Life in water

Aquatic ecosystem

1. LIFE IN WATER
Prepared by: Mrs. Kathleen Biay-Cabacba
1Tuesday, May 12, 2015

2. LIFE IN WATER

2 Concepts
1.Hydrologic cycle or water cycle
2.Biology of aquatic environment in relation to
light, temperature, water movements and
chemical factors like salinity and oxygen
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3. LIFE IN WATER
71% - water
 97% - ocean
2% polar ice caps and glaciers
Less 1% fresh water : lakes, rivers
and ground water
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4. LIFE IN WATER
Reservoirs – place where
water is stored for some
period of time e.g. Lakes,
rivers, oceans, ice,
organisms

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5. LIFE IN WATER
Turn over time - time
required for the entire
volume of a particular
reservoir to be renewed

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6. LIFE IN WATER
Renewal time:
Water in the atmosphere –
every 9 nine days
River – 12 to 20 days

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7. LIFE IN WATER
Renewal time:
Lake – days to centuries
depending on depth, area
and rate of drainage
Ocean – 3,100 years

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8. Water never leaves the
Earth. It is constantly
being cycled through the
atmosphere, ocean, and
land. This process, known
as the water cycle, is
driven by energy from the
sun. The water cycle is
crucial to the existence of
life on our planet.
8Tuesday, May 12, 2015

9. Water never leaves the
Earth. It is constantly
being cycled through the
atmosphere, ocean, and
land. This process, known
as the water cycle, is
driven by energy from the
sun. The water cycle is
crucial to the existence of
life on our planet.
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10. The Water Cycle
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11. During part of the water cycle, the sun heats up liquid
water and changes it to a gas by the process of
evaporation. Water that evaporates from Earth’s
oceans, lakes, rivers, and moist soil rises up into the
atmosphere.
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12. The process of evaporation from plants is called The process of evaporation from plants is called
transpirationtranspiration. . (In other words, it’s like plants (In other words, it’s like plants
sweating.)sweating.)
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13. As water (in the form of gas) rises higher in the atmosphere, it
starts to cool and become a liquid again. This process is called
condensation. When a large amount of water vapor
condenses, it results in the formation of clouds.
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14. When the water in the clouds gets too heavy, the
water falls back to the earth. This is called
precipitation.
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15. When rain falls on the land, some of the water is
absorbed into the ground forming pockets of water
called groundwater. Most groundwater eventually
returns to the ocean. Other precipitation runs directly
into streams or rivers. Water that collects in rivers,
streams, and oceans is called runoff.
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16. 16Tuesday, May 12, 2015

17. REFERENCE:
http://perso.orange.fr/prof.danglais/animatio
ns/watercycle/watercycle.htm
Slides by Christine Ward
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18. Aquatic Ecosystem
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19. Ocean
All is blue – blue water meets the blue sky
Who could ever live in the deepest part of
the ocean?
Is life possible?
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20. Ocean – angler fish
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21. Ocean
Geography:
Largest continuous environment on earth
360million km2 of earth’s surface
3 major ocean basins:
Pacific - largest and deepest
Atlantic
Indian
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22. Major oceanTotal areaExtensionMajor seasAverage
depth
Trench
Pacific Nearly 180M
km2
From
Antartic to
Artic sea
Gulf of
Caifornia,
Gulf of
Alaska,
Bering Sea,
Sea of
Okhotsk, Sea
of Japan,
China Sea,
Tasman Sea,
Coral Sea
Over 4,000
meters
Marianas
western Pacific
Ocean - over
10,000 m deep
enough to
engulf Mt.
Everest with 2
km to spare
Atlantic Over 106M
km2
Nearly from
pole to pole
Mediterrane
an, Black Sea,
North Sea,
Baltic Sea,
Gulf of
Mexico,
Caribbean
Sea
Over 3,900
meters
Indian Under 75M
km2
Mostly
confined to
southern
hemisphere
Bay of
Bengal,
Arabian Sea,
Persian Gulf,
Red Sea
Over, 3,900
meters
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23. Ocean
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24. Ocean
Structure: Zones of the Ocean
The well-lit upper layer of the
ocean is known as the photic
zone.
Algae and other producers can
grow only in this thin surface
layer.
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25. Ocean
Below the photic zone is the aphotic
zone, which is permanently dark.
Chemosynthetic autotrophs are the
only producers that can survive in
the aphotic zone.
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26. Marine Life Zones
 Distance from Shore
• The intertidal zone is the strip of land where the
land and ocean meet and overlap, or the zone
between high and low tides.
• The neritic zone is the marine-life zone that
extends from the low-tide line out to the shelf
break.(continental shelf); 200 m deep
• The oceanic zone is the marine-life zone
beyond the continental shelf.
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27. Ocean
 Water Depth
• The pelagic zone is open zone of any depth.
Animals in this zone swim or float freely.
• The benthic zone is the marine-life zone that
includes any sea-bottom surface regardless of
its distance from shore.
• The abyssal zone is a subdivision of the benthic
zone characterized by extremely high pressures,
low temperatures, low oxygen, few nutrients,
and no sunlight.
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28. Ocean
Land
I n
t e
r t id
a
l
z o
n
e
Coastal
ocean
Open
ocean
B
e
n
t
h
i
c

