Lipids

Lecture no 5 and 6
Date:=20-10-2011
Given by:- Sir. Muhammad Tanveer

1. LIPIDSLIPIDS
Muhammad Tanveer KhanMuhammad Tanveer Khan

2. INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally Lipids constitute a broad group of naturally
occurring molecules which include waxes, fats, occurring molecules which include waxes, fats,
sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides, sterols, fat-soluble vitamins, monoglycerides,
diglycerides, phospholipids and others.diglycerides, phospholipids and others.

3. FIXED OILSFIXED OILS
Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol.

4. PROPERTIESPROPERTIES
Non-irritantNon-irritant
OdorlessOdorless
TastelessTasteless
Non-volatileNon-volatile
Insoluble in water and soluble in organic solventsInsoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents
Produce greasy mark on paperProduce greasy mark on paper
Upon heating strongly, undergo decompositionUpon heating strongly, undergo decomposition
Upon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acidUpon hydrolysis, yield glycerol and fatty acid

5. CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY
Fixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. TheseFixed oils are esters of fatty acid with glycerol. These
May be;May be;
•MonoglyceridesMonoglycerides
•DiglyceridesDiglycerides
•TriglyceridesTriglycerides

6. CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
On the basis of their ability to absorbOn the basis of their ability to absorb
oxygen from air;oxygen from air;
•Drying oilDrying oil
•Non-drying oilNon-drying oil
•Semi-drying oilSemi-drying oil

7. a) Drying oila) Drying oil
When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form When exposed to air, undergo oxidation and form
tough and hard film. These are usually used in tough and hard film. These are usually used in
paints and varnishes.paints and varnishes.
For example;For example;
Linseed oilLinseed oil
b) Non-Drying oil
These oils neither undergo oxidation nor form
tough and hard film.
For example;
Olive oil

8. c) Semi-Drying oilc) Semi-Drying oil
When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation When exposed to air, undergo little bit oxidation
and form tough and thin film. and form tough and thin film.
For example;For example;
Cottonseed oilCottonseed oil

9. METHODS OF OBTAINING METHODS OF OBTAINING
FIXED OILSFIXED OILS
Direct expressionDirect expression
Solvent extractionSolvent extraction
Steam treatment + extractionSteam treatment + extraction

10. COTTONSEED OILCOTTONSEED OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Gossypium herbaceumGossypium herbaceum
Family:Family:
MalvaceaeMalvaceae
Part used:Part used:
Seeds Seeds

11. Collection:Collection:

12. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Myristic acidMyristic acid
Uses:Uses:
FoodFood
EmollientEmollient
Vehicle for injectionsVehicle for injections
Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable
oilsoils
Soap manufactureSoap manufacture

13. Toxicity:Toxicity:
Occur due to intravenous administration ofOccur due to intravenous administration of
cottonseed oil emulsion. cottonseed oil emulsion.
Acute toxicityAcute toxicity includes following symptoms; includes following symptoms;
FeverFever
Pain in back or chestPain in back or chest
NauseaNausea
VomitingVomiting
HeadacheHeadache
TachycardiaTachycardia
DizzinessDizziness

14. chronic toxicitychronic toxicity includes following symptoms; includes following symptoms;
GIT bleedingGIT bleeding
Mild anemiaMild anemia
Defects in blood clottingDefects in blood clotting
Treatment of toxicity:Treatment of toxicity:
IV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50gramsIV hydrocortisone sodium succinate 50grams
Promethazine 50mgPromethazine 50mg
Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)Heparin (to aid clearance of fat from circulation)

15. CASTER OILCASTER OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Ricinus communisRicinus communis
Family:Family:
EuphorbeaceaeEuphorbeaceae
Part used:Part used:
seedsseeds

16. Collection:Collection:

17. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Ricinoleic acidRicinoleic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Uses:Uses:
PurgativePurgative
EmollientEmollient
Preparation of zinc and castor oil Preparation of zinc and castor oil
ointmentointment
Sterilized castor oil as soothing agent in Sterilized castor oil as soothing agent in
eyeeye
Oily vehicle for eye dropsOily vehicle for eye drops

18. Toxicity:Toxicity:
Excessive oral administration in larger dosesExcessive oral administration in larger doses
results in toxicity. results in toxicity.
Symptoms include;Symptoms include;
NauseaNausea
ColicColic
VomitingVomiting
severe purgationsevere purgation
Electrolyte imbalanceElectrolyte imbalance

19. LINSEED OILLINSEED OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Linum usitatissimumLinum usitatissimum
Family:Family:
LinaceaeLinaceae
Part used:Part used:
SeedsSeeds

20. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Isolinoleic acidIsolinoleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Myristic acidMyristic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Uses:Uses:
In veterinary medicine as PurgativeIn veterinary medicine as Purgative

21. OLIVE OILOLIVE OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Olea europaeaOlea europaea
Family:Family:
OleaceaeOleaceae
Part used:Part used:
Ripe fruitRipe fruit

22. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Uses:Uses:
LaxativeLaxative
NutrientNutrient
EmollientEmollient
DemulcentDemulcent

23. PEANUT OILPEANUT OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Arachis hypogaeaArachis hypogaea
Family:Family:
LeguminosaeLeguminosae
Part used:Part used:
SeedsSeeds

24. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Behenic acidBehenic acid
Lignoceric acidLignoceric acid
Uses:Uses:
Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters, Vehicles in emulsions, liniments, plasters,
soapsoap
Ink manufactureInk manufacture
Preparation of hydrogenated vegetable oilPreparation of hydrogenated vegetable oil

25. CORN OILCORN OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Zea maysZea mays
Family:Family:
GramineaeGramineae
Part used:Part used:
EmbryoEmbryo

26. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Myristic acidMyristic acid
Lignoceric acidLignoceric acid
Uses:Uses:
Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic Vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic
preparationpreparation
Solvent for injectionsSolvent for injections
NutrientNutrient

27. SWEET ALMOND OILSWEET ALMOND OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Prunus amygdalusPrunus amygdalus
Family:Family:
RosaceaeRosaceae
Part used:Part used:
SeedsSeeds

28. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Myristic acidMyristic acid
Uses:Uses:
NutrientNutrient
DemulcentDemulcent
EmollientEmollient
Preparation of cold creams, hair lotions Preparation of cold creams, hair lotions
and toilet articlesand toilet articles

29. COCONUT OILCOCONUT OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Cocos nuciferaCocos nucifera
Family:Family:
PalmaePalmae
Part used:Part used:
Dried solid part ofDried solid part of
endospermendosperm

30. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Lauric acidLauric acid
Myristic acidMyristic acid
Capric acidCapric acid
Caprylied acidCaprylied acid
Caproic acidCaproic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Uses:Uses:
NutrientNutrient
ConfectionariesConfectionaries
CosmeticsCosmetics
Ointment baseOintment base

31. MUSTARD OILMUSTARD OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Brassica junceaBrassica juncea
Family:Family:
Cruciferae Cruciferae
Part used:Part used:
Seeds Seeds

32. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Erucic acidErucic acid
Uses:Uses:
NutrientNutrient
RubefacientRubefacient
In preparation of linimentsIn preparation of liniments
In massagesIn massages

33. SESAME OILSESAME OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Sesamum indicumSesamum indicum
Family:Family:
Pedaliaceae Pedaliaceae
Part used:Part used:
Seeds Seeds

34. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
And other components And other components
include;include;
SesaminSesamin
sesamolinsesamolin
Uses:
Solvent for
intramuscular injection
Nutritive
Demulcent
Emollient
Laxative
Oily vehicle

35. SAFFLOWER OILSAFFLOWER OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Carthamus tinctoriusCarthamus tinctorius
Family:Family:
Compositae Compositae
Part used:Part used:
Seeds Seeds

36. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Linolenic acidLinolenic acid
Uses:Uses:
NutritiveNutritive

37. SUNFLOWER OILSUNFLOWER OIL
Botanical origin:Botanical origin:
Helianthus annusHelianthus annus
Family:Family:
Compositae Compositae
Part used:Part used:
Seeds Seeds

38. Constituents:Constituents:
Glycerides of;Glycerides of;
Palmitic acidPalmitic acid
Stearic acidStearic acid
Arachidic acidArachidic acid
Oleic acidOleic acid
Linoleic acidLinoleic acid
Behenic acidBehenic acid
Uses:Uses:
NutritiveNutritive
Preparation of hydrogenated productsPreparation of hydrogenated products
Preparation of paints, varnishes and soapPreparation of paints, varnishes and soap

39. VOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILSVOLATILE OILS VS FIXED OILS
Low refractive indexHigh refractive index
Esters of fatty acid with
glycerol
Mixtures of oleoptenes
and stereoptenes
Can be saponifiedCannot be saponified
After evaporation, do
leave spot
Leave no spot after
evaporation
Obtained by extractionObtained by distillation
Don't get volatiles at room
temperature
Volatilize at room
temperature
Fixed oilsVolatile oils

40. FATS VS FIXED OILSFATS VS FIXED OILS
Contain unsaturated
glycerides e.g. glyceryl
oleate
Contain saturated
glycerides e.g. glyceryl
stearate
Liquid at room
temperature
Solid at room temperature
Fixed oilsFats