Lifecycle of Plasmodium

Life cycle, mode and transmission of Plasmodium, symptoms and treatment

1. PLASMODIUM T. Ramesh

2. Unicellular or Acellular Protozoa animal Endo Parasite- Blood of Human Reproduce & formed as spores Class: Sporaozoa No organs for locomotion Cosmopolitan Distribution They causes Malaria Life cycle- Two Host- Digenic (Man & Mosquitoes ) GENERAL CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF PLASMODIUM

3. 1. Members of class Sporozoa are parasite so locomotory organs are absent in Plasmodium 2. Members of order Haemosporidia show digenetic life cycle i.e. Plasmodium completes its life cycle in two hosts. 3. Primary host- Human being; where it completes it asexual life cycle. 4. Secondary host- Female Anopheles; where it completes mainly its sexual cycle. 5. Reservoir host- Monkey. INTRODUCTION

4. Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease caused by intracellular protozoan parasite Plasmodium. Characterized by cycles of shaking, chills, fever, sweating and anaemia. Affects 500 million and kills more than 1 million people each year. Endemic in tropical and subtropical regions –Sub-Saharan Africa, Asia and Latin America. In India, about 1.5 – 2 million cases and 1000 malarial deaths are reported annually (mostly from tribal, hilly and inaccessible areas). All forms are transmitted by the infective bite of female Anopheles mosquitoes. Transmission through blood transfusion can also occur . Man develops disease after 10 to 14 days of being bitten by an infective mosquito.

5. Classification Phylum- Protozoa Class- Sporozoa Order- Haemosporidia Genus- Plasmodium There are 60 types of plasmodium , in this four species are pathogenic Plasmodium vivax - Very common Plasmodium falciparum - Most lethal species Plasmodium malariae - Less harmful Plasmodium ovale - Absent in India and present in Philippines and Africa.

6. LIFE CYCLE OF PLASMODIUM

7. PRE ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE First life cycle of Plasmodium in liver. Plasmodium starts its life cycle from liver as:- • To prevent itself from phagocytic action of WBC. • It uses glycogen as food and liver is rich in glycogen. • To multiply in number.

8. ERYTHROCYTIC CYCLE Within the red cells the parasites grow in a membrane- bound digestive vacuole, hydrolyzing haemoglobin through secreted enzymes. • A) Continuation of asexual reproduction - Most of the parasites develop into Trophozoites → Schizont → multiple chromatin in schizonts develop into Merozoites → Red cell lysis & merozoites infect other red cells. B) Production of gametocytes - Some parasites develop into sexual forms called Gametocytes → infect the mosquito.

9. Loss of Aptitude Nausea & Constipation Headache Fever-106 Degree C/48 Hrs Muscular pain & Joint Ache pain Shaking chillness Sweating Anaemia Malaria Symptoms

10. Control and Prevention Destruction of Mosquitoes and its larvae Spraying DDT in and around house Sterilization of Mosquitoes Bio-control Applying cream Using synthetic drug

11. Treatment Following Drugs Quinine Daraprim Chloroquine Plasmoquine