List of Interior Material and Surfaces

Brief study of materials used in interiors

1. Interior Material And Surfaces Ar. Mansi Gupta

2. Natural Materials & Synthetic Materials technical function practical function aesthetic function concrete and cement based materials, stone, glass, Ceramics tiles woods---- wood composites and veneers, plaster and plaster composites, metals--- iron, copper, steel, aluminium, synthetics, plastics, rubber, linoleum, resins, fabrics ----leather and suede, wall and window finishes, paints, varnishes lacquers

3. Wood & Wood Composites – primary building material Hard Wood Soft Wood Plywood Tongue and groove Veneers Chipboard Laminated Butchers Block Strip Laminates Melamine Coated Wood Cork Willow MDF Hardboard

4. Hardwood & Softwood Softwoods are found in building components e.g., windows , doors, furniture, medium-density fibreboard (MDF) , paper, Christmas trees, use to make balustrade or composite block boards for bookshelves or panelling. Pines are one of the most commonly used softwoods. Poor in fire resistance Low in cost hardwoods are more likely to be found in high-quality furniture, decks, flooring , and construction that needs to last. Used in fixtures such as stair tread, doors. Available in laminated veneers and sheets Lumber is stronger, denser and homogeneous. Good in fire resistance Cost is high

5. Hardwood doors Both are availaible in various standard sizes best grade - required for a natural or stained finish at least 6 inches wide and 8 to 16 feet long

6. Plywood Made from sheets of cross laminated wood veneer with resin adhesive under heat Light weight Stable against moisture Marine ply/water and boil proof WBP are water resistance Flexible plywood can curved in one direction Used in structural , decking , framing ,panelling ,shelving , furniture , doors Used in kitchen counters

7. Chip board or particle board Made from pressure bonded wood chips using synthetic resin adhesive under heat susceptible to moisture , swelled and break down when waterlogged. Indoor use only, serves as a base of other finishing material. low cost , basic , rough product, found beneath the laminates or veneers of many ready formed shelves and work surfaces

8. Laminated butchers block Narrow and uniform strips of hardwood (4 cm) glues together to form thick heavy sheet i.e blutchers block extreme dense , durable and unlikely to warp , hard wearing and luxurious Used as solid wooden counters or for kitchen backsplashes, table tops oiling and varnish is required for durability.

9. Melamine coated wood Decorative , durable plastic layer adhere to stable , inexpensive substrate like chipboard or MDF easily cleaned waterproof surface, give high gloss finish. light weight , strong in tension , hard , brittle , available in different colours and textures , easy to clean with cleansers Used ready to assemble furniture susceptible to scratching and can crack

10. Cork oaks Cork is tree’s bark , harvested and used in raw form , have honeycomb texture , a fine elastic structure of tiny air pockets. versatile , durable , lightweight , soft , warm resistant to high temperatures , moulds easily into various shapes high acoustic and insulation value does not absorb dust , resilient to water Low in cost light weight , strong in tension , hard , brittle , available indifferent colours and textures , easy to clean with cleansers Used in heatproof table mats , flooring , floor tiles in bathroom areas , panelling

11. Cork oaks

12. MDF – Medium density fibreboard Pressured and heat bonded Fine wood fibres adhered to flat , rigid , knot free sheet. Smooth surface good for veneers , laminates , paint work , cost effective highly dense and heavy , susceptible to moisture - swelled and break down Used frameworks and cabinets as wall panelling

13. Hard boards pulped wood waste and wood fibres extracted from wood chips adhered with synthetic resin under heat and pressure. one side is glossy finish and other is textured. susceptible to moisture - swelled and break down Used as substrate for melamine and veneer , in flush doors , substitute of plywood where strength and durability not required.

14. Metals Iron , Forged And Wrought Mild Steel Punched & Pierced Sheet Metal Woven Sheet Steel Copper Brass Aluminium Stainless Steel Zinc Lead Gold Leaf IRON , FORGED & WROUGHT MILD STEEL ALUMINIUM STAINLESS STEEL WOVEN SHEET GOLD LEAF COPPER ZINC GOLD LEAF

15. Iron Basic form of iron ore – pig iron Cast iron – strong in compression , but brittle and rigid uses are in structural element , columns , beams , spiral staircases , outdoor furniture wrought iron – strong in tension can be easily pulled , twisted , hammered , stretched. uses are limited to decorative applications and outdoor garden furniture corrugated iron -- corrugation give iron sheet strength used in temporary structures , agricultural buildings , cladding. coating is required because iron is prone to rusting when used outdoors. Coating is done by metal paints and lacquers.

