LIPID - Farmakognosi Fitokimia materi kajian

materi kajian lipid

1. Farmakognosi & Fitokimia LIPID: Fixed Oils, Fats and Waxes

2. Fixed Oils and Fats Apa itu Fixed oils and fats Fixed oils and fats are made up of glycerol esters and complex aliphatic acids. Fats ? Wax : hydrophobic organic substances of medium chain length. Apa beda fixed oil dengan essential oil? Dari manakah asalnya ? Ciri-ciri dan identifikasi Contoh-contohnya https://www.perfumersworld.com/view.php?pro_id=0ZA01437 https://www.perfumersworld.com/

3. Sumber: 1. Tumbuhan 2. Hewan

4. Karakteristik Fisik

5. LIPID

6. TUGAS #1 Bagaimanakah Biosintesis Lipid dari Hewan? Tugas: carilah skema/bagan yang menunjukkan bagaimana proses biosintesa lipid pada hewan? Darimanakah asal mula biosintesa lemak itu? Jawabannya terdiri dari 1-2 gambar saja Beberapa kalimat Cuma 1 halaman. Ingat, Cuma 1 halaman A4

7. LIST OF FIXED OILS AND FATS Fixed Oils Almond oil Arachis oil Coconut oil Cottonseed oil Linseed oil Olive oil Palm oil and Palm kernel oil Rapeseed oil Safflower oil Sesame oil Soya oil Sunflower oil Germ oil Castor oil (Virgin) Evening primrose oil Borage oil Saw Palmetto fruit Almond oil Hydnocarpus oil Wool fat Lard FORMATNYA Apa itu? Asalnya? Preparation: Karakter: Konstituen: Standard: Penggunaan: (setidaknya ada beberapa gambar stuktur kimianya, tak perlu semua)

8. TUGAS #2 Apa beda Fixed oil, fats and wax? Buatlah masing-masing contohnya WAX

9. Coconut Oil Synonyms: Coconut oil, coconut butter, copra oil. Geographical Source: Africa, Asia tenggara. Mainly India, Sri Lanka Malaysia, South Africa, China, Indonesia, and other countries. Characteristics: below 23°C coconut oil is concrete oil. Coconut butter is a white or pearl white unctuous mass, odourless or with peculiar coconut odour and bland taste. MP : 23° - 26°C. Sol: 1:2 alcohol 60°C; highly soluble in chloroform, ether and carbon disulphide. Tengik ketika diekspos ke udara The highest saponification value, 250–264 and the lowest iodine value, 7–10 among the vegetable oils in common use.

10. Chemical Composition Coconut obtained from the hard, dried endocarp consists of a mixture of triglycerides of saturated fatty acids. Oil contains: ~95% of saturated fatty acids with 8 and 10 carbon atoms. caprylic acid, 2%; capric acid,50–80%; lauric acid, 3%; and myristic acid about 1%.

11. Cod Liver Oil Fresh liver of cod fish, Gadus morrhua and other species of Gadus, belonging to family Gadidae Geographical Source: Scotland, Norway, Germany, Iceland, and Denmark. Uses: Source of vitamins, in treatment of rickets, tuberculosis, and also as a nutritive.

12. WOOL FAT Wool fat (anhydrous lanolin) is a purified fat-like substance prepared from the wool of the sheep, Ovis aries (Bovidae). Raw wool contains considerable quantities of ‘wool grease’ or crude lanolin, the potassium salts of fatty acids and earthy matter. Raw lanolin is separated by ‘cracking’ with sulphuric acid from the washings of the scouring process and purified to fit it for medicinal use. Purification may be done by centrifuging with water and by bleaching. Wool fat is a pale yellow, tenacious substance with a faint but characteristic odour. insoluble in water and a high proportion of water may be incorporated with it by melting (m.p. 36–42°C) and stirring. Soluble in ether and chloroform. Like other waxes, it is not readily saponified by aqueous alkali, but an alcoholic solution of alkali causes saponification. Saponification value 90–105; iodine value 18–32; acid value not more than 1. Hydrous wool fat or lanolin contains 25% water.

13. LARD

14. WAXES Beberapa contoh wax Yellow/white beeswax Sumber: honeycomb of Apis mellifica and other bees. Yellow (no chemical treatment) White (charcoal, KMnO4, chromic acid, chlorine) Carnauba wax Diperoleh dari Copernicia cerifera (Palmae). Beeswax

15. Animal Wax: Shellac wax

16. Animal Wax: Spermaceti

17. Properties and Standards

18. TUGAS #3 PEMERIKSAAN MUTU Pemeriksaan mutu untuk fixed oil dan fat Acid value Saponification value Ester value Iodine value Unsaponifiable matter Acetyl value Hidroxyl value Peroxide value and aniside value Apa itu acid value? Kenapa pemeriksaan itu penting?

19. RUJUKAN Bald & Delgoda. Pharmacognosy - Fundamentals, Applications and Strategy. 2017 Evans. Tease and Evans Pharmaco Pharmacognosy. 16e. 2009 Kokate. Pharmakognosy. 55e. Nirali. 2017