Mary Pickford and Rudolph Valentino, were

h
= Different genres were created: westerns, comedies, detective stories,
Next, came the efforts to give sound to movies After several

‘the sound track with the "vitaphone system” was shown In

with sound, on October 6, 1927, The Jazz Singer, a musical film

New York, It was a great success and led to more exp
culminated with the realization of the talking picture The La
in 1929.

Many of the actors were against this innovation, arguing thet
sound would diminish acting, but good directors, like the French Ränd
showed that a good talking picture could be done, without |
interfere with photography or dialogues impoverishing images
However some austndi figures ofthe sent o
adapting themselves to new sound system,
industry and failed. Pape

COMPREHENSION QUESTIONS

Particular Objective 1.0

42.3.1.1. Write the answers to the following questions, b
give complete statements.

8 op

oo

33. dialogues and appropriate music do not diminish a film, they
“increase its value.
We should never Hd in other people's lives. ’

losers ı
Not dnd money wisely may impoverish you."
“There are many outstanding directors in Italy.
Particular Objective 2.0.

423,21. Choose the word that best fits in the incomplete sent
making any necessary changes.

tence below,

deal outstanding
portray interfere
struggle diminish
argue device
hire impoverish
4. They have a new gardener.
2. You all morning and did not get anything cleared up.

3. It is sometimes difficult to with youngsters.

4, Japan has contributed with many.
matographic art.

5. That millionaire very hard when he was young.

6. They thought good advice would_ his expenses.

7. Sound did not. with images in the film.
8, That prosperous country after the terrible earthquake,
= Many electric help the modern housewife.
10, Children usually their parents’ attitude.

films in the cine M

423.3. STRUCTURES

PUNCTUATION =
SOME USES OF THE COMMA
“Ths wine oe is to help make clear
suggesting a slight separat
ee cc
Its better to use as few commas as possible, and stil
ve writing fewer commas are used than in
Formal writing generally uses more commas than MTS
1) In a compound sentence, à comma is generally

coordinating conjunetion (and, but, for, or, nor, yet, so) that |
independent clauses of a compound sentence. nn

Ex: When you see a good film |
consider the efforts needed to

They tried to produce good films after the
a "new situation that prevailed.

Commas are used
2) To set off interrupting elements E

a) fees hat suggest parentesis expr

34. of

The film we saw was, of course, a western.

don't think he is a good actor, after all, he is only a child.

The new film, by the way, is only for adults.

'b) When words like: well, no, oh, yes; are used, they are separated by

Ex: No, that actress never got married.

Well, I guess we'd better buy the tickets for the film tomorrow.
Yes, we thought The Godfather was better than Godfather II.
mc} Attached questions are also set off by commas:

They didn't go to the theater, did they?

Elizabeth Taylor is going to get a divorce, isn't she?

The Oscar Award takes place in April, doesn't it?

Spectacular films are sometimes a failure, aren't they?

md) When conjunctive adverbs like: however, moreover, nevertheless,
“come in the middle of a sentence or clause, they are considered parentheti-
» ea and are set off by commas.

Minelli tried to imitate her mother at the bi
in eginning, moreover,
‘many people think she is greater than her mother now,

3) Words, phrases and clauses in a series are

: When they go to the movies, the)
hot dogs, popcorn and cokes. | allie bs

The children, the girls, and the bo)
Bae Vs, were enjoying t

They were very enthusiastic about the experimental
they had chosen, who was going to work, and where
their film, É z

4) Comma ae between ro or mr ti et ;

Ex.: Itwas a warm, bright, sunny day.

The actress was a young, beautiful, nice and talented girl. En
o 20-50. Nenn

Particular Objective 3.0.

42.33.1. Mark the necessary commas in the following

They saw the movigbut
They didn't ae

35. romanticisweey beautiful and appropriate for the film, 423.4, SPECIAL DIFFICULTIES

sof the film wasjof courseyLove Story.

IDIOMATIC EXPRESSIONS. The following
1 hi omati
very particular meaning and should be Heu i

nen cinema by the wayp very nice place.
SOME cad

BEY peter showed “The Last. Tango in Paris“ here. YOu SNS
't you? & £

Entyo To change one's To have a different opinion or

mind.) 9 rience baton 1

pe A
weather. PE res
To finura aye ne

otero, erroneo
To fill out. To write, to answer a questiona
(ondeora La) Prem i
To foo! around To waste time, to tese,
redes el Aden ‘
To keep aneye To watch. ey RN
ena ja m) rar Armital ( ed
Tohaveon Tower, to be dressed with.
hante 3
In order to
ner. un
To look for
ya buscas
To look out for To
ae

re should make more good films.
The film industry in Mexico could be bettergouldn't it? b

in
They say howevergthat the “Oscar” is an economical prize,and not an
artistic one.

It is better to
el mt de

36. ‚nswors for the exam.

teacher is explaining . Same girls like to

1, When it is cold, it is good
} = a bring your raincoat, you will |

‘ou have to E
pe ‘the problems, (un

after)

lai gum de
s usually foo! around End don’t study enough
is nice to foo! around once in a while.