16. Iron furniture is built to last. Heavy and solid furniture. Heavy frames Smooth welds Thick, even paint Protective caps at the bottoms of legs Mesh wrought iron: little flex and clean edges where mesh meets frame Ideal for outdoor furniture's

17. Steel Steel framework allows higher , lighter and airier buildings. Minimum structural frames– walls can be infill of glass—layout can be open and free of division. Steel is a "green" product. It is also energy efficient . Any excess material is 100% recyclable. Steel does not easily warp, buckle, twist or bend, and is therefore easy to modify and offers design flexibility. Steel is also easy to install. Steel allows for improved quality of construction and less maintenance, while offering improved safety and resistance .

18. Used as structural element like trusses , beams , lintels , posts. perforated sheets for panelling/screening. Tubes for table legs Safety nosing for stair treads. Galvanized steel --- outdoor furniture , water planters , grates for rainwater gulley. household appliances and utensil Mild Steel beams , columns , trusses Steel roofing Mild Steel

19. Perforated sheet metal Steel wire mesh

20. Stainless Steel Modern interior furnishing material Good for low maintenance Chromium thin film of oxide on surface protects from rust. Stainless steel – 18% chromium , 8-12% nickel Imp. Property is resistant to corrosion Expensive in cost Used as indoor and outdoor furniture , exterior light fixtures , household appliances , ironwork , wall ties. Sheets used in panelling , backsplashes , nosing. available in rods , tubes , sheets. Adding manganese – for impact resistance Adding tungsten – withstand in high temperature Galvanisation with zinc -- weatherproof

21. GLASS TABLE WITH STAINLESS STEEL ELEVATOR INTERIOR CLADDING STAINLESS STEEL KITCHEN CABINET, TABLE TOP LASER CUT MILD STEEL PANEL

22. Aluminium– silver white metal with bluish tinge Light weight – well used in aeronautical engineering. , less load in bearing structure. 3 rd most abundant element in earth’s crust – 20% of world’s al is used in construction sector High resistant to corrosion and tensile strength replaced steel in many applications. 3 times lighter than steel with same strength. Good conductor of heat and electricity 100% recyclable. Used as windows, roofing, cladding, curtain walling and structural glazing, prefabricated buildings, architectural hardware, H&V, shop fitting and partitions medium in cost available in sheets. AL is a light , silver-grey metal

23. ACP aluminium composite panel Interior partition wall frame

24. ACP aluminium composite panel

25. Copper roofing only brown metal , warm and rich tones Durable , corrosion resistance , prestigious appearance , form complex shapes Requires more maintenance than any other metal. Require regular cleaning to preserve warm colour and finish. Uses – irregular roofing structures --domes , vaults Gutter , downspouts . Wall cladding Indoor panels , screens , ornaments , fixture , decoration.

26. WALL CLADDING --- POPULAR IN MODERN ARCHITECTURE

27. Copper-Metal-Pipes-Home-Designing Copper surface kills pathogenic microbes , therefore it is used for public health benefits. Copper countertops , sinks , handles , doorknob , faucet , furniture.

28. Zinc Bluish white metal-exterior cladding Naturally resistant to corrosion. Requires no finish More than half zinc produced is used to galvanize steel and protect it from rusting. soft and easily scratched. Pliable and durable. Used to make roofing , flashing , gutter downpipes. Zinc countertop Sustainable choice – zinc can be recycled and also for biological reasons. Cast for sculptures and decorative element : can be moulded easily

29. Zinc oxide paint are non-toxic and resistant to pollution. Zinc roofing replaced more expensive copper and lead roofing. ZINC GUTTER , DOWNPIPES

30. Gold leaf – finish of real gold either made from pure gold or mixture of cheaper materials very thin to almost see through used as finishing layer , varnish is used in outdoor conditions and in heavy wear used to cover repairs and joints , as a decorative element in furniture's , walls Very high in cost. Decorative purposes

