Lingua francas

Lingua francas of the world

1. LINGUA FRANCAS LINGUISTICS II Zehra KURTBAŞ 101013011 Eda Nur ÖZCAN 101013047

2. What Is a Lingua Franca ? A common language used by people of diverse backgrounds to communicate with each other . It is also known as a trade language , bridge language and vehicular language . The use of lingua francas may be almost as old as language itself . Certainly they have existed since antiquity.

3. Commercial reasons Diplomatic reasons Administrative convenience As a means of exchanging information between scientists and scholars from different nationalities. Throughout the history, lingua francas have always been used for ;

4. English As a Lingua Franca English as a Lingua Franca (ELF) refers to the use of English as a me ans of communication between people with different first languages . From the 18th century, English has begun to become the most spoken language in the world , outpacing other european and world languages .

5. How the English L anguage S pread The spreading of the English language began with colonialism. It was brought by British settlers and descendants, through England’s conquests. Both world wars have faciliated the use of English. That T he T reaty of V ersailles drafted in two languages , English and French, increased the diplomatic statue of E nglish. For technical progress and scientific research , English speakers created new terms for new products . Neologism (a newly coined word ) with the economic expansion led to cultural influence .

6. In many fields ; media , music , business documents , sports , games , science , technology and so forth , English is the most common language , which contributes to its spreading . A large number of words are becoming international in some fields . For Instance ; Bowling, Surfing , Tourism , Jumbo Jet, Off shore , Off road , Selfie . Most products are named based on English words , no matter what their country of origin is. ( Nesquik , Mobistar , Pocari Sweat ). These are the factors helping english to become a lingua franca . English As a Lingua Franca

7. Some Features of ELF ELF interactions concentrate on function rather than form use of 3rd person singular zero, as in  She go to work by bus  (i.e. not she goes to work by bus) invariant question tags as in  you’re very busy today, isn’t it?  (and use of other similar universal forms ) preference for bare and/or full infinitive over the use of gerunds, as in   I look forward to see you tomorrow increased explicitness, for example  how long time  instead of  how long exploited redundancy, such as ellipsis of objects/complements of transitive verbs as in   I wanted to go with, you can borrow . However , these features are by no means invariant or “ obligatory ”. Rather , these forms do not seem to compromise effective communication within an ELF setting when they do occur.

8. English- Spoken Countries

9. Spanish took its place in A merica , along with A frica , A sia and A ustralia with the growth of the Spanish Empire . It was the language of global trade until the breakup of Spanish Empire . It was used in Spanish Colonial Empire and still used as a lingua franca in U.S, especially Mexico , Spanish Caribbean, Central America and South America . Spanish As a Lingua Franca

10. Spanish- Spoken Countries

11. Russian is widely used in Northern and Central Asia, which was formerly part of the Soviet Union. It also can be understood by older people in Central and Eastern Europe that was part of the Warsaw Pact . It is still used as a lingua franca in the Commonwealth of Independent States (Belarus, Moldova, Georgia, Ukraine, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan etc.). It is also one of the six official language of the United Nations . Russification policies led to expansion of Russian among the countries below . . According to Pavlenko (2006) ‘ ‘ Among the key russification policies was replacement of local languages by Russian in primary education and in secular establishments of secondary and higher education. Russification was also promoted through publishing practices, whereby local-language and bilingual newspapers were replaced by Russian-language editions. ’’ Russian As a Lingua Franca

12. Russian- Spoken Countries

13. Arabic was the lingua franca of the Islamic (Arab) Empire, borders of which included the borders of China and Northern India, Central Asia, Persia, the Middle East, North Africa, Spain and Portugal. It was the language of science and diplomacy throughout the Islamic Golden Age. Therefore, a lot of Arabic loanwords are found in many languages(English, Persian, Turkish, Urdu, Spanish and Portuguese). It was also used by its neighbouring countries. One of the main reasons why Arabic became a lingua franca is that it is the language of the Qur’an along with its commercial and diplomatic use . With the increasing population of Muslims, Arabic began to be much more widespread in the Muslim countries.(North Africa, Horn of Africa, Chad etc.). A lot of languages adopted from Arabic scripts. Arabic As a Lingua Franca

14. It is the second most widely used alphabetic system in the world after Latin. It is the second largest native language used by more than a billion Muslims around the world. It is also one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

15. Arabic-Spoken Countries

16. The Strategic Use of Lingua Francas When those who have completely different L1 backgrounds have to communicate for various reasons, business, trade, education etc., they prefer to use English as it is the most common lingua franca in the world.

17. The Strategic Use of Lingua Francas When those who have a common lingua franca have to communicate , they prefer to use their common Lingua franca instead of English.

18. As a Conclusion Lingua Francas are the common languages of the world. People’s choice of lingua franca depend on some varieties .( Mostly g eographical , historical , political , commercial features .) When it comes to the most common one, English is the most spoken lingua franca in the world, today. All the same, lingua francas can change by time. It is not certain that English will always remain as the international language of the world.

19. REFERANCES   Englishlinguafranca.com,. (2015).  English as a Lingua Franca - What is ELF? . Retrieved 23 February 2015, from http://www.englishlinguafranca.com/what-is-elf/ Pavlenko , A. (2006). RUSSIAN AS A LINGUA FRANCA.  Annual Review Of Applied Linguistics ,  26 . doi:10.1017/s0267190506000055 Seidlhofer, B. (2005). English as a lingua franca.  ELT Journal ,  59 (4), 339-341. doi:10.1093/elt/cci064 Translationdirectory.com,. (2015).  Article for translators: Why is English the international lingua franca? . Retrieved 23 February 2015, from http://www.translationdirectory.com/article171.htm Wikipedia ,. (2015).  Lingua franca . Retrieved 23 February 2015, from http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_franca

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