LIFTD AND TRANSPORTATION .

LIFTD AND TRANSPORTATION

1. ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIVE DESIGN TOPICS: LIFTS AND ITS TRANSPORTATION GROUP MEMBERS- BINDU VARSHITHA -046 RANITH -053 M.VAISHNAVI -059 SINDHU PRIYA -077 GEETHASHREE -059

2. WHAT ARE LIFTS? LIFT ARE VERTICAL MODES OF TRANSPORTATION THAT MOVE PEOPLE OR GOODS BETWEEN STOREYS. IT ACTS AS A AERODYNAMIC FORCE THAT IS PERPENDICULAR TO THE FLOW DIRECTION. 21ST CENTURY 1)EARLY 21ST CENTURY - (a) Destination Control Systems (2000s) . (b) Regenerative Drives (2000s) 2)2010s AND BEYOND - (a) UltraRope Technology (2013) . (b) Smart Elevators (2010s) . . (c) Multidirectional Elevators (2017) 20TH CENTURY 1) EARLY 20TH CENTURY - (a) Automatic Elevators (1900s): The development of automatic control systems. (b) Skyscrapers and Elevators (1931) 2)MID 20TH CENTURY - (a) Double-Deck Elevators (1930s) . (b) Push-Button Controls (1950s) 3) LATE 20TH CENTURY - (a) Microprocessor Control (1970s) . . (b) Machine Room-Less Elevators (1996) INDUSTRIAL ERA 1)18TH CENTURY - Steam-Powered Elevators (1793): I van Kulibin, a Russian inventor, designed a lift powered by a steam engine for the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg. 2)19TH CENTURY - (a) Hydraulic E levators (1846): By Sir William Armstrong (b) Elisha Otis' Safety Elevator (1852) (c) First Passenger Elevator (1857): Otis installed the first passenger elevator in the Haughwout Department Store in New York City. (d) Electric Elevators (1880): Werner von Siemens introduced the first electric elevator in Germany. PRE-INDUSTRIAL ERA 1) ARCHIMEDES’ INVENTION(236) - Archimedes is credited with inventing the first elevator, which was operated by manpower, water power, or animals. It was essentially a platform lifted and lowered by a system of pulleys and ropes. 2)MEDIEVAL LIFTS(1000-1400 A.D) - In medieval times, rudimentary hoists powered by humans or animals were used in monasteries and castles to move supplies between floors. HISTORY OF LIFTS:

3. 1.PRE-INDUSTRIAL ERA LIFT 4.ELECTRICAL LIFT (19TH CENTURY) 3. MEDIEVAL ERA LIFT 2.LIFT BY ELISHA OTIS (INDUSTRIAL ERA) 5.SMART LIFT (21ST CENTURY) 5.DOUBLE DECK LIFT(20TH C) 5.AUTOMATIC LIFT (20TH C) PICTURES OF LIFTS OVER THE YEARS

4. TYPES OF ARRANGEMENTS IN LIFTS

5. How does a lift work..? THE WORKING PRINCIPLE OF AN ELEVATOR OR LIFT IS SIMILAR TO THE PULLEY SYSTEM. A PULLEY SYSTEM IS USED TO DRAW THE WATER FROM THE WELL. THIS PULLEY SYSTEM CAN BE DESIGNED WITH A BUCKET, A ROPE WITH A WHEEL. A BUCKET IS CONNECTED TO A ROPE THAT PASSES THROUGHOUT A WHEEL. THIS CAN MAKE IT VERY EASY TO DRAW THE WATER FROM THE WELL.

6. Location of lift Positioning of lift should be at locations which provide easy means of access for all building users - central entrance lobby of offices, hotels, apartments, etc. Grouping of lifts is essential for user convenience. Ex- in case of hospitals multiple lifts are provided to accommodate more people The number of lifts will have an effect on the quality of service. ■ Four 18-person lifts provide the same capacity as three 24-person lifts but the waiting time will be about twice as long with the three-car group. Lift performance depends on ■ Acceleration ■ Retardation ■ Car speed ■ Speed of door operation, and ■ Stability of speed and performance with variations of car load