z
o
n
e
Continental
shelf
Continental
slope
and continental
rise
Abyssal
plain
Ocean
trench
200 m
1,000 m
4,000 m
6,000 m
10,000 m
Photic
zone
Aphotic
zone
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29. Ocean
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30. Ocean
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31. Ocean- organisms
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32. Ocean
• Plankton include all organisms—algae, animals,
and bacteria—that drift with ocean currents.
• Phytoplankton are algal plankton, which are the
most important community of primary producers
in the ocean.
• Zooplankton are animal plankton.
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33. Ocean
Plankton
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34. Ocean
Zooplankton
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35. Ocean
Phytoplankton
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36. Ocean Temperature Variation
 The ocean’s surface water temperature
varies with the amount of solar radiation
received, which is primarily a function of
latitude.
 Temperature Variation with Depth
• The thermocline is the layer of ocean water
between about 300 meters and 1000 meters where
there is a rapid change of temperature with depth.
• The thermal stratification separates warm water
above from the cold water below in tropical
ocean
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37. Ocean Temperature Variation
 Temperature Variation with Depth
• Temperate oceans stratified only during summer;
thermocline breaks down as water cools during fall
and winter
• High latitudes, stratification is only weakly, if ever
developed.
• oceanic temperatures much stable than
terrestrial temperatures
• 1.5
0
C – Antartic; 27
0
C near equator; 7
0
C to 9
0
C
above 40
0
degrees N latitude
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38. Ocean
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39. Ocean – never still
• wind transports nutrients, oxygen, heat and organism s
across the globe
Surface water Current – fertilizes surface water, stimulates
photosynthesis, promotes gene flow
Gyres – wind-driven surface current sweep across the open
ocean to create great circulation system that move to the
right in the Northern Hemisphere and to the left in the
Southern Hemisphere
Transport warm water from equator to the poles, moderating
climates at middle and high latitudes
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40. Ocean
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41. Ocean – never still
• deep water currents produced as cooled, high density water
sinks at the Antarctic and Arctic then moves along the
ocean floor
•Upwelling – winds blow surface water offshore, allowing
colder water to rise to the surface (west coast of the
continents and around Antarctica)
41Tuesday, May 12, 2015

42. Ocean
Salinity
 Salinity is the total amount of solid material
dissolved in water.
 Because the proportion of dissolved
substances in seawater is such a small
number, oceanographers typically express
salinity in parts per thousands.
 Most of the salt in seawater is sodium
chloride, common table salt.
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43. Ocean
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44. Ocean
Oxygen
 A liter of sea water contains a maximum
of about 9ml oxygen
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45. Ocean
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46. Life in Marine Shallow water
1. Kelp Forest
forest, but it is not a forest of trees. It is made of
seaweed called giant kelp.
needs sunlight in order to grow. It also needs a
hard surface to grow on
grows in cool coastal waters (temperate
oceans, 10
0
– 20
0
C) where sunlight can go
down to a rocky sea floor; beyond intertidal
zone
46Tuesday, May 12, 2015

