Literary Criticism -Report - Graduate Sc

Graduate School

1. LITERARY CRITICISM Carmela M. Dinglasan MAED-English

2. Uncovering the Secrets of the Past: A Historical Criticism Journey 12th grade

3. Introduction Historical criticism is an approach to literary analysis that emphasizes the significance of historical context when interpreting a work. By examining the social, cultural, and political climate in which a work was written, we can gain a deeper appreciation for its complexities and nuances. So, whether you're a student of literature or simply a lover of good books, join me as we delve into the fascinating world of historical criticism!

4. What is Historical Criticism? Historical criticism is an approach to literary analysis that seeks to understand a work of literature in the context of its historical period. This involves examining the social, cultural, and political factors that influenced the author and the work itself.

5. What is Historical Criticism? The key principles of historical criticism include understanding the historical context of a work, considering the author's intentions, and examining the work's reception history. By doing so, we can gain a deeper understanding of the work and its significance within its historical context.

6. Key principles and aspects of historical criticism include: Historical Context: Historical critics focus on the period in which a work was produced. They investigate the era's events, ideas, and cultural norms to understand better how these factors may have shaped the text. Authorial Intent: Historical critics often try to discern the author's intentions and motivations in writing the work. They may study the author's life, beliefs, and personal experiences to gain insight into the text.

7. Key principles and aspects of historical criticism include: Cultural and Social Influences: This approach examines how the broader cultural and social milieu of the time may have influenced the content and themes of the work. Factors such as religion, politics, and prevailing ideologies are considered. Language and Style: Historical critics may analyze the language, style, and literary techniques used in a text, considering how these elements were employed within the historical context.

8. Key principles and aspects of historical criticism include: Reception History: Historical criticism can also involve an examination of how a work was received and interpreted by its contemporary audience and subsequent generations. Changes in interpretation over time can provide valuable insights into the work's enduring relevance. Comparative Analysis: Scholars may compare the work in question with other works from the same period or culture to identify common themes, trends, or innovations.

9. Key principles and aspects of historical criticism include: Biographical Information: Biographical details about the author, when available, are often considered in historical criticism. The author's life experiences, beliefs, and personal history may provide important context for understanding the work. Textual Variants: Historical critics may also analyze different versions or editions of a text to trace its evolution and the potential influences of editors or publishers on its content.

10. Historical criticism can help readers and scholars gain a deeper appreciation of a work's significance and meaning by placing it within its historical and cultural context. It is one of several approaches to literary analysis, and its insights can be valuable in understanding the complex relationship between literature and the societies in which it is produced.

11. Historical Context Understanding the historical context in which a work was written is crucial to fully appreciating its meaning and significance. For example, consider the novel 'Pride and Prejudice' by Jane Austen. Without an understanding of the social norms and expectations of the period in which it was written, it is difficult to fully appreciate the societal commentary that Austen is making through her characters and plot.

12. Historical Context Similarly, understanding the historical context of a work can help us to recognize the biases and assumptions of the author and the society in which they lived. This allows us to engage in a more critical analysis of the work, questioning the underlying messages and themes that may be present.

13. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Noli Me Tangere and El Filibusterismo by Jose Rizal: Historical critics of these novels consider the late 19th-century Philippines, which was under Spanish colonial rule. They explore how Rizal's experiences and the socio-political climate of the time influenced his portrayal of oppression, nationalism, and resistance in these iconic novels.

14. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Lapu-Lapu in Philippine Folklore: When analyzing the legend of Lapu-Lapu, a Filipino hero who resisted Spanish colonization, historical critics delve into the oral traditions and historical accounts of the pre-colonial Philippines. They examine how Lapu-Lapu's story has been shaped and reinterpreted over time to reflect the changing national identity and the struggle for independence.

15. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Kundiman Songs: Historical critics may study the evolution of Kundiman songs, a genre of traditional Filipino love songs. They trace how the themes, lyrics, and musical styles of Kundiman songs have evolved, reflecting the cultural and social changes in the Philippines, including the impact of Spanish, American, and Japanese colonization.

16. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Filipino Folk Literature: When examining Philippine folk tales and epics, historical criticism involves looking at the indigenous cultures and beliefs of the Philippines before Spanish colonization. Scholars analyze how the arrival of Spanish colonizers and the spread of Christianity influenced the adaptation and transmission of these stories.

17. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Amado V. Hernandez's "Mga Ibong Mandaragit": In this poem, Hernandez explores the plight of Filipino peasants and laborers during the American colonial period. Historical critics consider the socio-economic conditions and labor struggles of the time to understand the poem's themes of exploitation and resistance.

18. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Nick Joaquin's "The Woman Who Had Two Navels": Joaquin's novel, set in post-World War II Philippines, reflects the complex historical period of American liberation and the postcolonial era. Historical critics analyze how the characters and narrative reflect the uncertainty and identity crisis faced by Filipinos during this time of transition.

19. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines Filipino Martial Arts: Historical criticism can also be applied to Filipino martial arts, such as Eskrima or Arnis. Scholars examine the historical context in which these martial arts developed, including their role in self-defense against colonial powers and as a form of resistance.

20. Examples of Historical Criticism in Philippines These examples illustrate how historical criticism in the Philippines involves contextualizing literature, folklore, and cultural practices within the rich tapestry of Philippine history. It helps uncover the ways in which historical events, colonialism, and societal changes have shaped the narratives, themes, and cultural expressions of the Filipino people.

21. Reflection Reflecting on historical criticism, it becomes evident that this approach to analyzing literature and culture is a valuable tool for gaining a deeper understanding of the past and its influence on creative works. Here are some key reflections on historical criticism:

22. Reflection Context is Essential: Historical criticism emphasizes the importance of context. It reminds us that literary works are not isolated from the time and place in which they were created. Understanding the historical, cultural, and societal backdrop is crucial for interpreting and appreciating these works fully. Authors as Products of Their Times: Historical criticism encourages us to view authors as products of their times. It highlights how an author's experiences, beliefs, and values are shaped by the world they lived in. This insight allows us to appreciate the motivations behind an author's work.

23. Reflection Cultural Evolution: When applying historical criticism, it becomes apparent that cultures evolve over time. Literature serves as a reflection of this evolution. As societies change, so do the themes, characters, and narratives in literature. This perspective can help us trace the development of ideas and values. Relevance to Today: Historical criticism also underscores the relevance of older literary works to contemporary society. By understanding the historical context, we can draw parallels between past and present, identifying enduring themes and issues that continue to resonate.

24. Reflection Varied Interpretations: This approach acknowledges that historical criticism is not static; it evolves as our understanding of history deepens. New historical discoveries or changing cultural perspectives can lead to fresh interpretations of literary works. Preserving Cultural Identity: Historical criticism can play a crucial role in preserving and celebrating cultural identity. By examining literature within its historical context, we can better appreciate the rich tapestry of stories, traditions, and experiences that define a culture.

25. Reflection Challenges Stereotypes: It challenges stereotypes and misconceptions by providing a more nuanced view of historical events and people. For example, it can shed light on the complexities of resistance and collaboration during colonial periods. Interdisciplinary Approach: Historical criticism often necessitates an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from history, sociology, anthropology, and other fields. This interdisciplinary perspective enriches our understanding of literature and culture.

26. Reflection Teaching Tool: Historical criticism is a valuable tool in education, as it encourages critical thinking and research skills. It teaches students to analyze texts in depth and consider the broader context, fostering a more comprehensive understanding of literature. A Lens for Empathy: By exploring historical context, historical criticism can foster empathy. It allows us to put ourselves in the shoes of people from different times and places, helping us appreciate their struggles, aspirations, and perspectives.