7. BASIC COMPONENTS OF LIFTS ELEVATOR COR : THAT PART OF AN ELEVATOR THAT INCLUDES THE PLATFORM, ENCLOSURE, CAR FRAME, AND DOOR. MACHINE BEAM : A STEEL BEAM, POSITIONED DIRECTLY OVER THE ELEVATOR IN THE MACHINE ROOM AND IS USED TO SUPPORT ELEVATOR EQUIPMENT. MACHINE ROOM : THIS USUALLY LOCATED AT THE TOP OF THE SHAFT AND ACCOMMODATES THE WINDING MACHINE, ETC . PI T : THAT PART OF AN ELEVATOR SHAFT THAT EXTENDS FROM THE THRESHOLD LEVEL OF THE LOWEST LANDING DOOR DOWN TO THE FLOOR AT THE VERY BOTTOM OF THE SHAFT SHAFT : A HOISTWAY THROUGH WHICH ONE OR MORE ELEVATOR CARS MAY TRAVEL. COUNTERWEIGHT OR BALANCE-WEIGHT : A UNIT, CONSISTING OF STEEL WEIGHTS, WHICH COUNTER BALANCE THE WEIGHT OF THE CAR AND A PORTION OF THE LOAD, AND TO WHICH THE SUSPENSION ROPES ARE ATTACHED TRACTION DRIVE: LIFT WHOSE LIFTING ROPES ARE DRIVEN BY FRICTION IN THE GROOVES OF THE DRIVING SHEAVE OF THE MACHINE. TRAILING CABLE : FLEXIBLE CABLE PROVIDING ELECTRICAL CONNECTION BETWEEN THE LIFT CAR AND A FIXED POINT OR POINTS. BOTTOM CLEARANCE: THE DISTANCE, INCLUDING BUFFER COMPRESSION, THE PLATFORMS COULD TRAVEL BELOW THE BOTTOM LANDING UNTIL THE FULL WEIGHT OF THE CAR, WHEN LOADED, RESTS ON THE BUFFER. GUIDE RAILS : THESE, FIXED TRULY VERTICAL IN THE SHAFT, ARE OF STEEL AND SERVE TO GUIDE THE MOVEMENT OF BOTH CAR AND COUNTERWEIGHT.

8. Basic components of elevator A. Elevator Car B. Hoist-way C. Machine/drive system. D. Control system. E. Safety system A. ELEVATOR CAR ELEVATOR CAR IS THE VEHICLE THAT TRAVELS BETWEEN THE DIFFERENT STOPS CARRYING PASSENGERS AND/OR GOODS, IT IS USUALLY A HEAVY STEEL FRAME SURROUNDING A CAGE OF METAL AND WOOD PANELS PLATFORM WHERE PASSENGERS OR GOODS IS TRANSPORTED. PASSENGER ELEVATORS SHOULD BE LOCATED AT THE CIRCULATION CORE OF THE BUILDING. MINIMUM WIDTH AND DEPTH OF THE CAR SHALL BE 2000 MM AND 1291 MM. (FOR WHEEL CHAIR) HEIGHT OF THE ENTRANCE TO THE LIFT CAR SHALL NOT BE LESS THAN 2 M. THE RAILS SHALL BE AT LEAST 38 MM CLEAR OF THE WALLS NOMINAL HEIGHT OF 800 MM FROM THE FLOOR.

9. Elevator Car Types: Standard elevator car/cabin can be classified according to the number of entrances and their locations as follows: C. Diagonal Cabin a. Normal Cabin b. Open Through Cabin

10. Elevator car components Car Door & Door Operator (Mechanical accessories) i. Single slide door ii. Single speed center opening Iii. Two speed side opening iv. Two speed center opening doors Door Operator A motor-driven device mounted on the elevator car that opens and closes the car doors CAR SLING THE ELEVATOR CABIN

11. Guide shoe (Mechanical accessories) Guide shoes are Devices used mainly to guide the car and counterweight along the path of the guide rails. i) Roller Guides ii) Sliding Guides Door Protective Device (Mechanical accessories) Any type of device used with automatic power operated doors that detect obstructions to the normal closing of the elevator doèrs (though contact may occur) and either causes the doors to change the door motion by either stopping it, or causing it to reverse (reopen) or go into some other mode of operation, such as nudging. Types of door protective device: Safe edge Safety astragal Photoelectric device (safe ray) Electrostatic field device

12. b) hoist: Space enclosed by fireproof walls and elevator doors for the travel of one or more elevators, dumbwaiters or material lifts. It includes the pit and terminates at the underside of the overhead machinery space floor or grating or at the underside of the roof where the hoistway does not penetrate the roof.

13. c) Elevator machine and drive system Driving machine, this is the power unit of the elevator, and usually located at the elevator machine room The Driving machine used to refer to the collection of components that raise or lower the elevator These include the drive motor, brake, speed reduction unit, sheaves and encoders.