47. Life in Shallow Marine
Water
Kelp Forest
holdfast is a part that attaches the kelp to the ocean floor. The
blade is the leaflike part that takes in sunlight to make food.
The stipe is the part that connects the holdfast to the blade.
47Tuesday, May 12, 2015

48. Life in shallow water
Kelp Forest
Grow up to 18 inches per day; can grow over 40
m; provides food and shelter; experience seasonal
changes
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49. Life in shallow water
2. Coral Reef
Coral reefs – diverse underwater ecosystems in tropical coastal water which is
held together by calcium carbonate structures secreted by corals. Coral reefs
are built by colonies of tiny animals found in marine waters that contain few
nutrients. Most coral reefs are built from stony corals, which in turn consist of
polyps that cluster in groups. 49Tuesday, May 12, 2015

50. Life in shallow water
Coral Reef – 3 Types by Charles Darwin
Fringing reef – hugs the shore of an island
Barrier reef – between open sea open lagoon
Atoll reef – consist of coral islets that have built up from a submerged
oceanic island and ring a lagoon
50Tuesday, May 12, 2015

51. Life in shallow water
2. Coral Reef
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52. EcosystemLight Temperatu
re
Water
movement
SalinityOxygen Danger it
faces
Kelp ForestNeeds light
to support
photosynth
esis
Temperate
shores
Fall below
10
0
C in
winter and
rise to 20
0
C
in summer
Oceanic
currents –
deliver
oxygen and
nutrients
and remove
waste
products
Tolerant to
reduced
salinity and
fresh water
runoff;
grows well
in
temperate
oceans
Well
oxygenated
water
Food
additives
and
fertilizer
(grows
rapidly)
Coral ReefsNeeds light
to support
photosynth
esis
Warm
water
Minimum
Not less
than 18
0 to
20
0
C; ave.
23
0
to 25
0
C;
above 29
0
C
lethal
Oceanic
currents –
deliver
oxygen and
nutrients
and remove
waste
products
Grows in
fairly stable
salinity;
below 27%
is lethal
Well
oxygenated
water
Acanthaster
planci
predator
(sea star)
eats coral;
attack and
kill other
corals;
dynamite
fishing and
poison;
ornaments
(don’t grow
rapidly)
52Tuesday, May 12, 2015

53. Ocean – Alcanthaster planci
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54. Low Tide and High Tide
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55. Intertidal zonation - structure
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56. Low tides and High tides
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57. Intertidal
zone
Light
(both)
Temperatu
re
Water
movement
s
SalinityOxygen Danger it
faces
Low tideWater
turbulence
reduces
light
intensity
Always
changing
High
latitude –
cool to
freezing;
low
latitude –
excess of
40
0
C
Depends
on moon
and sun
gravitation
al pull
Varies
Rapid
evaporatio
n increases
salinity;
high
latitude
and tropic
during
rainy –
reduced
salinity
No limits –
exposed to
air; well
oxygenated
due to
waves
Trampling
feet,
probing
hands; oil
spills,
exploitatio
n for food;
research
and
education
High tideExposed to
full
intensity of
the sun
Always
changing
Depends
on moon
and sun
gravitation
al pull
varies
57Tuesday, May 12, 2015

58. Low tides and high tides
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59. Estuaries
Estuaries are wetlands formed where rivers meet the sea.
 mixture of fresh and salt water,
affected by the ocean tides.
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60. Salt Marshes
Salt marshes are temperate-zone estuaries dominated by
salt-tolerant grasses above the low-tide line, and by sea
grasses under water.
Salt marshes occur in estuaries along seacoasts in the
temperate zone.
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61. Salt Marshes
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62. Mangrove Forest
Mangrove swamps are coastal wetlands that occur in bays and
estuaries across tropical regions, including southern Florida and
Hawaii.
dominant plants are salt-tolerant trees.
62Tuesday, May 12, 2015

