Linguistics module 3

MODULE #3

1. MODULE #3
LINGUISTICS AND ITS COMPONENTS

2. REVIEW
What is Linguistics?
•Thescientificstudyofhumanlanguage
•Aimsoflinguistictheory:
–Whatisknowledgeoflanguage?(Competence)
–Howisknowledgeoflanguageacquired?
(Acquisition)
–Howisknowledgeoflanguageused?
(Performance/languageprocessing)
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3. Main branches of linguistics
Phonetics
Phonology
Morphology
Syntax
Semantics
Pragmatics
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5. 1. Phonetics
•Phoneticsisthestudyofspeechsounds,
itincludesthreemainareas:
1.Articulatory-howhumansproduce
speechsounds.
2.Acoustic-studyofsoundwavesmade
bythehumanvocalorgansfor
communication.
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6. 3.Auditory–concernedwiththehearing
ofspeechsoundsandwithspeech
perception.
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Articulatory Acoustic Auditory

7. Example
usually /'juː.ʒu.ə.li/
idea /aɪˈdɪə/
Articulatory -How it’s said
Acoustic -How it sounds
Auditory-How it’s heard
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8. 2. Phonology
•Phonologystudiestherulesgoverning
thestructure,distribution,and
sequencingofspeechsoundsandthe
shapeofsyllables.Itdealswiththe
soundsystemofalanguagebytreating
phonemeasthepointofdeparture.
–Aphonemeisthesmallestlinguisticunitof
soundthatcansignaladifferenceinmeaning.
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9. Example
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PHONEME EXAMPLES PHONEME EXAMPLES
a cat aepain
e peg eesweet
i pig ietried
o log oeroad
u plug uemoon

10. Phoneme VS. Morpheme
Amorphemeisthesmallestunitof
languagethathasmeaning.
Example: Cats has two morphemes
1. cat (singular)
2. s (plural).
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11. Phoneme VS. Morpheme
A phonemeis the soundthat can change
the meaning of a word.
Example: cat/kæt/ and cut /kʌt/
These are two different words because they
have two different phonemes, the sound
"a" and the sound "u".
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12. 3. Morphology
•Morphologyisconcernedwiththe
internalorganizationofwords.Itstudies
theminimalunitsofmeaning—
morphemes andword-formation
processes.
–Althoughmanypeoplethinkofwordsasthe
basicmeaningfulelementsofalanguage，many
wordscanbebrokendownintostillsmallerunits,
calledmorphemes.
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13. Example
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Everywordineverylanguageiscomposed
ofoneormoremorpheme
1.boy(onesyllable)
2.desire,lady,water(twosyllables)
3.crocodile(threesyllables)
4.salamander(foursyllables),ormore
syllables

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Two morphemes
1. boy + ish
2. desire + able
Three morphemes
1. boy + ish + ness
2. desire + able + ity
Four morphemes
1. gentle + man + li + ness
2. un + desire + able + ity

15. 4. Syntax
•Syntaxisaboutprinciplesofforming
andunderstandingcorrectsentences.
–Theformorstructureofasentenceisgoverned
bytherulesofsyntax,whichspecifywordorder,
sentenceorganization,andtherelationships
betweenwords,wordclassesandothersentence
elements.
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16. Example
Subject/predicate:
Allsentencesareaboutsomethingor
someone.Thesomethingorsomeonethat
thesentenceisaboutiscalledthesubject
ofthesentence.Othersarethepredicate.
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17. 1. Johnoften comes late to class.
2. My friend and Iboth have a dog named
Spot.
3. Many parts of the Asian coastlinewere
destroyed by a tsunami in 2004.
4. The old hotel at the end of the streetis
going to be knocked down to make way
for a new supermarket.
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18. 5. Semantics
•Semanticsexamines how meaning is
encoded in a language.
–It is not only concerned with meanings of words
as lexical items, but also with levels of language
below the word and above it,
e.g.meaning of morphemesand sentences.
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19. Example
Word / Language Meaning
half full glass half empty glass
incentive bribe
HardHeaded Not listening to advice
I’ll give you the moon
I’llgiveyouanything
you want
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20. 6. Pragmatics
•Pragmaticsisthestudyofmeaningin
context.
•Itdealswithparticularutterancesin
particularsituationsandisespecially
concernedwiththevariouswaysin
whichthemanysocialcontextsof
languageperformancecaninfluence
interpretation.
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21. pragmaticsisconcerned
withthewaylanguage
isusedtocommunicate
ratherthanwiththeway
languageisinternally
structured.
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22. Example
•Two people come into a libraryand they are
talking really loud. They sit at your table and
continue their babbling. So, you look up at
them and say:
"Excuse me, could you please speak up a bit
more? I missed what you said."
(i.e.please speak up) departs so much from
what its intended meaning is (i.e.shut up!)
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23. Summary
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