31. Comparison Between Wooden and Metal Furniture: Design : Wood : limited shapes Metal : flexibility in forming and shape Weight Wood : heavy Metal : could be light ( aluminum ) Firefighting Wood: easy to burn Metal : does not burn easily Cleanness : Wood : could be cleaned but it is difficult to use water / A material liked by insects that hide in . Metal : easy to clean by water and it is not a field for insects Shape and looking : Wood : fixed shape Metal : could have different shapes using colors and paints Construction : Wood : complicated using glue and nails Metal : could be fixed and unfixed easily Safety : Wood : needs efforts to be smooth and easy to scratch. Metal : smooth surfaces and bears scratch / could be used for multi-loch doors .

32. Glass STAINED GLASS TEXTURED GLASS ANNEALED GLASS GLASS BLOCK PATTERNED GLASS TOUGHENED GLASS LAMINATED GLASS 19 MM THK FLOAT GLASS DECORATIVE GLASS

33. Glass is a chemically inert, brittle, hard but transparent construction material. Glass is an element that helps us to achieve this goal of creating an empty space. It’s the optimal solution for room that receive too little light. making your home look spacious Beauty & Versatility Visibility & Light Transmission Energy Conservation Noise Resistant Bullet Resistant Non Load-Bearing

34. . Laminated glass is a type of safety glass that holds together when shattered. . In the event of breaking, it is held in place by an interlayer, typically of polyvinyl butyric (PVB), between its two or more layers of glass. . The interlayer keeps the layers of glass bonded even when broken, and its high strength prevents the glass from breaking up into large sharp pieces. . Windshields --- when cracked produces a characteristic "spider web" cracking pattern when the impact is not enough to completely pierce the glass. Used where security is concern like for high grade construction , curtain wall , architectural ceiling , elevator parapet , skylights. Specification : standard glass comes in 4-25mm thickness Laminated glass

35. Huge range of colours available Coloured laminated glass Transparent and translucent Glass wall curtain – weather proof UV protection Acoustic insulation Balustrade

36. Toughened or tempered glass is glass that has been processed by controlled thermal or chemical treatments. It has increased strength compared with normal glass and will usually shatter into small fragments, rather than sharp shards, when broken. Toughened glass (tempered glass)

37. The ellipse table has a walnut wood base and a barrel-shaped tempered glass top.

38. The use for laminated glass ranges from entrance doors and glass floors to aquariums and display cases Tempered glass is almost 5 to 10 times stronger when compared to its untempered counterpart. One very noticeable quality of this type is that it breaks down into small granular pieces rather than sharp shards. tempered glass can take a higher load and deflects further before breaking. However once the glass is toughened it cannot be reworked. Polishing and drilling holes into the glass needs to be done pre-toughening. Ground level doors and windows made from laminated glass are a safe bet. This is also the most susceptible area when it comes to breaking and entering. Laminated / toughened glass :

39. Fusion Glass Fused glass is a term used to describe glass that has been fired (heat-processed) in a kiln at a range of high temperatures from 593º C (1100ºF) to 816º C (1500ºF ). There are 3 main distinctions for temperature application and the resulting effect on the glass . Fused glass consists mainly of silica. While the precise origins of glass fusing techniques are not known with certainty

40. Float Glass Float glass is a sheet of glass made by floating molten glass on a bed of molten tin. This method gives the sheet uniform thickness and very flat surfaces. Modern windows are made from float glass. Most float glass is soda-lime glass, but relatively minor quantities of specialty borosilicate and flat panel display glass are also produced using the float glass process.

41. Most widely used type of glass  Monolithic and highly transparent Manufactured in two main varieties, i.e.; clear and tinted. Used in mirrors , windows,curtain walls and doors. float glass can be toughened, a process that creates safety glass out of annealed glass.  Available in thicknesses 2-19 mm Can be coloured during manufacturing

42. Stained Glass As a material the term stained glass generally refers to glass that has been coloured by adding metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held together (traditionally) by strips of lead and supported by a rigid frame. Painted details and yellow stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which all the colours have been painted onto the glass and then annealed in a furnace.

43. Etched glass Etching refers to the technique of creating art on the surface of glass by applying acidic, caustic, or abrasive substances. Glass with excellent finish to match your interiors.