63. Estuari
es
Light TemperatureWater
movements
Salinit
y
Oxygen Danger it
faces
Salt
Marshe
s
exposed to
highly variable
light
conditions;
sunlight at low
tide and very
little light at
high tide
highly variable;
low tide, water
temperature
varies with air
temperature;
change with
each high and
low tide;
seawater and
river water
Ocean tides
and river
flow drive
fluctu
ate
widely
highly
variable;
Decompos
ed organic
matter
depletes
dissolved
oxygen to
very low
levels,
Buildings,
pollution;
discharge
of waste
Mangro
ve
Forest
same desert, tropical
coasts,
minimum
annual about
20 . can heat
℃
40 .
℃
high tides –
saltwater
currents
move up
the
estuaries ;
Low tides –
saltwater
moves
seaward
lower
than
that
of
seawa
ter
high rates
of
photosynth
esis can
increase
dissolved
oxygen
concentrati
on
63Tuesday, May 12, 2015

64. Rivers – Okavango, Boswana
natural flowing watercourse, usually
freshwater, flowing towards an ocean, a lake, a
sea, or another river. 64Tuesday, May 12, 2015

65. Streams
natural flowing watercourse, usually
freshwater, small narrow river
65Tuesday, May 12, 2015

66. River and Stream
FIGURE 3.30 The three dimensions of stream
structure.
66Tuesday, May 12, 2015

67. Light Temperatu
re
Water
movement
s
SalinityOxygen Danger it
faces
Rivers and
streams
how far
light
penetrates
into the
water; how
much light
shines on
the surface
; vary
considerab
ly in water
clarity
high
altitudes
and high
latitudes,
may drop
to a
minimum
of 0 ;
℃
desert
rivers
seldom
exceed
30 .
℃
continuous
movement
of water
often very
low;
Desert
rivers
generally
have the
highest
salinities
richest in
cold
channelize
d,
poisoned,
filled with
sewage,
dammed,
filled with
nonnative
fish
species,
and
completely
dried.
67Tuesday, May 12, 2015

68. River and Streams
FIGURE 3.33 Salinities of tropical, temperate, and arid land rivers (data from Gibbs
1970).
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69. Organisms in River and Streams
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70. Lakes
FIGURE3.35 Lake Baikal. Siberia,
Russia.
Basins in the landscape that collect
water
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71. Lake Structure
FIGURE 3.37 Lake structure
71Tuesday, May 12, 2015

72. Light Temperat
ures
Water
movemen
ts
SalinityOxygen Danger it
faces
Lakes color
ranges
from the
deep blue
to yellow,
brown, or
red;
highly
productiv
e and
phytoplan
kton
deep
green
(reduce
light
penetrati
on)
thermally
stratified ;
warm
season –
warmer
on the
surface
and
below
thermocli
ne;
Temperat
e –
summer,
lowland
tropical –
year-
round
Wind-
driven
mixing of
the water
column;
winds
drive
Spring/fall
– j mix
temperat
e lakes
from top
to
bottom;
(stratificat
ion
breaks)
extremely
dilute
waters of
some
alpine
lakes to
the salt
brines of
desert
lakes.
low
biological
productio
n
(oligothro
phic) –
well
oxygenat
ed
Eutrophic
depleted;
Dumping
sites for
waste;
buildings
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73. Lakes
FIGURE 3.38 Seasonal changes in temperature in a temperate lake (data from Wetzel
1975).
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74. Lakes - organisms
FIGURE 3.39 Oligotrophic and eutrophic
lakes 74Tuesday, May 12, 2015

75. Life in Water
THAN K YOU SO MUCH LORD FOR THE BEAUTIFUL
CREATION
75Tuesday, May 12, 2015

76. References:
http://web.calstatela.edu/faculty/eviau/edit557/oceans/norma/oklpfst.ht
m
http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/kelp.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coral_reef
http://www.eram.k12.ny.us/education/components/docmgr/default.php?
sectiondetailid=28978&fileitem=2291&catfilter=627
https://www.google.com.ph/?gws_rd=ssl#q=biologyjunction.com
Molles, Manuel C, Ecology 4
th
edition, 2008
76Tuesday, May 12, 2015