27. Reflection In conclusion, historical criticism is not just a method of literary analysis; it's a window into the past and a lens through which we can better understand the human experience across different eras. It reminds us that literature is not static but a dynamic reflection of the ever-evolving world. Through historical criticism, we can gain a deeper appreciation of the interconnectedness of literature, culture, and history.

28. Ethics of Criticism (Moral/Philosophical)

29. Introduction At its core, moral and philosophical criticism is about examining the values and beliefs that underpin our cultural works, whether they be literature, film, music, or any other form of media. By engaging with these works on a deeper level, we can better understand the world around us and the ideas that shape our society.

30. Defining Moral/Philosophical Criticism Moral/philosophical criticism is a type of literary analysis that focuses on the ethical and philosophical themes within a work of art. Unlike other forms of criticism, which may focus on plot, character development, or other elements, moral/philosophical criticism seeks to explore the deeper meaning behind a work and its relevance to society as a whole.

31. Defining Moral/Philosophical Criticism This type of criticism often involves examining the moral and ethical implications of a work, as well as its philosophical underpinnings. It may also involve exploring the author's own beliefs and values, and how these are reflected in the work itself. By delving into these deeper themes, moral/philosophical criticism can help us better understand ourselves and our world, and provide insights into some of life's most profound questions.

32. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Moral and philosophical criticism in the Philippines involves examining literature, art, and culture through the lens of ethics, morality, and philosophical principles. This approach helps to uncover the ethical dilemmas, moral lessons, and philosophical ideas embedded in Filipino works. Here are some examples of how moral and philosophical criticism can be applied in the Philippines:

33. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Dr. Jose Rizal's Writings: The novels "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo" by Jose Rizal are often analyzed from a moral and philosophical perspective. These works explore themes of justice, nationalism, and the moral obligation to resist tyranny. Rizal's writings call for ethical action and critical thinking in the face of colonial oppression. Nick Joaquin's "May Day Eve": This short story by Nick Joaquin delves into themes of love, relationships, and the passage of time. Moral and philosophical critics may examine the story's exploration of human nature, the consequences of our choices, and the complexities of love.

34. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Carlos Bulosan's "America Is in the Heart": Bulosan's autobiographical novel touches on themes of labor exploitation, discrimination, and the pursuit of the American Dream. Philosophical critics may analyze the book's exploration of identity, justice, and the pursuit of happiness. Bayanihan and Filipino Communal Values: The Filipino cultural practice of bayanihan, where a community comes together to help a neighbor move their house, can be analyzed from a moral and philosophical standpoint. This practice reflects values such as cooperation, communal solidarity, and mutual support, which can be examined in the context of ethical and philosophical thought.

35. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Philippine Mythology and Religion: Philippine mythology and religious practices provide fertile ground for moral and philosophical criticism. Analyzing mythological narratives and rituals can reveal insights into Filipino beliefs about the nature of good and evil, the human condition, and the afterlife. Works of Contemporary Filipino Philosophers: Contemporary Filipino philosophers like Apolinario Mabini, Cornelio Fabro, and Emmanuel Levinas have written extensively on ethics, morality, and philosophy. Their works can be subjected to moral and philosophical criticism, examining their ideas on ethics, justice, and human existence.

36. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Filipino Art and Social Issues: Artistic expressions, such as paintings, films, and music, often tackle moral and philosophical questions. Critically examining these artworks can reveal the artists' perspectives on ethics, the human condition, and societal issues in the Philippines. Environmental Ethics and Indigenous Beliefs: Indigenous Filipino cultures often have deep-rooted beliefs about the environment and the moral responsibilities associated with it. Moral and philosophical criticism can explore these indigenous philosophies, which emphasize the interconnectedness of all living beings and the duty to protect the environment.

37. Examples of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Moral and philosophical criticism in the Philippines provides a framework for understanding the ethical and philosophical dimensions of Filipino literature, culture, and art. It helps readers and scholars engage with these works on a deeper level, uncovering the moral dilemmas, ethical lessons, and philosophical insights they contain.