44. Decorative glass Coloured glass

45. Decorative glass patterned glass

46. patterned glass

47. Textured glass

48. GLASS BLOCKS These are hollow glass units or blocks of glass shaped to work as bricks Joined with the help of silicon sealants to obtain seamless finish The two outer, exposed surfaces may be smooth or textured. Glass bricks provide visual obscuration while admitting light  fire resistant. Standard blocks : 10x20cm (4x8 in , 15x15cm (6x6in) , 20x20cm ( 8x8in)

49. STONE - GRANITE Polished granite Granite textures Solid slabs FLOOR TILES : 300MM OR 400 MM SQUARE TO 900X600MM 10 , 15 , 20 MM THICKNESS.

50. GRANITE Granite stone steps GRANULAR APPEARANCE HIGH IN COST POLISHED TO SMOOTH FINISH

51. MARBLE Marble wall cladding surround baths Sparkling white form Softer than granite and slate. Heatproof – but get damage from acids and stained . Sealant is required for high traffic areas.

52. MARBLE Marble wall cladding FLOOR TILES : 300MM OR 400 MM SQUARE TO 900X600MM 10 , 15 , 20 MM THICKNESS.

53. Slate Slates texture and slate flooring Heat , water and acid resistant Suitable for high traffic areas Medium in cost

54. Slate Slate wall cladding

55. LIMESTONE Slate wall cladding floor tiles : 305 or 400 mm (12 or 16 in) square , to 900x600 mm ( 36x24 in ) 10 , 15 , 20 mm thickness Counters : 625 or 900 mm wide , 2 or 3 m long

56. Limestone flooring

57. SANDSTONE floor tiles : 305 or 400 mm (12 or 16 in) square , to 900x600 mm ( 36x24 in ) 10 , 15 , 20 mm thickness Mostly used in flooring

58. Terracotta tiles -- Sealed with linseed oil or wax Format available is square Under floor heating

59. Quarry tiles -- Sealed with linseed oil or wax Alternate to terracotta square format Cheap in cost available in 150 mm square Also in 50-300mm square Square tiles in 6 , 14 , 16 mm thick Interlocking tiles are 9 mm thick

60. Ceramic tiles -- Huge range of colour , texture , patterns , shape , size Square , oblong , hexagon , regular and irregular blocksfrom 12mm sqaure to 300x300 mm

61. Ceramic tiles --

62. Mosaic tiles -- Smallest tile among all tiles

63. LED TILES LED modules insets into ceramic tiles Decorative lighting

64. PEBBLE TILES Tiles availaible in squares , interlocking pattern on all sides for no visible joints. Thickness are 10mm , 14mm , 22mm to max dimension of 80x180cm Best use indoors

65. GLASS TILES Made from glass and ceramics Impervious to liquids and vapours Format shapes 30cmx30cm 4-6 mm thickness Resists fading , staining and discoloration Finishes include transparent , translucent or frosted

66. FUNCTIONAL TILES

67. RUBBER 2.5 mm thk – domestic use 4 mm thk for heavy traffic use Best for damp areas – areas surrounds swimming pools , roof gardens , terraces , bathrooms Recycled product Low toxicity compared to PVC OR Vinyl flooring

68. LEATHER FLOOR TILES ARE IN FORMAT OF SQUARE . Wax rubbed for finish Joints are sealed to prevent moisture penetration Floor tiles bonded to 11mm wooden backing with tongue and groove joint

69. VINYL PVC DOOR FRAME VINYL OR UNPLASTICIZED POLYVINYL CHLORIDE ALSO KNOWN AS P.V.C IS A SYNTHETIC MATERIAL ORIGINALLY USED AS A SUBSTITUTE FOR NATURAL RUBBER VINYL IS USED AS- FLOORING PLUMBING CEILING ROOFING DOORS AND WINDOWS FRAMEWORK

70. Example of vinyl roofing VINYL ROOFING

71. ACRYLIC USED AS A SUBSTITUTE OF GLASS CAN BE CAST INTO FORMS MIXED WITH PIGMENTS AND FILLERS -- USED TO SIMULATE DENSE NATURAL MATERIALS

72. ACRYLIC STRONG AND DURABLE THIN SECTIONS – MORE STRENGTH