5
dreds oh ur
10 keep an eye on your students during the exam.

he children go swimming, | have to Keep an eye on them.
dote a

‘Rose had a beautiful new dress on last night
WA ‘have on their uniforms at school
end Y

You have to study hard in order to be successful.
‘They listened to their teacher's pronunciation in of
| phrases yoo x eN 3
À Lee

“He went to look for a new job 1965 reba
“When the semester begins, girls /ook for boys. $

der to repeat the

a credit application. (write)
—— your luggage. (watch)

> (be careful)

ve Americas 10 freedom. (seek)

—_ to finish, (so that)

37. 423.5. TRANSLATION

Particular Objective 5.0.

42.3.1. Translate the following sentences trying 10 give |
ing of the idiomatic expressions used. Consult yon

39. 42.4.1. FILMS, PART TWO

mmunication difficult between countries,
great inf country which
ence was Italy.

cinema
which predominated

h the scarcity of

in the country at that time.

Citizen Kane as one of the twelve Best ms eo

1068,

81

40. Huston and popularity,

the Gems reached its widest ©
devtaged their own fen ind:

beng ml Re ambiguity and complet, sa
which have jstified once more, he damian
seventh of the fine arts, after paint "Y,

and dance

en. Some of he most important ones

Locamo, Bera, Sen Setasian and ove E
2 pate with tear best productions and these festivals testify to the

| derciogmen and adress the cinema has aires throughout the years.

ln 1958, 116 Sim critics of 26 different countries gathered in Brussels

© an chine the ture best pictures produced. They were: Intolerance (1916),
ine by Dovid Wi. Griffith from the Unites States; Dr. Caligari’s Cabinet
(1910) by Pater: Were, from Germany. Lust (1923-24) by Erich von
Stechem, from the United States, The Last One (1924) by Friederich W_
Maras, trom Germany; The Battleship Potemkin” (1925) by Sergei M)
Essen from Fussia, Gold Rush (1925) by Charies Chaplin, from the
© ested States; Mother (1926) by Vsevolod Pudovkin, from Russia, Joan of
(Arcs Passion (1978) toy Cari Theodor Dreyer from France; The Earth (1930)
ag ye et, ‚rom Posa: The Greet Ion (1937) by Jean

erez, Citizen Kane (1941) by Orson Welles from the Uni
States. Bicycle Thiel ty Vittorio de Sica, trom italy. bos

Siremascope, Cinerama, technirama,
introduced. Colossal films like Cleopatra, Ben Hur,
and others, were produced at a cost of

41. PUSS

4242. VOCABULARY À 4) 35%

NOTICE the ‘Oli words and their de
Cus quia
advantage ‘an favorable cit
means + © Resources, especialy
rem epa

reached Obtained access.

remarkable n

development =; or en a
a ei is oe

achieved a

42. achieved glory and success.
eat director faced many difficulties, but he solved them all.
“Wie enjoy films shown on panorariic screens

a
A im director has 10 search for an interesting story to do his film,

The human mind is full of ambiguity.

ies
"Particular Objective 2.0.
Es:

Eo find.
- The cinema has es many difficulties
"Fellini is an Italian director that has ACh & {Great success.

Many films are done with scarcity of ber vere
edo me ADULTE Gere ete :

1

“The! re TT oe a le
rain perfection before the Sécond World War.

"424,21. Choose the word that best fits in the incomplete sentences below —

Ex

45. form nouns with -ation

expectation
declaration

42441. Make the necessary changes to give a “noun” meaning to the

following words. Use your dictionary.

3, Mus 4 music and they sometimes play their own
| Be ete ew wi their Ce Lead a=
2 9 select my clothes and prefer a small, but good <<,”
1 80095 and he is satisfied with their 2 2 ‚Fond

46. to visit a country we
country we had ne
minds, after we see

47. E Were can we e some of he fat
movement?

We can see some of the firs attempts f man to
primitive paintings found in caves ~
Who constructed the first ‘manic lantern? me 4
The German Jesuit Atanasius Kircher cor
lantern.

What was the device constructed by b

The device constructed by the Lum

projecting and making

When was the cinema officially b Br

What kind of films were the
The first films produced

. What did they use to synch

48. iff Ih youngsters.
vis sometimes difficult to deal wit e
bean has contributed with many outstanding films ADI
‘cinematographic arts.
That millionaire struggled very hard when he was young,
They thought good advice would diminish his expenses.
| Sound did not interfere with images in the film. A
That prosperous country was impoverished because of the terri
3 ‘earthquake.
“©. Many electric devices help the modern housewife.
10. Children usually portray their parents’ attitudes.

10. Willliam changed his m

42.351.

42331. a
They saw the movie, but it was so good that they saw it again.
They didn't want sound films, nor did they try to improve tht
diction. 4
Men always tried to represent movement, so they drew figures in)
different positions. "4
We ordered tomato soup, a hamburguer, apple pie and a coke for lund

They played many sports: football, baseball, tennis, polo, badmint

and others.

The documentary film showed everything: how they lived, where

Obtained their food, what religion they practiced, and when

__ celebrated their holidays.

+ The music was romantic, sweet, beautiful and appropriate for the fil
The name of the film was, of course, Love Story.

That new Cinema is, by the way, a very nice place.

No, they never showed The Last Tango in Paris here.

You saw it, didn't you?

“Yes, they should make more good films, à

The film industry in Mexico could be better, couldn't it? 4
= They say, however, that the “Oscar” is an economical prize, and not an

- artistical one.

El tuvo que estudiar afi
El maestro dio la explic
respuestas.

. Tienels) que vigilar al niño,
Por favor ten cuidado, alla
Pat trafa puesto un

42.4.1.1.

nu
The dramatic co