38. The Importance of Moral/Philosophical Criticism Moral and philosophical criticism is important in today's society because it allows us to examine the deeper meaning and ethical implications of art and media. By analyzing works through this lens, we can gain a better understanding of our values and beliefs, as well as those of others.

39. The Importance of Moral/Philosophical Criticism For example, consider the film 'The Matrix.' Through a moral/philosophical lens, we can explore the themes of free will, determinism, and the nature of reality. This type of analysis not only enhances our appreciation of the film but also encourages us to think critically about our own lives and the world around us.

40. Critiquing Moral/Philosophical Criticism While moral/philosophical criticism can be a useful tool for analyzing literature and other forms of media, it is not without its limitations. One potential drawback is that it can be overly focused on the author's intentions or the moral message of the work, which may not always be clear or easily discernible. This can lead to a narrow interpretation of the work that ignores other important aspects such as style, form, and historical context.

41. Critiquing Moral/Philosophical Criticism Another limitation of moral/philosophical criticism is that it can be subjective and open to interpretation. What one critic sees as a moral lesson or philosophical insight may be viewed differently by another critic or reader. This can lead to disagreements and debates over the meaning and value of a work, which may not always be productive or enlightening.

42. Reflection Moral and philosophical criticism is a fascinating and valuable approach to literature, culture, and art in the Philippines, as it encourages a deep exploration of ethical dilemmas, moral lessons, and philosophical ideas embedded in these creative works. Reflecting on this form of criticism, several key insights and considerations come to mind:

43. Reflection Ethical Depth in Filipino Works: This approach reveals the ethical depth and complexity within Filipino literature and culture. It underscores that Filipino authors and artists have grappled with profound moral and philosophical questions, addressing issues such as identity, justice, and societal values. Rizal's Role: The writings of Jose Rizal, particularly "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo," serve as a prime example of how literature can be a powerful medium for conveying moral and philosophical messages. Rizal's works challenge readers to reflect on their own moral responsibilities and the consequences of societal injustice.

44. Reflection Timelessness of Themes: Moral and philosophical criticism demonstrates the enduring relevance of many Filipino works. Themes explored in these works, whether related to love, justice, or human nature, continue to resonate with readers, highlighting the timeless nature of ethical and philosophical inquiries. Cultural Values and Communal Ethics: Examining Filipino cultural practices, like bayanihan, from a moral and philosophical perspective sheds light on the significance of communal values and ethics in Filipino society. It underscores the importance of cooperation and mutual support.

45. Reflection Indigenous Philosophies: Indigenous Filipino beliefs about the environment and interconnectedness provide rich ground for philosophical exploration. These beliefs emphasize a holistic worldview that challenges conventional Western philosophical frameworks and encourages a deep respect for nature. Contemporary Relevance: The moral and philosophical examination of contemporary Filipino art, including films and music, demonstrates that modern artists continue to grapple with ethical and existential questions. It underscores the role of art in sparking moral discussions and critical thinking.

46. Reflection Interdisciplinary Approach: Engaging in moral and philosophical criticism often requires an interdisciplinary approach, drawing from ethics, philosophy, sociology, and anthropology. This interdisciplinary perspective enriches our understanding of the ethical and philosophical dimensions of Filipino works. Critical Thinking and Empathy: This form of criticism encourages critical thinking and empathy. It prompts readers and scholars to put themselves in the shoes of the characters or artists, contemplating their ethical choices and philosophical dilemmas.

47. Reflection Contribution to National Identity: Moral and philosophical criticism contributes to shaping and preserving the national identity of the Philippines. It helps Filipinos better understand their cultural and ethical heritage, fostering a sense of shared values and beliefs. Global Dialogue: This approach opens doors to a global dialogue on ethics and philosophy through the lens of Filipino literature and culture. It invites international scholars and readers to engage with the unique perspectives and questions posed by Filipino works.