14. ELEVATOR CONTROL SYSTEM INPUT OUTPUT CONTROLLER SENSOR MAGNETIC INFRARED WEIGHT SENSOR PRIMARY VELOCITY TRANSDUCER BUTTON HALL BUTTON FLOOR REQUEST BUTTON OPEN DOOR BUTTON EMERGENCY STOP BUTTON EMERGENCY BELL BUTTON REGISTRATION PANEL KEY CONTROL SYSTEM CONTROL ACTUATORS DOOR OPENING DEVICE ELECTRIC MOTOR BRAKES BELLS EMERGENCY BEL LOAD BELL DISPLAYS CAR POSITION DIRECTION RELAY BASED CONTROLLER (ELECTROMECHANICAL SWITCHING) SOLID-STATE LOGIC TECHNOLOGY PLD CONTROLLER (COMPUTER BASED TECHNOLOGY)

15. THERE ARE SEVERAL TYPES OF ELEVATORS PRESENT IN THE MARKET, WHICH IS A SURPRISE TO MOST PEOPLE. ELEVATORS CAN BE CLASSIFIED INTO FIVE TYPES, DEPENDING ON THE HOIST MECHANISM USED. ELEVATORS SERVE VARIOUS PURPOSES IN DAILY LIFE. THEY INCLUDE: F UNCTIONS OF DIFFERENT TYPE OF ELEVATORS / LIFTS TRACTION ELEVATORS : THEY ARE COMMONLY USED FOR BOTH FREIGHT AND PEOPLE TRANSPORTATION IN HIGH-RISE BUILDINGS. TYPES OF TRACTION ELEVATORS INCLUDE: THE MECHANICAL MOVEMENT OF TRACTION ELEVATORS IS FACILITATED AND CONTROLLED BY WORM GEARS, AN ENGINEERING SOLUTION THAT USES GEARS. GENERALLY LOW SPEED ELEVATORS, GEARLESS TRACTION ELEVATORS USE A DRIVE SHAFT ATTACHED DIRECTLY TO THE MOTOR. HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS: THESE ELEVATORS REQUIRE LESS MAINTENANCE THAN TRACTION ELEVATORS, SO THEY ARE PERFECT FOR LOW-TRAFFIC OR LOW-RISE BUILDINGS. THESE ELEVATORS USE HYDRAULICS TO LIFT ELEVATOR CARS AGAINST GRAVITY, WHILE THEY DESCEND UNDER GRAVITY’S INFLUENCE. THEY CAN BE CATEGORIZED INTO: A CONVENTIONAL ONE USES AN UNDERGROUND HYDRAULIC CYLINDER TO TRANSPORT PASSENGERS BETWEEN TWO AND FIVE-STORY BUILDINGS, THEY CAN TRAVEL MUCH FARTHER THAN PISTON ELEVATORS BECAUSE THEY USE BOTH CYLINDERS ABOVE GROUND AND ROPES.

16. Hydraulic lift

17. PNEUMATIC ELEVATOR: THIS ELEVATOR USES AIR INSTEAD OF VACUUM TO MOVE THE CAR UPWARDS, AND USES A VACUUM VALVE TO MOVE THE CAR DOWNWARDS. IT IS HOWEVER A LOW CAPACITY ELEVATOR THAT CAN ONLY ACCOMMODATE 3 PEOPLE WITH A COMBINED WEIGHT OF 525 POUNDS. THESE ROUND HOME ELEVATORS ARE IDEAL FOR THOSE USING ASSISTIVE DEVICES OR THOSE WHO HAVE MOBILITY IMPAIRMENTS . CLIMBING ELEVATORS: USING THEIR OWN PROPULSION, THESE ELEVATORS CLIMB BY THEMSELVES. ELECTRIC OR COMBUSTION ENGINES ARE USED FOR PROPULSION. ELEVATORS OF THIS TYPE ARE TYPICALLY USED IN TOWERS OR GUYED MASTS, IN ORDER TO FACILITATE EASY MAINTENANCE ACCESS TO DIFFERENT PARTS OF THE STRUCTURE. ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION ELEVATORS: THIS KIND OF ELEVATOR USES ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION TO MOVE THE CAR, WHICH CAN MOVE VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY. HIGH - DENSITY HIGH - RISES ARE TYPICALLY FITTED WITH THESE ELEVATORS.THIS KIND OF ELEVATOR USES ELECTROMAGNETIC PROPULSION TO MOVE THE CAR, WHICH CAN MOVE VERTICALLY AND HORIZONTALLY.

