Lifestyle diseases - cancer - its causes and effects

cancer - its causes and effects

1. Lifestyle Diseases

2. CANCER ●●● 2

3. CANCER Cancer Cancer is a large group of diseases that can start in almost any organ or tissue of the body when abnormal cells grow uncontrollably, go beyond their usual boundaries to invade adjoining parts of the body and/or spread to other organs. The latter process is called metastasizing and is a major cause of death from cancer. A neoplasm and malignant tumour are other common names for cancer. ●●● 3

4. CANCER Cancer Cancer is the second leading cause of death globally, accounting for an estimated 9.6 million deaths, or 1 in 6 deaths, in 2018. Lung, prostate, colorectal, stomach and liver cancer are the most common types of cancer in men, while breast, colorectal, lung, cervical and thyroid cancer are the most common among women. ●●● 4

5. CANCER Causes Cancer is a genetic disease—that is, it is caused by changes to genes that control the way of cells function, especially how they grow and divide. Genetic changes that cause cancer can happen because: of errors that occur as cells divide. of damage to DNA caused by harmful substances in the environment, such as the chemicals in tobacco smoke and ultraviolet rays from the sun. they were inherited from the parents. ●●● 5

6. CANCER Causes The body normally eliminates cells with damaged DNA before they turn cancerous. But the body’s ability to do so goes down with age. This is the reason why there is a higher risk of cancer later in life. Each person’s cancer has a unique combination of genetic changes. As the cancer continues to grow, additional changes will occur. Even within the same tumor, different cells may have different genetic changes. ●●● 6

7. CANCER Causes The genetic changes that contribute to cancer tend to affect three main types of genes— proto-oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, and DNA repair genes. These changes are sometimes called “drivers” of cancer. Proto-oncogenes are involved in normal cell growth and division. ●●● 7

8. CANCER Causes However, when these genes are altered in certain ways or are more active than normal, they may become cancer-causing genes (or oncogenes), allowing cells to grow and survive when they should not. Tumor suppressor genes are also involved in controlling cell growth and division. Cells with certain alterations in tumor suppressor genes may divide in an uncontrolled manner. ●●● 8

9. CANCER Causes DNA repair genes are involved in fixing damaged DNA. Cells with mutations in these genes tend to develop additional mutations in other genes and changes in their chromosomes, such as duplications and deletions of chromosome parts. Together, these mutations may cause the cells to become cancerous. ●●● 9

10. CANCER Cancer A cancer that has spread from the place where it first formed to another place in the body is called metastatic cancer. The process by which cancer cells spread to other parts of the body is called metastasis. Metastatic cancer has the same name and the same type of cancer cells as the original, or primary, cancer. For example, breast cancer that forms a metastatic tumor in the lung is metastatic breast cancer, not lung cancer. . ●●● 10

11. CANCER Treatment and Management: Cancer is more likely to respond to effective treatment when identified early, resulting in a greater probability of surviving as well as less morbidity and less expensive treatment. There are two distinct strategies that promote early detection: Early diagnosis identifies symptomatic cancer cases at the earliest possible stage. ●●● 11

12. CANCER Treatment and Management: Screening aims to identify individuals with abnormalities suggestive of a specific cancer or pre-cancer who have not developed any symptoms and refer them promptly for diagnosis and treatment. Treatment options include surgery, cancer medicines and/or radiotherapy, administered alone or in combination. ●●● 12

13. CANCER Treatment and Management: A multidisciplinary team of cancer professionals recommends the best possible treatment plan based on tumour type, cancer stage, clinical and other factors. The choice of treatment should be informed by patients’ preferences and consider the capacity of the health system. ●●● 13

14. CANCER Treatment and Management: Palliative care, which focuses on improving the quality of life of patients and their families, is an essential component of cancer care. Survivorship care includes a detailed plan for monitoring cancer recurrence and detection of new cancers, assessing and managing long-term effects associated with cancer and/or its treatment, and services to ensure that cancer survivor needs are met. ●●● 14

15. CANCER Prevention: Between 30% and 50% of cancer deaths could be prevented by modifying or avoiding key risk factors and implementing existing evidence-based prevention strategies. The cancer burden can also be reduced through early detection of cancer and management of patients who develop cancer. Prevention also offers the most cost-effective long-term strategy for the control of cancer. ●●● 15

16. CANCER Prevention: Modifying or avoiding the following key risk factors can help prevent cancer: avoid tobacco use, including cigarettes and smokeless tobacco; maintain a healthy weight; eat a healthy diet with plenty of fruit and vegetables; exercise regularly; limit alcohol use; get vaccinated against hepatitis B and human papillomavirus (HPV); reduce exposure to ultraviolet radiation; ●●● 16

17. CANCER Prevention: prevent unnecessary ionizing radiation exposure(e.g. minimize occupational exposure, ensure safe and appropriate medical use of radiation in diagnosis and treatment); avoid urban air pollution and indoor smoke from household use of solid fuels; get regular medical care; and some chronic infections are also risk factors for cancer. People in low- and middle-income countries are more likely to develop cancer through chronic infections. ●●● 17