48. Reflection In conclusion, moral and philosophical criticism enriches our understanding of Filipino literature, culture, and art by highlighting the ethical and philosophical dimensions of these creative expressions. It prompts us to engage in meaningful reflection, fostering a deeper appreciation of the profound moral and philosophical questions posed by Filipino authors and artists throughout history and in contemporary society.

49. Pragmatic Criticism

50. What is Pragmatic Criticism? Pragmatic criticism, also known as pragmatic literary criticism or pragmatic analysis, is an approach to the interpretation of literature that focuses on how language is used within a text and how readers engage with that text in real-world contexts. It draws on principles from pragmatics, which is a branch of linguistics that studies language in use, considering not just the literal meaning of words but also how language functions in communication.

51. Key aspects of pragmatic criticism include: Contextual Understanding: Pragmatic criticism places a strong emphasis on the context in which a literary work is written, read, and interpreted. This includes considering the historical, cultural, social, and situational context in which the text is situated. Language Use: Pragmatic critics analyze how language is employed in a literary work, looking at aspects such as speech acts (what the text does), implicatures (indirect meaning), and presuppositions (assumptions underlying the text). They explore how language choices contribute to the overall meaning of the text.

52. Key aspects of pragmatic criticism include: Communication and Interaction: This approach views literature as a form of communication between the author and the reader. Pragmatic critics examine the ways in which readers actively engage with the text and how their interpretation is shaped by their backgrounds, experiences, and cultural perspectives. Interpretive Strategies: Pragmatic criticism considers the various strategies readers use to make sense of a text. It recognizes that readers bring their knowledge and expectations to the reading process and that interpretation is an interactive process.

53. Key aspects of pragmatic criticism include: Speech Acts: Pragmatic critics often focus on speech acts, which are the actions performed through language, such as making requests, giving commands, making promises, or expressing opinions. They analyze how the characters' speech acts and the narrator's discourse shape the narrative and characters' relationships. Reader Response Theory: Pragmatic criticism shares some similarities with reader response theory in that it acknowledges the importance of the reader's perspective and interpretation. However, it also considers the author's intended meaning and the communicative act within the text.

54. Key aspects of pragmatic criticism include: Ambiguity and Interpretation: Pragmatic critics are interested in how texts can be open to multiple interpretations due to their use of language. They explore how ambiguity and polysemy (multiple meanings) in language can create rich layers of meaning in literature. Literary Conventions: Pragmatic critics recognize that literature often employs specific conventions and genres that influence both the author's and the reader's choices in language use and interpretation.

55. In summary, pragmatic criticism offers a framework for analyzing literature that goes beyond traditional formalist or structuralist approaches by emphasizing the dynamic nature of language, communication, and interpretation. It explores how readers and authors interact through the text and how meaning is constructed within specific contexts, making it a valuable perspective for understanding the complexities of literary communication.

56. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Pragmatic criticism, as an approach to analyzing literature through the lens of communication and language use, can be applied to Filipino literature to uncover the dynamic and interactive nature of texts. Here are a few examples of how pragmatic criticism can be applied to Philippine literature:

57. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Jose Rizal's "Noli Me Tangere" and "El Filibusterismo": Pragmatic criticism can examine how the characters in Rizal's novels use language as a means of resistance and communication. Analyzing the speech acts of the characters, such as their use of promises, commands, and requests, can reveal their intentions and motivations within the context of colonial oppression.

58. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Nick Joaquin's "The Summer Solstice": In this short story, Joaquin explores the rituals and beliefs surrounding the Tadtarin festival. Pragmatic criticism can investigate how the characters' discourse during the ritual reflects their social roles and cultural expectations. It can also examine the speech acts involved in the storytelling and the power dynamics among the characters.

59. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Contemporary Filipino Literature: Pragmatic criticism can be applied to contemporary Filipino literature to analyze how authors use language to address contemporary issues and engage with readers. For example, examining how contemporary Filipino authors employ social media and digital communication within their works can reveal new forms of interactive storytelling and reader engagement.

60. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Regional Literature and Language Variation: Philippine literature encompasses a wide range of languages and dialects. Pragmatic criticism can explore how language variation and code-switching in literary works reflect the social, cultural, and communicative practices of specific regions in the Philippines. It can also analyze how the use of multiple languages influences reader interpretation.

61. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Filipino Drama and Theater: Pragmatic criticism can be applied to Filipino theater, particularly in analyzing how characters' speech acts, gestures, and nonverbal communication contribute to dramatic tension and audience engagement. This perspective can also consider the impact of audience reactions on the performance. Political Discourse in Literature: Literature in the Philippines often addresses political themes. Pragmatic criticism can investigate how political speeches, debates, and propaganda are represented in literary works, shedding light on the persuasive strategies used by characters and the intended effects on the reader.

62. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism Translation and Cultural Communication: When Filipino literature is translated into other languages, pragmatic criticism can explore how the translated text conveys the communicative nuances and cultural references of the original work. It can analyze the challenges and choices made by translators to ensure effective cross-cultural communication.

63. Examples of Pragmatic Criticism By applying pragmatic criticism to Filipino literature, scholars and readers can gain a deeper understanding of how language functions within these texts, how communication shapes character interactions, and how readers actively engage with the material. This approach illuminates the cultural, social, and situational aspects of Filipino literary works, revealing their dynamic nature and their role in facilitating meaningful communication and interaction.

64. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Certainly, pragmatic criticism, like any critical approach, is not immune to critique. Here are some common critiques and concerns associated with pragmatic criticism: Subjectivity and Interpretive Variability: Pragmatic criticism acknowledges that interpretation is inherently subjective and that readers bring their perspectives to a text. While this recognition of subjectivity is a strength, it can also be seen as a limitation, as it may lead to a wide range of interpretations that are difficult to evaluate objectively.

65. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Overemphasis on Context: Critics argue that pragmatic criticism may place too much emphasis on the context in which a text is situated, potentially overshadowing the intrinsic qualities of the text itself. This could lead to interpretations that are overly reliant on external factors. Difficulty in Establishing Authorial Intent: Determining the author's intent can be a challenging task, and pragmatic criticism's reliance on authorial intent as a factor in interpretation may raise questions about whether it is always possible to discern the author's intentions accurately.

66. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Cultural Bias: Pragmatic criticism often assumes a shared cultural context between the author and the reader. Critics argue that this may limit the approach's applicability to works from different cultural backgrounds or lead to misinterpretations when readers and authors come from diverse cultural contexts. Ambiguity and Multiple Meanings: While pragmatic criticism acknowledges the presence of ambiguity and multiple meanings in language use, some critics argue that this can lead to overly complex or vague interpretations that lack precision.

67. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Neglect of Formal Elements: Critics contend that pragmatic criticism can downplay the formal aspects of a text, such as its structure, style, and literary devices. This neglect of formal elements may result in an incomplete analysis of the text's aesthetic and artistic qualities. Complexity and Accessibility: Pragmatic criticism, with its emphasis on linguistic theory and context, can sometimes make literary analysis appear complex and less accessible to general readers. Critics argue that it may not be suitable for all audiences.

68. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Limited Focus on Aesthetics: Pragmatic criticism tends to prioritize communication and meaning over aesthetics and artistic expression. Critics argue that this emphasis may undervalue the emotional and aesthetic impact of a work of literature. Interdisciplinary Challenges: While the interdisciplinary nature of pragmatic criticism can be a strength, it can also pose challenges. Critics argue that it may require readers to have expertise in multiple fields, making it less approachable for those without specialized training.