18. PASSENGER GOODS DUMBWAITER VEHICLE SCISSOR HOSPITAL RESIDENTIAL HOTEL OFFICE INSTITUTION Types of lifts based on usage

19. PASSENGER ELEVATOR IS DESIGNED TO MOVE PEOPLE BETWEEN FLOORS OF A BUILDING . THEIR CAPACITY IS RELATED TO AVAILABLE FLOOR SPACE. UPTO 8-10 FLOORS THESE OPERATE AT 1M/S AND ABOVE 10 FLOORS THE SPEED STARTS AT 2.5 M/S TO 10 M/S. PASSENGER LIFT

20. THERE ARE SOME TYPES OF PASSENGER ELEVATORS: EXPRESS ELEVATORS AN EXPRESS ELEVATOR DOES NOT SERVE ALL FLOORS, IT MOVES BETWEEN THE GROUND FLOOR AND A SKY LOBBY SKY LOBBIES AN INTERMEDIATE INTERCHANGE FLOOR WHERE PEOPLE CAN CHANGE FROM AN EXPRESS ELEVATOR THAT STOPS ONLY AT THE SKY LOBBY TO A LOCAL ELEVATOR WHICH STOPS AT EVERY FLOOR WITHIN A SEGMENT OF THE BUILDING

21. DOORS SINGLE SLIDE ( 24 - 36^) CENTER OPENING ( 42 - 60^ PRIME ) TWO - SPEED, SIDE OPENING ( 42 ^ PRIME PRIME ) TWO - SPEED, CENTER OPENING ( 60 ^PRIME) DOOR OPENINGS > 3' - 6^ PRIME PRIME FOR SIMULTANEOUS LOADING/UNLOADING < 3' - 6^ PRIME PRIME FOR SINGULAR LOADING DESIGN CONSIDERATIONs

22. GOODS/FREIGHT LIFTS USED TO TRANSPORT HEAVY GOODS BUT DEPENDS ON TYPES OF GOOD TRANSPORTED. USUALLY USED IN SHOPPING COMPLEX, AIRPORTS, HOTELS, WAREHOUSE.

23. VEHICLE LIFTS USED SPECIFICALLY TO LIFT A CAR IN MULTI STOREY CAR PARK OR SHOWROOM HAD TO BE IN THE FORM OF TRACTION AND HYDRAULICS. FORM OF TRACTION IS MORE COMMONLY USED FOR HIGH VELOCITY. DUMBWAITER LIFTS DUMBWAITERS ARE SMALL FREIGHT ELEVATORS THAT ARE INTENDED TO CARRY FOOD RATHER THAN PASSENGERS. THEY OFTEN LINK KITCHENS WITH OTHER ROOMS. WHEN INSTALLED IN RESTAURANTS, SCHOOLS, KINDERGARTENS, HOSPITALS, RETIREMENT HOMES OR IN PRIVATE HOMES, THE LIFTS GENERALLY TERMINATE IN A KITCHEN. AVG HEIGHT OF THE CAR RANGES FROM 0.8M TO 1.2M.

24. SCISSOR LIFTS THESE LIFTS ARE SELF-CONTAINED , THESE LIFTS CAN BE EASILY MOVED TO WHERE THEY ARE NEEDED. THEY'RE EXCELLENT FOR , MAINTENANCE AND INSTALLATION APPLICATIONS. FEATURES: HIGH LOAD BEARING CAPACITY LONG LIFE SMOOTH OPERATIONS

25. ELEVATOR DOOR TYPES BASED ON DOOR OPENING CONFIGURATIONS: SINGLE - SPEED • MOST ECONOMICAL • MINIMAL MOVING PARTS • SINGLE - SLIDE ENTRANCES, EITHER ON LEFT OR RIGHT OF THE ELEVATOR • SLIDE DOOR NEEDS TWICE ITS WIDTH TO OPEN FULLY 2- SPEED • FASTER OPENING SPEEDS AND WIDER OPENING • TWO DOORS SLIDE IN THE SAME DIRECTION, ONE MOVING FASTER THAN THE OTHER • SPACE-EFFICIENT OPTION SINCE IT REQUIRES ROUGHLY 1.5X THE SPACE THAT THE TOTAL DOOR WIDTH TAKES UP

26. SINGLE - SPEED CENTER OPENING • USE TWO DOOR PANELS, BUT WITH SINGLE - SPEED. • DOORS OPEN FROM THE CENTER • DOOR PANELS TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE MIDPOINT OF THE OPENING 2- SPEED CENTER OPENING • FASTER OPENING AND CLOSING CYCLES COMPARED TO THE SINGLE - SPEED CENTER OPENING • SAVES BOARDING TIME FOR GUESTS OUTSIDE TO OUTSIDE STRUT CHANNEL DOOR PANELS TRAVEL TO AND FROM THE MIDPOINT OF THE OPENING