69. Critiquing Pragmatic Criticism Lack of Universality: Pragmatic criticism's focus on context and communication means that its applicability can vary across different types of literature and genres. Critics contend that it may not be equally effective for analyzing all literary works. In conclusion, pragmatic criticism, while offering valuable insights into language, communication, and interpretation, is not without its limitations and critiques. Its effectiveness may vary depending on the text being analyzed, the reader's background, and the specific goals of the analysis. Engaging in critical discussions about the merits and drawbacks of this approach is essential for a nuanced understanding of its role in literary analysis.

70. Reflection Reflecting on pragmatic criticism, it becomes clear that this approach offers valuable tools and perspectives for understanding literature and communication. Here are some key reflections on pragmatic criticism: Emphasis on Context: Pragmatic criticism underscores the importance of considering the broader context in which a literary work is created and interpreted. This context includes historical, cultural, and social factors, which significantly impact language use and interpretation. Recognizing this context enriches our understanding of the text.

71. Reflection Interactive Nature of Interpretation: Pragmatic criticism reminds us that interpretation is not a one-way process but an interactive dialogue between the author's intentions, the text, and the reader's responses. This interactive perspective acknowledges the diversity of reader perspectives and interpretations, which can be both enlightening and challenging. Communication as a Core Theme: Pragmatic criticism places communication at the center of literary analysis. It encourages us to explore how characters, narrators, and authors use language as a means of conveying messages, performing speech acts, and shaping relationships within the text.

72. Reflection Subjectivity and Interpretive Freedom: Pragmatic criticism acknowledges the subjectivity inherent in interpretation. While this subjectivity can lead to a range of valid readings, it also means that interpretations may be highly individualized and influenced by readers' backgrounds and experiences. Balancing Context and Text: Finding a balance between considering the context and focusing on the text itself is crucial in pragmatic criticism. While context is important, it should not overshadow the intrinsic qualities of the literary work, including its formal elements and aesthetic impact.

73. Reflection Authorial Intent: Pragmatic criticism engages with the concept of authorial intent, recognizing that authors craft their texts with specific goals in mind. However, it also acknowledges that authorial intent may not always be accessible or straightforward to determine. Cultural Sensitivity: When applying pragmatic criticism to literature from diverse cultural backgrounds, it is essential to approach texts with cultural sensitivity. Different cultures may have unique communication norms and presuppositions, which can significantly affect interpretation.

74. Reflection Analyzing Speech Acts and Implicatures: Pragmatic criticism encourages the analysis of speech acts, implicatures, and presuppositions within a text. This analytical lens can reveal subtleties, hidden meanings, and the rhetorical strategies employed by characters and authors. Interdisciplinary Insights: Pragmatic criticism's interdisciplinary nature, drawing from linguistics, philosophy, and sociology, offers a holistic view of language use and communication. It fosters a deeper appreciation of the complex interplay between language, culture, and society in literature.

75. Reflection Reader Engagement: Ultimately, pragmatic criticism highlights the active role of readers in the interpretation process. It invites readers to engage critically with a text, considering not only what is said but how it is said, and how their own perspectives influence their understanding. In summary, pragmatic criticism provides a lens through which we can explore the dynamic and multifaceted nature of literature and communication. It encourages us to delve deeper into the intricate layers of meaning, the power of language, and the interplay between text and context. While it has its challenges and complexities, it enriches our appreciation of the art of storytelling and the ways in which literature engages with our shared human experiences.

76. Resources http://queergrace.com/historical-criticism/ https://www.wazzuppilipinas.com/2023/04/jose-rizals-noli-me-tangere-and-el.html https://theculturetrip.com/asia/philippines/articles/the-story-of-lapu-lapu-the-legendary-filipino-hero https://www.chrystlemusic.com/updates/2019/7/24/filipino-art-songs-senior-lecture-recital https://www.researchgate.net/publication/314245422_The_Pragmatic_Theory_ of_Literature

77. Thank you! Please keep this slide for attribution